Block 9 Week 3 Flashcards
Lipooxygenase pathway
Arachidionic acid derivate to convert -> leukotrienes which has a vasoconstricting effect
Cycloxoxygenase pathway
Arachidioxic acid derivative -> prostaglandins for vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
Kallikrein system
Activated by Hageman factor (zymogen factor XII). Converts Hageman Factor (XII) -> bradykinin/plasminogen/plasmin
Foreign body macrophages
Macrophages in a granuloma which have multiple nuclei and a foreign body. Generated in response to foreign pathogen.
Non specific chronic inflammation
Occurs after persistent viral infection characterised by lmyphocytes and plasma cells. Continues to stimulate immune response in liver
Granulomatous inflammation
Response to agents which are difficult to clear using lysosymal enzymes or lymphocytes
Ebola
Transmitted through bodily fluids. Spread due to societal upheaval and high virulent.
Hepatitis C
Positive sense RNA
Flow cytometry
Uses differences in electrical conductivity between species
What is an epithelioid?
Cells with resemble epithelia. In a granuloma, macrophages can resemble cuboidal epithelia
Non-caesating granuloma
Macrophage core with an epithelioid morphology surrounded by lymphocytes and fibroblasts caused by non-infectious causes
Caesating granuloma
Contains necrotic cells that form a necrotic centre. Macrophages, lymphcytes and neutrophils are present with an infectious aetiology such as tuberculosis
Stages of lobar pneumoniae
Congestion, consolidation, grey hepatisization, resolution, organisation
Organisation
Scar formaiton due to loss of structural integrity
Digital spatial profiling
Staining tissue sections for antibodies
Rotavirus
Double stranded DNA which causes diarrhoea
Examples of nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors
Zidovudine and Diadnovosine
Adenovirus
Causes URT infection in infants and young children and virus that causes enteritis. Transmitted via droplets
Hepadnavirus
Partially double stranded DNA virus with an RNA intermediate. Examples include
Sarcoid granuloma
Type of non-caesating granuloma with a macrophage core of epithelioid morphology surrounded by fibroblasts
Touton giant cell
Giant cells are formed by the fusion of multiple cell types. Touton giant cell is found in granuloma and are multinucleate, surrounded by lipid bodies
Viruses which spread via aerosol that appear as rashes
Chcieknpox, parvovirus, measles, rubella
Alternative to endocytosis viral penetration
Binding to host cell via spikes and fusing to release nucleocapsid inside
DNA viruses
Rotavirus, Adenovirus, Herpes, Epstein-Barr virus a type of herpes
What are nucleotide analogues used for?
Treatment of herpes and varicella foster virus
Norovirus
Naked virus with positive sense RNA. It is mainly seasonal, considered winter vomiting flu and spreads via contaminated surfaces.
How does herpes virus spread?
Cutaneous contact such as kissing and sexual intercourse
Treatment for influenza
Neuraminidase inhibitors
What stimulates production of anti-inflammatory mediators?
Levels of prostaglandins
PAF
Platelet activating facotr produced from mast cells and basophils which causes vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation and bronchoconstriction and can lead to endotoxin shock
What is the effect of PAF at low levels?
Vasodilation
What is the highest route of infection transmission?
Blood transfuison
How do enveloped viruses leave cells?
Budding- this does not cause cell lysis and instead is a form of exocytosis
Rabies
Negative strand RNA which is converted into positive strand RNA in genome replication. Forms negative viral mRNA for formation of viral proteins and capsid proteins
Which viruses spread via mucosal contact?
Herpes and HIV
Which viruses spread via saliva?
Herpes, cytomegalovirus
Latent infection
Genetic material integrated into host cell
Thromboxane
Derivative of the cycloxoygenase pathway which causes the vasoconstriction of blood vessels and proliferation of smooth muscle, leading to vascular hypertrophy. Increases platelet aggregation.
Effect of prostacyclin
Opposite of thromboxane and causes the inhibition of platelet aggregation and increases vasodilation
Which viruses have latency?
Herpes virus, HPV, HIV, Hep B
What do viruses code for?
3 protein classes
Progeny viral particles
Enzymes for genome replication
Proteins to interfere with immune defence
Location of RNA virus replication?
Extranuclear
How is Hepatitis C treated?
Combination of direct acting anti-virals such as protease inhibitors
Which cytokine is involved in viral infection?
Interferon alpha and gamma which stimulate the host restriction factor RNAses
Platelet activating factor
Phospholipid origin which causes vasodilation at low conc and vasoconstriction at high conc and increase neutrophil oxidative burst
What are the potent vasodilators?
Prostaglandin and prostacyclin
What are the potent vasoconstrictors?
Thromboxanes
HIV-1 origin of transmission
Zoonosis. HIV-1 primarily occupies the gut due to prescence of CD4+ cells
How does HIV-1 affect cells?
Apoptosis or bystander killing of cells surrounding infected tissue
Why was smallpox eradicated?
No subclinical infections, only one dominant variant, no animal resorvoir and active surveillance.
