Block 9 Week 3

Question 1

Lipooxygenase pathway

Answer 1

Arachidionic acid derivate to convert -> leukotrienes which has a vasoconstricting effect

Question 2

Cycloxoxygenase pathway

Answer 2

Arachidioxic acid derivative -> prostaglandins for vasodilation and increased vascular permeability

Question 3

Kallikrein system

Answer 3

Activated by Hageman factor (zymogen factor XII). Converts Hageman Factor (XII) -> bradykinin/plasminogen/plasmin

Question 4

Foreign body macrophages

Answer 4

Macrophages in a granuloma which have multiple nuclei and a foreign body. Generated in response to foreign pathogen.

Question 5

Non specific chronic inflammation

Answer 5

Occurs after persistent viral infection characterised by lmyphocytes and plasma cells. Continues to stimulate immune response in liver

Question 6

Granulomatous inflammation

Answer 6

Response to agents which are difficult to clear using lysosymal enzymes or lymphocytes

Question 7

Ebola

Answer 7

Transmitted through bodily fluids. Spread due to societal upheaval and high virulent.

Question 8

Hepatitis C

Answer 8

Positive sense RNA

Question 9

Flow cytometry

Answer 9

Uses differences in electrical conductivity between species

Question 10

What is an epithelioid?

Answer 10

Cells with resemble epithelia. In a granuloma, macrophages can resemble cuboidal epithelia

Question 11

Non-caesating granuloma

Answer 11

Macrophage core with an epithelioid morphology surrounded by lymphocytes and fibroblasts caused by non-infectious causes

Question 12

Caesating granuloma

Answer 12

Contains necrotic cells that form a necrotic centre. Macrophages, lymphcytes and neutrophils are present with an infectious aetiology such as tuberculosis

Question 13

Stages of lobar pneumoniae

Answer 13

Congestion, consolidation, grey hepatisization, resolution, organisation

Question 14

Organisation

Answer 14

Scar formaiton due to loss of structural integrity

Question 15

Digital spatial profiling

Answer 15

Staining tissue sections for antibodies

Question 16

Rotavirus

Answer 16

Double stranded DNA which causes diarrhoea

Question 17

Examples of nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors

Answer 17

Zidovudine and Diadnovosine

Question 18

Adenovirus

Answer 18

Causes URT infection in infants and young children and virus that causes enteritis. Transmitted via droplets

Question 19

Hepadnavirus

Answer 19

Partially double stranded DNA virus with an RNA intermediate. Examples include

Question 20

Sarcoid granuloma

Answer 20

Type of non-caesating granuloma with a macrophage core of epithelioid morphology surrounded by fibroblasts

Question 21

Touton giant cell

Answer 21

Giant cells are formed by the fusion of multiple cell types. Touton giant cell is found in granuloma and are multinucleate, surrounded by lipid bodies

Question 22

Viruses which spread via aerosol that appear as rashes

Answer 22

Chcieknpox, parvovirus, measles, rubella

Question 23

Alternative to endocytosis viral penetration

Answer 23

Binding to host cell via spikes and fusing to release nucleocapsid inside

Question 24

DNA viruses

Answer 24

Rotavirus, Adenovirus, Herpes, Epstein-Barr virus a type of herpes

Question 25

What are nucleotide analogues used for?

Answer 25

Treatment of herpes and varicella foster virus

Question 26

Norovirus

Answer 26

Naked virus with positive sense RNA. It is mainly seasonal, considered winter vomiting flu and spreads via contaminated surfaces.

Question 27

How does herpes virus spread?

Answer 27

Cutaneous contact such as kissing and sexual intercourse

Question 28

Treatment for influenza

Answer 28

Neuraminidase inhibitors

Question 29

What stimulates production of anti-inflammatory mediators?

Answer 29

Levels of prostaglandins

Question 30

PAF

Answer 30

Platelet activating facotr produced from mast cells and basophils which causes vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation and bronchoconstriction and can lead to endotoxin shock

Question 31

What is the effect of PAF at low levels?

Answer 31

Vasodilation

Question 32

What is the highest route of infection transmission?

Answer 32

Blood transfuison

Question 33

How do enveloped viruses leave cells?

Answer 33

Budding- this does not cause cell lysis and instead is a form of exocytosis

Question 34

Rabies

Answer 34

Negative strand RNA which is converted into positive strand RNA in genome replication. Forms negative viral mRNA for formation of viral proteins and capsid proteins

Question 35

Which viruses spread via mucosal contact?

Answer 35

Herpes and HIV

Question 36

Which viruses spread via saliva?

Answer 36

Herpes, cytomegalovirus

Question 37

Latent infection

Answer 37

Genetic material integrated into host cell

Question 38

Thromboxane

Answer 38

Derivative of the cycloxoygenase pathway which causes the vasoconstriction of blood vessels and proliferation of smooth muscle, leading to vascular hypertrophy. Increases platelet aggregation.

Question 39

Effect of prostacyclin

Answer 39

Opposite of thromboxane and causes the inhibition of platelet aggregation and increases vasodilation

Question 40

Which viruses have latency?

Answer 40

Herpes virus, HPV, HIV, Hep B

Question 41

What do viruses code for?

Answer 41

3 protein classes Progeny viral particles Enzymes for genome replication Proteins to interfere with immune defence

Question 42

Location of RNA virus replication?

Answer 42

Extranuclear

Question 43

How is Hepatitis C treated?

Answer 43

Combination of direct acting anti-virals such as protease inhibitors

Question 44

Which cytokine is involved in viral infection?

Answer 44

Interferon alpha and gamma which stimulate the host restriction factor RNAses

Question 45

Platelet activating factor

Answer 45

Phospholipid origin which causes vasodilation at low conc and vasoconstriction at high conc and increase neutrophil oxidative burst

Question 46

What are the potent vasodilators?

Answer 46

Prostaglandin and prostacyclin

Question 47

What are the potent vasoconstrictors?

Answer 47

Thromboxanes

Question 48

HIV-1 origin of transmission

Answer 48

Zoonosis. HIV-1 primarily occupies the gut due to prescence of CD4+ cells

Question 49

How does HIV-1 affect cells?

Answer 49

Apoptosis or bystander killing of cells surrounding infected tissue

Question 50

Why was smallpox eradicated?

Answer 50

No subclinical infections, only one dominant variant, no animal resorvoir and active surveillance.