Cellular Basis Of Disease

Question 1

What is eosin?

Answer 1

Acidic stain that turns cyptoplasm pink.

Question 2

What is haemotoxylin?

Answer 2

Basic dye which stains DNA/RNA blue or purple.

Question 3

What is chromosomal policy?

Answer 3

Sets of chromosomes in a cell.

Question 4

What is chromosomal restitution?

Answer 4

Repairing a broken chromosome.

Question 5

What is chromosomal aberration?

Answer 5

Morphological alteration in a chromosome due to mutations from standard, like inversion/duplication/deletion.

Question 6

What is contiguous gene syndrome?

Answer 6

Disorders caused by chromosomal abnormalities.

Question 7

What are the targets of cell damage?

Answer 7

Mitochondria by using radical oxygen species damage.
Plasma membrane to make cell more leaky.
Ionic channels because it will change osmotic balance.
Cytoskeleton because it will change cell shape and motility.

Question 8

How does cellular damage present?

Answer 8

Pale cyptoplasm, intracellular lipid accumulation, mitochondria swells andcalcium overload and increased number of vacuoles.

Question 9

What is the cue for irreversible cell damage?

Answer 9

Calcium overload due to damage to mitochondria, Na+/Ca2+ exchanger or endoplasmic reticulum. This causes transient mitochondrial depolarisation that increases levels of ROS which induce apoptosis via the opening of the mitochondrial MTP pore.

Question 10

What are the types of necrosis?

Answer 10

Coagulation necrosis
Liquefactive necrosis
Caseous necrosis
Gangrenous necrosis
Fibrinoid necrosis

Question 11

Which necrosis is associated with ischaemia?

Answer 11

Coagulative necrosis is cell death that occurs due to loss of blood or reduced blood supply in all organs of the body excluding the brain. It is associated with thrombi or atherosclerosis.
Tissues have a dry, gangrenous appearance and maintain their architecture.

Question 12

What is colliquative necrosis?

Answer 12

Another term to describe liquefactive necrosis.

Question 13

Which necrosis is associated with fungal infection?

Answer 13

Caseous necrosis, where tissues have a firm and hard cheese-like appearance. Caseous necrosis is a type 4 hypersensitivity reaction and a subtype of coagulative necrosis. This is a feature of tuberculosis in the lungs and there is a collection of lymphocytes and macrophages in a granuloma.

Question 14

Which necrosis is associated with bacterial infection?

Answer 14

Liquefactive necrosis which is when there is abscess formation containing neutrophil-rich pus as a response to bacterial infection Tissue is creamy and liquid.

Question 15

What is gangrenous necrosis?

Answer 15

A type of coagulative necrosis which occurs in ischaemia of the lower limbs, where skin blackens and produces pus.

Question 16

What is fibrinoid necrosis?

Answer 16

Necrosis which involves fibrin deposition and ocurs in blood vessels typically due to hypertension or endothelial damage. It is associated with type 3 hypersensitivity reactions.

Question 17

What is hyperplasia?

Answer 17

Increase in cell size due to greater number.

Question 18

What is hypertrophy?

Answer 18

Increase in cell size.

Question 19

What is metaplasia?

Answer 19

Change in epithelium from one cell type to another. This occurs in Barrett’s oesophageal and Squamous cell lung carcinoma.

Question 20

What is dysplasia?

Answer 20

Exposure to stimuli causes genetic damage and cells lose their normal architecture, with a change in cellular polarity and change in nuclear structure.

Question 21

What is neoplasia?

Answer 21

Abnormal mass of tissue with disordered high cell growth that expands into other tissues. This is irreversible and can be benign or metastatic.

Question 22

What are the virulence factors?

Answer 22

Molecules that assist pathogens in colonising and causing damage to the host.

Question 23

What are proteases?

Answer 23

Responsible for aiding penetration into tissues.

Question 24

What is response exhaustion?

Answer 24

Prolonged response by the immune system to a chronic infection. This can occur due to antigenic variation or clonal exhaustion.

Question 25

What is Type 1 hypersensitivity?

Answer 25

IgE mediated allergic response that causes mast cell activation. Associated with asthma, rhinitis and urticaria.

Question 26

What is Type 2 hypersensitivity?

Answer 26

IgG and IgM mediated response that forms a complex with an antigen for activation of complement cascade.

Question 27

What is Type 3 hypersensitivity?

Answer 27

IgG binds to antigen and forms antigen-antibody complex for phagocytes and complement response.These complexes can be deposited in tissues and cause serum sickness.

Question 28

What is Type 4 hypersensitivity?

Answer 28

Delayed response driven by Th1 and Th2 that are CD4+ T cells acting on the MHC Class II receptors on cells can lead to:
Granuloma formation e.g in caseous necrosis with tuberculosis infection
Contact dermatitis

Question 29

What is granulomatous inflammation?

Answer 29

Subtype of type 4 hypersensitivity caused by collection of macrophages and epithelioid cells following cell injury.

Question 30

What are iatrogenic diseases?

Answer 30

Disease caused by medical intervention or intervention e.g
Blood transfusion
Surgery
Medications
Medical advice

Question 31

What is an -oma?

Answer 31

Benign tumour.

Question 32

What does -iasis mean?

Answer 32

Pathological state

Question 33

What does -blastoma mean?

Answer 33

Malignant.

Question 34

Why is there an increase in cell vacuoles in apoptosis?

Answer 34

Loss of membrane integrity causes accumulation of water and Na+.