Cellular Basis Of Disease Flashcards
What is eosin?
Acidic stain that turns cyptoplasm pink.
What is haemotoxylin?
Basic dye which stains DNA/RNA blue or purple.
What is chromosomal policy?
Sets of chromosomes in a cell.
What is chromosomal restitution?
Repairing a broken chromosome.
What is chromosomal aberration?
Morphological alteration in a chromosome due to mutations from standard, like inversion/duplication/deletion.
What is contiguous gene syndrome?
Disorders caused by chromosomal abnormalities.
What are the targets of cell damage?
Mitochondria by using radical oxygen species damage.
Plasma membrane to make cell more leaky.
Ionic channels because it will change osmotic balance.
Cytoskeleton because it will change cell shape and motility.
How does cellular damage present?
Pale cyptoplasm, intracellular lipid accumulation, mitochondria swells andcalcium overload and increased number of vacuoles.
What is the cue for irreversible cell damage?
Calcium overload due to damage to mitochondria, Na+/Ca2+ exchanger or endoplasmic reticulum. This causes transient mitochondrial depolarisation that increases levels of ROS which induce apoptosis via the opening of the mitochondrial MTP pore.
What are the types of necrosis?
Coagulation necrosis
Liquefactive necrosis
Caseous necrosis
Gangrenous necrosis
Fibrinoid necrosis
Which necrosis is associated with ischaemia?
Coagulative necrosis is cell death that occurs due to loss of blood or reduced blood supply in all organs of the body excluding the brain. It is associated with thrombi or atherosclerosis.
Tissues have a dry, gangrenous appearance and maintain their architecture.
What is colliquative necrosis?
Another term to describe liquefactive necrosis.
Which necrosis is associated with fungal infection?
Caseous necrosis, where tissues have a firm and hard cheese-like appearance. Caseous necrosis is a type 4 hypersensitivity reaction and a subtype of coagulative necrosis. This is a feature of tuberculosis in the lungs and there is a collection of lymphocytes and macrophages in a granuloma.
Which necrosis is associated with bacterial infection?
Liquefactive necrosis which is when there is abscess formation containing neutrophil-rich pus as a response to bacterial infection Tissue is creamy and liquid.
What is gangrenous necrosis?
A type of coagulative necrosis which occurs in ischaemia of the lower limbs, where skin blackens and produces pus.
What is fibrinoid necrosis?
Necrosis which involves fibrin deposition and ocurs in blood vessels typically due to hypertension or endothelial damage. It is associated with type 3 hypersensitivity reactions.
What is hyperplasia?
Increase in cell size due to greater number.
What is hypertrophy?
Increase in cell size.
What is metaplasia?
Change in epithelium from one cell type to another. This occurs in Barrett’s oesophageal and Squamous cell lung carcinoma.
What is dysplasia?
Exposure to stimuli causes genetic damage and cells lose their normal architecture, with a change in cellular polarity and change in nuclear structure.
What is neoplasia?
Abnormal mass of tissue with disordered high cell growth that expands into other tissues. This is irreversible and can be benign or metastatic.
What are the virulence factors?
Molecules that assist pathogens in colonising and causing damage to the host.
What are proteases?
Responsible for aiding penetration into tissues.
What is response exhaustion?
Prolonged response by the immune system to a chronic infection. This can occur due to antigenic variation or clonal exhaustion.
What is Type 1 hypersensitivity?
IgE mediated allergic response that causes mast cell activation. Associated with asthma, rhinitis and urticaria.
What is Type 2 hypersensitivity?
IgG and IgM mediated response that forms a complex with an antigen for activation of complement cascade.
What is Type 3 hypersensitivity?
IgG binds to antigen and forms antigen-antibody complex for phagocytes and complement response.These complexes can be deposited in tissues and cause serum sickness.
What is Type 4 hypersensitivity?
Delayed response driven by Th1 and Th2 that are CD4+ T cells acting on the MHC Class II receptors on cells can lead to:
Granuloma formation e.g in caseous necrosis with tuberculosis infection
Contact dermatitis
What is granulomatous inflammation?
Subtype of type 4 hypersensitivity caused by collection of macrophages and epithelioid cells following cell injury.
What are iatrogenic diseases?
Disease caused by medical intervention or intervention e.g
Blood transfusion
Surgery
Medications
Medical advice
What is an -oma?
Benign tumour.
What does -iasis mean?
Pathological state
What does -blastoma mean?
Malignant.
Why is there an increase in cell vacuoles in apoptosis?
Loss of membrane integrity causes accumulation of water and Na+.
