Harvluck B10 W2 Flashcards
Renal cell carcinoma- types
Clear cell
Papillary
Chromophobe
Oncocytic
Collecting duct
Causes of pelvic-ureteric junction obstruction
Crossing of vessels
Normal eGFR
Greater than 90
Effect of kidney disease on electrolyte levels
Hypocalcaemia
Hyperphosphataemia
Hyperkalemia
Hyponatremia
Which antibiotic should not be used in UTI?
Amoxicillin
Progression of perfusion failure
Acute tubular necrosis
Effect of cancer therapy on urinary tract
Radiation therapy results in irritation and causes bladder cancer
Functional abnormalities of kidney that lead to UTI
Reflux of urine, stagnant urine, residual urine
Hypocalcaemia effects
Cardiac arrythmia, muscle spasms, paraesthesia
Intrinsic risk factors for urinary stone
Malabsorption such as Crohn’s disease
Neurological disease of the spinal cord
UTI
Genetic
Extrinsic risk factors for Urinary stone
Seasonal-hotter months, diet high in salt, low in water, Geography
Medications for AKI risk
Diuretics, ACE inhibitors, NSAIDS, gentamycin, vancomycin and chemotherapy
Function of PSA
Liquify seminal coagulum in ejaculate for fertilisation
Urethral syndrome
Irritation of urethra
Causes of chemical cystitis
Ketamine, BCG
Which type of kidney disease is found in screening?
Pregnancy and UTI
Gestational glycosuria
Dilated ureters
Incomplete bladder emptying
Kidney function in abnormal creatinine
Risk factors for penile cancer
Poor hygiene, smoking and HPV
Lymphatic spread of prostatic cancer
Obturator, iliac and para-aortic lymph node
Cause of false positives with high PSA
Prostatis, BPH
Leukocyte esterase-falsely negative
Toxin produced by E.Coli
Alpha haemolysin
Hydronephrosis
Swelling of the kidney caused by loss of filtering tissue
Presence of epithelial cells in urine
Contamination
Infections causing acute kidney injury
HIV and endocarditis
Urethral syndrome
Idiopathic aetiology where there is irritation of the urethra. Caused by low bacteria count, STI, non-infective inflammation.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Spread hematogenous and causes chest infection and result in upper UTI in the kidney.
Urolithiasis
Stones in urinary tract
Effect of hyperphosphatemia
Bone abnormalities and CVD risk
Why are nitrites are falsely negative?
Bacteria which are nitrite negative
Low bacteria number
Leukocyte esterase
Patients who take antibiotic, glycosuria
