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Year 2 > Quesmed Microbiology Qs > Flashcards

Quesmed Microbiology Qs Flashcards

1
Q

What is Group B Strep?

A

Streptococcus agalactaei

Gram positive cocci which is the most common cause of neonatal meningitis and sepsis.

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2
Q

What is streptococcus pneumoniae?

A

Alpha haemolytic + diplococcus

Causes: pneumonia, meningitis, ear/eye/sinus infection

It is facultative aerobe, which can grow with or without o2 and appears in a PAIR

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3
Q

What are the group A strep?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

They are typically found in the nose and throat and are beta haemolytic,.

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4
Q

How do alpha haemolytic organisms appear on agar?

A

Partial RBC breakdown so there is a ring of partial clearness around them on agar. Streptococcus pneumonia is a beta haemolytic;

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5
Q

How do beta haemolytic organisms appear on agar?

A

Completely break down RBCSs and have a clear ring surrounding them. Group A strep is a beta haemolytic organism.

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6
Q

Which infections are caused by Group A Strep?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes causes:
Tonsillitis
Otitis Media
Cellulitis
Toxic Shcok syndrome
Impetigo

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7
Q

Which bacteria causes delayed infection?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes. Post streptococcal complications include:
Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
Rheumatic fever
Scarlet Fever

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8
Q

Why do complications occur with streptococcus?

A

Post-streptococcal complications are a result of antigenic cross-reactivity to streptococcal M protein, which resembles proteins present in the bodies connective tissue.

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9
Q

What is rheumatic fever?

A

Occurs after throat infection with Strep A, that causes red and swollen tender joints.

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10
Q

What is the herd immunity level required for diphtheria?

A

75%

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11
Q

What are the features of helicobacter pylori?

A

Spiral-shaped gram-negative bacilli which requires faeco-oral transmission. It is associated with peptic ulcer disease, gastric cancer and lymphoma of the MALT.

NO ASSOCIATION TO GERD.

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12
Q

How does vibrio cholerae work?

A

Reverses concentration gradient of ions on the channel. promoting adenylate cyclase activity and causing increased intracellular [cAMP]

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13
Q

What is osmolality?

A

Concnetration of solutes, measured in KILOGRAMS.

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14
Q

How does oral rehydration therapy work?

A

Increases action of Na+/glucose transporter to cause the drawing in of water passively into the lumen, due to a increase in osmolality.

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15
Q

Gram positive

A

Thick peptidoglycan cell wall and produce only exotoxins. Turns blue/violet on gram stain.

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16
Q

Gram negative bacteria

A

Outer LPO cell wall, inner thin peptidoglycan. Produces exotoxins and endotoxins. Turns pink on gram stain.

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17
Q

WHat is the most common cause of meningitis in babies and elderly?

A

Neisseria meningitis is the most common cause of meningitis in babies, children and elderly. It is a gram negative cocci which produces ENDOtoxins.

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18
Q

What is the most common cause of meningitis in newborns?

A

Group B strep, a beta-haemolytic organism carried in the vaginal canal of 1/4 of women,.

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19
Q

What is the most commmon cause of meningitis in neonates?

A

Neisseria

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20
Q

What is the most common cause of meningitis in young adults?

A

Gram positive species, such as Streptococcus.

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21
Q

What is the difference between Streptococci and Staphylcocci?

A

Streptococci tend to be in chains, Staphylococci tend to be in clusters.

Catalase positive in Staphylococci vs catalase-negative in Streptococci

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22
Q

What is the most common cause of tonsillitis?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes, which will typically lead to rheumatic fever with swollen and red joints.

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23
Q

What infections does Staph Aureus cause?

A

Osteomyelitis
Septic arthritis
Toxic Shock syndrome through exotoxins
Pneumonia

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24
Q

Which antibiotic treats MRSA?

A

Vancomycin

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25
Q

What is the effect of shiga toxin from E.Coli?

A

Inhibits the 60s ribosome to allow infiltration of intestinal epithelia.

26
Q

What does nystatin target?

A

Cell membrane, via ergosterol pore formation

27
Q

What type of virus is smallpox?

