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Year 2 > H&S Quizlet Important Terms > Flashcards

H&S Quizlet Important Terms Flashcards

1
Q

What are case control studies best used for in EBDM?

A

Aetiology/cause

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2
Q

What are cohort studies best used for in EBDM?

A

Prognosis
Aetiology/cause

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3
Q

What are RCT studies best used for in EBDM?

A

Treatment intervention effectiveness
Cost-effectiveness
Benefit and harm

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4
Q

Why is evidence based decision making important?

A
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5
Q

What are the components of EBDM involve?

A

Patient preferences
Available resources
Research evidence
Clinical exposure

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6
Q

What is the process of EBDM?

A

—>Converting the need for information into answerable question using PICO
—>Identifying best evidence
—>Critically appraising the evidence for validity and applicability
—>Integrating the critical appraisal, taking into account patient situation and clinical expertise
—>Evaluating the effectiveness and efficiency of carrying it out

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7
Q

Why is there widespread use of antibiotics?

A

Uncontrolled sale in low or middle income countries
Increase in global availability

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8
Q

How can antibiotic resistance be prevented?

A

—>Completing antibiotic course
—>Only using antibiotics when prescribed
—>Only using antibiotics when needed
—>Not taking leftover prescription
—>Using the right type of antibiotic to treat the illness

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9
Q

What are important infections in developing countries?

A

Pneumonia
HIV/AVIDs
Chronic diarrhoea
Malaria

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10
Q

What is the role of surveillance?

A

Early warning system for public health emergencies
Document impact of intervention
Helps to inform public policy and strategy

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11
Q

How can nosocomial infection be reduced?

A

Prevention through hand-washing and infection control

Detection and outbreak control through screening

Policies and procedures implemented to prevent infection such as education and training

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12
Q

What is the impact of travel and migration on disease in UK?

A

Increased human-zoonoses contact

Migrants may introduce diseases into the country which there is no previous exposure to, which can have widespread and deadly effects

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13
Q

How can epidemics be reduced?

A

Developing vaccines

Monitor diseases to prevent outbreak

Fast and early planned response

Provide funding and international responders to countries suffering an outbreak

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14
Q

Why is evidence based medicine important?

A

Inadequacy of traditional sources like textbooks which may be out of date

Disparity between clinical judgement + diagnostic skills which increase over time and up-to-date knowledge affecting clinical performance which decreases over time.

Variation in clinical practise

Limited time to read

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15
Q

What is the role of WHO in public health?

A

Leadership and engaging in partnerships for joint action

Setting norms and standards for implementation

Assessing health trends

Shapes the research agenda

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16
Q

Which factors affect vaccine uptake?

A

Disease burden

Risk of disease exposure to population

Reactions to previous vaccines

Alternative measures available to prevent disease

Age, health status and vaccination history

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17
Q

What are the requirements for disease eradication by vaccines?

A

No other reservoirs of infection exist in animals/environment

Consequences of infection are high

There is scientific/political prioritisation

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18
Q

Which diseases have been eradicated by vaccines?

A

Smallpox
Rinderpest
Polio

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19
Q

Which factors affect reproductive number?

A

Duration of infectiousness

Probability of infection transmission during contact

Rate of contact in the host population

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20
Q

How to determine herd immunity number?

A

1- (1/R0)

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21
Q

What is a susceptible population to a disease?

A

No previous exposure

No vaccination against disease

Immunocompromised so cannot mount immune response against disease

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22
Q

What are vaccination programmes?

A

Extended programme of Immunisation (EPI)

Global Alliance for Vaccination and Immunisation

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23
Q

What is the role of WHO in vaccination?

A

Produces vaccination recommendations

Supports strategies for vaccination implementation

Prevents international spread of disease through health regulations

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24
Q

What are the benefits of vaccination?

A

Protects future generations

Protects immunocompromised groups like infant and elderly

Generates herd immunity

Eradicates disease in populations

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25
Q

What are the arguments against vaccination?

