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Year 2 > B9 Week 6 > Flashcards

B9 Week 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Side effects of radiotherapy

A

Sore and pink skin, intestinal discomfort, fertility issues

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2
Q

Microsatellite instability

A

Prescence of alternate sized repetitive DNA sequences not present in corresponding germline DNA

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3
Q

Endogenous mutations of p53

A

Methylation and deamination of the CpG site

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4
Q

Microsatellite instabilityfeatures

A

Right sided, poorly differentiated, chromosomal diploidy, lymphocytic infiltration, better prognosis when adjusted for stage

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5
Q

Late side effects of radiotherapy

A

Fibrosis, hair loss, dryness, lymphaedema

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6
Q

Small kinase inhibitors

A

Inhibit EGFR tyrosine kinase on the cyptoplasmic side

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7
Q

Xeroderma pigmentosum

A

Caused by mutation in nucleotide excision repair enzymes

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8
Q

Effect of aflatoxin

A

Addition of epoxide group which causes DNA damage by liver cancer tp p53 in the codon 249 due to metabolism by cytochrome P450

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9
Q

Location of alkyl lesions

A

O6-methylguanine

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10
Q

Endogenous cancer causes

A

Oxygen, water, reactive metabolic intermediates

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11
Q

Cancers linked to EGFR

A

Anal cancer, glioblastoma, squamous cell lung carcinoma, epithelial tumours of the head and neck

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12
Q

Effect of EGFR inhibitors

A

Papulopustular rash across the face and neck

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13
Q

HNPCC

A

Colorectal cancer which is inherited caused by a microsatellite instability which has no polyps. There is an early onset and it increases risk of further colorectal cancers

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14
Q

Non -homologous joining

A

Repair for double stranded DNA break where there is rejoining of two broken ends with the loss of some information.

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15
Q

Xerostomia

A

Oral dryness with decreased saliva production due to radiotherapy or chemotherapy

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16
Q

Effect of pyramidine dimers

A

Prevents base pairings which lead to mutations

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17
Q

Cause of familial adenomatous colorectal cancer

A

Mutation in APC which is a caretaker protein that downregulates beta catenin along with AXIN for the control of Wrt cell proliferation. Results in the formation of polyps due to hyperproliferation of bowel cells

18
Q

Sporadic colorectal cancer

A

Occurs due to accumulation of mutations part of the aging proces. This leads to chromosomal instability or microsatellite instabliity.

19
Q

How do immune checkpoint inhibitors work?

A

Monoclonal antibodies attach to CTL-4 on malignant tumours and prevent activity of immune suppression

20
Q

Pyramidine dimers

A

Lesions from cytosine or thymine base due to photochemical reactions

21
Q

Neoadjuvant

A

Given before primary treatment to shrink the tumour

22
Q

Direct reversal

A

Used for alkylation damage with a transfer to cysteseine residue

23
Q

Curative chemotherapy for…

A

Acute leukaemia, Hodgin’s lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, small cell lung cancer

24
Q

Which protein accumulates in DNA damage?

A

p53

25
Q

Neoadjuvant can be used for..

A

Bladder, breast cancerk, head and neck, oesophageal

26
Q

Which organs are affected in chemotherapy?

A

Lungs, heart, CNS, endocrine system and skin

27
Q

How does radiotherapy work?

A

Photon displaces electron and the electron causes DNA damage

28
Q

Cause of HNPCC

A

DNA mismatch repair genes hMSH2 and hMLH1

29
Q

Glutathione

A

Reducing agent which reverses radical formation before cell damage occurs such as with aflatoxin

30
Q

Primary drug resistance

A

On first dosage, there is no response to treatment

31
Q

Secondary drug resistance

A

Resistance develops to drug over the course of treatment

32
Q

DNA mismatch errors

A

Errors in DNA replication which results in mismatching alternating DNA sequences to corresponding germline DNA

33
Q

Log-kill hypothesis

A

Relationship of number of tumour cells to chemotherapy dose in order to determine diagnosis time, treatment and survival

34
Q

Stereotactic radiotherapy

A

Curative treatment for non-small cell lung cancer and small tumours

35
Q

Cancers caused by exogenous p53 mutation

A

Skin cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer

36
Q

What causes AP sites to spontaneously appear?

A

Reactive oxygen species

37
Q

Somatic evolution

A

Accumulation of mutations which is an important part of the aging process

38
Q

What causes resistance to EGFR inhibitors?

A

T980 mutation, MET oncogene

39
Q

How do angiogenesis inhibitors work?

A

Antibodies, tyrosine kinase inhibitors

40
Q

O-6 methylguanine transferase

A

Causes direct reversal of alkylation damage from modified base to cystosine residue

41
Q

Aflatoxin

A

Found in moulds on decaying vegetation

42
Q
A

Year 2 (247 decks)

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