Harvluck B10 W1 Flashcards
Which drug causes metabolic acidosis?
Aspirin overdose
Tachypnoea
Rapid breathing- in kidney examination, indicates pulmonary oedema
pH range of blood
7.34 -7.38
Bradypnoea in kidney examination
Uraemia that leads to encephalopathy and opioid toxicity.
Why does bradypnoea occur?
Reduced GFR so oedema occurs and there is water accumulation in the lungs
Production of ADH hormone
Hypothalamus
Continuous curve of drug
IV dosage
Effect of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
Loss of H+ in urine and retention of sodium
Buffers to ph change in body
Intracellular proteins
Haemoglobin
EC fluid containing HCO3-
Angiotensinogen production
Liver
Kussmaul breathing
Gasping, laboured breathing in respiratory acidosis
Glucocorticoids effect on the kidney
Increases Na+ reabsorption and reduces urine output
Location of Na-K-Cl cotransporter
Basolateral membrane of Loop of Henle
DCT
Most abundant cation in blood plasma
Na+
Most abundant anion in blood plasma
Cl-
Most abundant cation in intracellular fluid
K+
Most abundant anion in the interstitial fluid
Cl-
Most abundant cation in the interstitial fluid
Na+
Most abundant anion in intracellular fluid
HCO3-
Groups susceptible to acid-base imbalance
Infants and elderly
Which cells conserve K+?
Effect of fever on acidosis/alkalosis?
Causes respiratory alkalosis due to increased respiratory drive
Low blood pressure in kidney examination
Sepsis
Sediment in urine
Infection
Vesico-colic fistula
Change in haemoglobin levels
Chronic renal impairment
90% of ion is reabsorbed in PCT
K+
Natural diuretics
Melons, leafy greens, dandelion leaves, cucumbers
Respiratory acidosis
Depression of respiratory centre due to drugs/narcotics
Restrictive or obstructive lung diseases such as emphysema
High blood pressure in kidney examination
Fluid overload
Avoid use of K+ sparing diuretics with?
ACE inhibitors: worsens hyperkalemia
Steady state in IV dosage
Occurs after 4 tries
How is urine concentrated?
Reabsorption of solutes
Glucose and amino acid reabsorption mechanism
Secondary active transport: facillitated diffusion
Pericardial rub in examination
Pericarditis (inflammation of heart lining) which occurs in kidney failure due to uraemia
Reabsorption of Ca2+
DCT via Na+-Cl antiporter
Effect of hydration on filtrate
Reduced osmolarity because of high water conc and lower Na+ conc
Effect of dehydration on filtrate
increased osmolarity because of low water conc and higher Na+ conc
Effect of oestrogen on kidney
Increase sodium reabsorption and reduce urine output
Osmotic diuretics use
Decrease intracranial pressure, intraocular pressure
Pain in kidney disease
Loin pain, suprapubic pain, ureteric colic pain
Bicarbonate in pH changes
pH low: production of new bicarbonate
pH high- excreted into urine
How is hydrogen ion excreted in the urine?
Forms dihydrogen phosphate i phosphate buffer system
Hormone released from adrenal cortex
Glucocorticoids
Cloudiness of urine
Excess WBC due to infection
Which kidney vessel has completely filtered blood?
Renal vein
Paracellular diffusion of ions
Magnesium, calcium, K+, Cl-
Progesterone effect on kidney
Decreased Na+ reabsorption and increased urinary output
Water reabsorption
Descending loop of Henle and collecting duct
Passive paracellular diffusion in ascending loop of Henle
Calcium and magnesium
Base in phosphate buffer system
Hydrogen phosphate ion
Medications important in renal history
NSAIDS, antibiotics, diuretics, antihypertensives
Increased kidney size- causes
What prevents movement of plasma proteins in glomerular filtration?
Podocytes
Juxtamedullary nephrons
Long loop and glomerulus closer to cortex-medullary junction and efferent arteriole supplies vasa recta
What is used to detect protein in urine?
Bromphenol blue which is albumin sensitivie
Muscle cramps in kidney disease
Secretion of cations in PCT
H+ antiporter
Histology of Loop of Henle
Simple cuboidal epithelia
Endogenous organic anions secreted in PCT
Urate, bile salts and ketoacids
Principal cells
Cells involved in sodium-water balance which secretes K+ into filtrate
The pH in blood vessels
Acidic pH in veins and alkaline pH in arteries
Exogenous anions
Penicillin, cephalosporin and diuretic
Organic cations
Creatine and drugs such as trimethoprim, cimetidine and quinidine
Cortical nephron
Short loop, glomerulus further from the cortex-medulla. Efferent arteriole supplies peritubular capillaries
Respiratory acidosis
pH is acidic, with high pCO2 and high HCO3
How can bicarbonates be formed from?
Phosphate where H2CO3 splits and H+ combines with HPO4- while HCO3- is transported with teh CHO3-/Cl- transporter
pH for alkalosis
7.38-7.8
Sodium reabsorption in loop of Henle
25%
Percutaneous nerve stimulation is a treatment for…
Urinary incontinence and faecal incontinence
Intercalated cells
Hydrogen ATPase pumps which actively transport H+ into lumen for acid base homeostasis
Why is venous blood more acidic?
Carbonic acid
H+/ K+ ATPase pump
Located on DCT and collecting duct which mediates the movement for H+ out and K+ in.
Buffering capacity controlled by RBCs
5%
U and E
Test to detect blood abnormalities such as renal function