A

Potential serious/fatal side effects

Contains harmful ingredients

Parents and individuals have right to autonomy and governments should not interfere

Contains ingredients people may object to, like animal products

Some vaccinations for diseases do not cause severe harm

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26
Q

What influences patient decision making?

A

Helath status and health beliefs

Lifestyle factors

Trust in institution/healthcare system

Risk perception

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27
Q

Sources for travel vaccine information?

A

NHS fit-for-travel

National Travel Health Network and Centre

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28
Q

What is the most common childhood cancer?

A

Leukaemia

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29
Q

What is the most common cause of childhood mortality from cancer?

A

Brain and CNS tumours

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30
Q

What is the ABCDE framework for bad news?

A

ADVANCED preparation
BUILDING a relationship
COMMUNICATE well
DEAL with patient reaction
ENCOURAGE and validate emotions

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31
Q

What is the SPIKES framework for bad news?

A

SETTING up
PERCEPTION
INVITATION
KNOWLEDGE
EMOTION/EMPATHY
STRATEGY and summary

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32
Q

What was the outcome of the Eurocare report?

A

UK had the worst cancer mortality in Europe

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33
Q

What was the outcome of the Eurocare report?

A

UK had the worst cancer mortality in Europe

34
Q

How does cancer affect relationships?

A

Change in emotional and physical needs
Role and responsibilities
Future planning
Sexual intimacy and relationship

35
Q

What were the findings of the Calman-Hine report?

A

All patients should have access to uniform high quality care

Education of early symptoms of cancer

Cancer centres should be patient orientated

Primary care should be the centre for cancer delivery

36
Q

What were the Calman-Hine solutions?

A

Levels of cancer care should be:

Primary care

Secondary care in general district hospitals for diagnosis and radiotherapy and chemotherapy

Specialist cancer centres for rare cancers or complex chemotherapy

37
Q

Which cancers have screening?

A

Cervical
Breast
Bowel
Abdominal Aortic aneurysm

38
Q

What are the aims of the NHS cancer plan?

A

Invest in cancer workforce

Tackle inequalities

Ensure people with cancer receive the right treatment and care

39
Q

What is the importance of clinical records in audit and management?

A

Facilitates risk management and clinical governance

Supports clinical research and audit

40
Q

What is duty of care?

A

Legal obligation to provide a standard reasonable care to a patient

41
Q

What are the ethical principles?

A

Beneficence
Non-maleficience
Autonomy
Justice

42
Q

What are the ethical theories?

A

Consequentialism: ends justify the means

Deontology: acting in accordance with a set of duties

Virtue ethics: acting in a way you expect a virtuous person to act

43
Q

What are the functions of MDTs in cancer care?

A

Management plan for patient

Designates a key worker for the case

Informs the primary care plan for the patient

44
Q

What are diagnostic tests used for?

A

Screening

Prognosis

Monitoring

45
Q

Why is screening performed?

A

Potential for early and more effective treatment

Opportunities for primary prevention are limited

Treatment opportunities for the disease are limited

46
Q

What are the drawbacks of screening?

A

Harmful exposure to radiation

False positives may cause distress and lead to unnecessary treatment

False negatives provide false sense of assurance and delay treatment of disease

47
Q

What are 4 sources for making clinical decisions?

A

Patient preferences

Available resources

Research evidence

Clinical expertise

48
Q

When can confidentiality be broken?

A

Public interest

By law

Patient consent is given

49
Q

What are considerations for deciding healthcare distribution?

A

QALY calculation

Likelihood of treatment compliance

Lifestyle choices of patient

Waiting list

50
Q

What are the laws to break patient confidentiality?

A

Prevention of Terrorism 1989

Public Health Act 1983

Road Traffic Act 1988

51
Q

What are the types of medical errors?

A

Knowledge based errors

Rule based errors from rule misapplication

Skills based errors from memory slip or distraction

52
Q

What are the types of rule violations?