A

Ds DNA virus

28
Q

What is the role of the spikes on influenza?

A

H spike and N spike are important for adsorption to the host cell.

Influenza also has an M2 ion channel for causing uncoating.

29
Q

What is the role of the H spike?

A

Binding to sialic acid.

30
Q

What is the role of the N spike?

A

Cleavage of sialic acid for release of virus.

31
Q

How does herpes affect cells?

A

Causes cells to fuse together and form a giant multinucleated cell

32
Q

What is conjugation?

A

Cell-cell contract between bacteria, with a sex pillus.

33
Q

What is transposons?

A

Insertion of bacterial DNA into another bacteria

34
Q

What is transduction?

A

Use of bacteriophage virus to transfer DNA to bacteria cells to use as a host.

35
Q

What is transfection?

A

Virus and bacteria transfer information between each other using a virus.

36
Q

Enterohaemorhhagic E.Coli

A

Produces Shiga toxin that causes bloody diarrhoea

37
Q

What is the test for HIV diagnosis?

A

ELISA test for antibodies in response to HIV infection, which are present after 4 weeks, to allow time for adaptive immune response.

38
Q

Which form of malaria causes hepatocytes infection?

A

Sporozoite. They form schizonts and mature into merozoites.

39
Q

Which form of malaria reproduces asexually?

A

Trophozoites, which come from merozoites that infect erythrocytes. Trophozoites differentiate into female or male gametophytes.

40
Q

What is benign malaria?

A

Caused by vivax, ovale or malaria
Treated with Chloroquinine.

41
Q

What are endotoxins?

A

Produced by Gram -ve and are a PAMP which causes innate immune response activation. Leads to sepsis

42
Q

What causes mutation of influenza virus?

A

Antigenic DRIFT, the accumulation of minor mutations for cell surface proteins.

43
Q

What is antigenic shift?

A

Mixing of genes of viruses from different species.

44
Q

What is the role of integrase?

A

Facilitate insertion of the viral DNA into the DNA of the host cell

45
Q

Which antibiotic affects liver enzymes?

A

Macrolide antibiotics like Erythromycin which inhibits cytochrome p450

46
Q

Which type of E.Coli causes intestinal perforation?

A

Salmonella enterica typhoid fever, can progress to intestinal perforation

47
Q

Which drugs can be removed via efflux pumps?

A

Tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones

48
Q

What are the side effects of gentamycin?

A

Nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity

49
Q

What are the features of clostridium tetani?

A

Gram positive bacilli which produces the exotoxin to inhibit renshaw cells in the spinal cord.

50
Q

What is clarithromycin?

A

Macrolide antibiotic which inhibits 50s ribosomes and has a bacteriostatic effect.

Resistant antibiotics will have ribosome splicing.

51
Q

What is ciprofloxacin?

A

Inhibits DNA gyrase

52
Q

What is clinamycin?

A

50s ribosomal subunit inhibitor.

53
Q

How does mRSA works?

A

Altered drug binding site.

54
Q

How does clostridium botulinum work?

A

It is a gram positive bacilli.

Produces the botulinum toxin which causes paralysis of motor and autonomic nerves from the head down. It begins with paralysis of the cranial nerves.

55
Q

What is clostridium perfingens?

A

Gram positive bacilli which causes acute diarrhoea and stomach cramps. This starts 6-24 hours after eating contaminated food and lasts less than 24 hours.

56
Q

What is Scabies?

A

Infection by mite which releases proteolytic enzymes and burrows into the epidermal layer of the skin.

Cause a delayed type 4 hypersensitivity reaction of pruiritis which is worse at night.

57
Q

Where does herpes virus lie dormant?

A

Dorsal root ganglion
Cranial nerve ganglion

Reactivated during times of stress or immunosuppression

58
Q

What is proteus miribalis?

A

Gram negative bacilli found in SOIL AND WATER which causes UTI and pyelonephritis

59
Q

What is staphylococcus saprophyticus?

A

UTI in sexually active young women

60
Q

Cauase of recurrent UTI?

A

Structural abnormality of urinary traf

Year 2 (247 decks)

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