A

Reasoned violations

Routine violation

Malicious/reckless violation

53
Q

What are the systems in place to prevent error?

A

MHRA: Medicines Health and Regulatory Agency

National Reporting and Learning agency for safety incidents (2004)

National Patient safety agency for reporting and learning mistakes of patient safety (2001)

54
Q

What are the benefits of institutionalised childbirth?

A

Standardised care

Access to facilities for managing complications of birth

Access to stronger analgesics like epidurals for birth

55
Q

What are the drawbacks of institutionalised childbirth?

A

Medicalisation

Depersonalisation during birth

Inflexibility with procedures for birth by hospitals

Lack of privacy

56
Q

What are the drawbacks of institutionalised childbirth?

A

Medicalisation

Depersonalisation during birth

Inflexibility with procedures for birth by hospitals

Lack of privacy

57
Q

Why is consumer protection important?

A

Large variation in clinical practise

Medicine has a weak evidence base

Failure to measure success outcomes in healthcare

58
Q

What are the consumer protection agencies?

A

NICE sets standards

Care quality commissions

NHS quality improvement

59
Q

What are the Fraser guidelines?

A

Doctors can provide contraceptive advice to those under age 16 if treatment is in their best interest sand they are likely to have sex regardless.

60
Q

What is the role of midwives?

A

Identifying at risk patients

Providing reassurance and support

Health promotion and sign-posting

61
Q

Why is research-based medical practise important?

A

Personal experience is biased

Research findings include a large population of patients

Recommendations are assessed for clinical and cost-effectiveness

62
Q

Which Act states that 16 year olds have full capacity?

A

Family Law reform Act 1969

63
Q

What are the requirements of indirect standardisation?

A

General age structure of population

Total number of deaths in population

64
Q

Why are waiting times important?

A

Indicates inefficient healthcare system

Impacts employment and family life

Causes distress and condition may deteriorate further

65
Q

What is the priority on waiting list?

A

Clinical urgency and severity

Time waiting

Potential health gain

66
Q

What are the barriers to the use of complementary medicines on the NHS?

A

Allocating financial budget

Regulatory issues with allocation

Mixed evidence of effectiveness

67
Q

What are the types of CAMS?

A

Acupuncture

Chiropractors

Herbal medicine

Homeopathy

Osteopathy

68
Q

What is the evidence base for acupuncture?

A

Shows evidence of effectivitiy compared to placebo and is used for headaches or migraines, however not to the extent as conventional therapy

Provides psychological benefits to patients

69
Q

What is the legislation for mental capacity?

A

Mental Capacity Act 2005

70
Q

What are the ethical principles for research?

A

Usefulness
Necessity
Confidentiality
Risks
Consent from participants
Approval from an ethics committee

71
Q

When is an ethics approval committee required?

A

Research involving:
Humans
Confidential information
Biological materials

72
Q

What are the Research ethics committees?

A

NHS research ethics committee

Gene therapy advisory committee

Ministry of defence research ethics committee

73
Q

What are the benefits of high risk strategies?

A

Tailored to individual
Clinican and patient is motivated
High cost-effectiveness and risk ratio

74
Q

What are the drawbacks of high risk strategies?

A

Most cases of disease are from low risk
Limited potenital
Difficulty identifying people at risk

75
Q

What are the drawbacks of high risk strategies?

A

Most cases of disease are from low risk
Limited potenital
Difficulty identifying people at risk

76
Q

What is pneumonitis?

A

Acute reaction to inhalation of a substance that leads to acute respiratory distress syndrome

77
Q

What are the goals of palliative care?

A

Pain management
Improve quality of life
Support patients and their families

78
Q

What are the future challenges of palliative care?

A

Funding
Inequality of service provision and standards
Maintaining humanity and compassion

79
Q

Bowlby’s stages of grief?

A

Numbness
Yearning and anger
Disorganisation and despair
Reorginasaiotn

80
Q

What is the biggest cause of adult disability?

A

Stroke.

Year 2 (247 decks)

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