High Yield Renal content- Passmed

Question 1

Lymphatic drainage of bladder

Answer 1

Internal and external lymphatic node

Question 2

Abnormal collagen synthesis in the glomerulus

Answer 2

Alpert Syndrome. This is a nephritic condition where there is genetic mutation in collagen synthesis.

Question 3

Complement activation in the glomerulus

Answer 3

Post-streptococcal glomerulnephritis
Membranoproliferative glmerulonephritis

Question 4

What condition is caused by impairment of the glomerular filtration barrier?

Answer 4

Nephrotic syndrome as protein leakage occurs due to gloemrular damage.

Question 5

Parasympathetic innervation to bladder

Answer 5

Pelvic splanchnic nerve -

Question 6

Sympathetic innervation to bladder

Answer 6

Hypogastric plexus.

Question 7

Amyloidosis

Answer 7

Deposition of antibody light chains which is a nephrotic syndrome.

Question 8

How does post-streptococcal glomerulnephritis affect the glomerulus?

Answer 8

Causes enlarged and hyper cellular glomeruli and complement activation of glomerulus. Associated with IgG, IgM.

Question 9

Acute tubular necrosis-cause

Answer 9

Typically caused by drug damage such as from gentamycin. This causes brownn granular casts to form.

Question 10

What causes formation of brown granular casts?

Answer 10

Acute tubular necrosis.

Question 11

What is the proportion of men with raised PSA with prostatic cancer?

Answer 11

1/3

Question 12

How can renal function or GFR be determined?

Answer 12

Insulin > Clearance

Question 13

How can renal plasma levels be determined?

Answer 13

Paraaminohippurate clearance.

Question 14

Effect of angiotensin II

Answer 14

Increases bradykinin levels and vasoconstriction of efferent arteriolae.

Question 15

Diclofenac

Answer 15

NSAID which causes kidney damage.

Question 16

Sterile pyruia

Answer 16

Urine shows high WBC but no other abnormal findings. This is due to urethritis as a result of STI.

Question 17

IgA nephropathy

Answer 17

Causes mesanglial hypercellularity and occurs a few days after infection. Children are most commonly affected by this in nephritic syndrome.

Question 18

Effect of muscle death on potassium levels

Answer 18

Potassium will be released and causes hyperkalemia.

Question 19

MOA of Bicalutamide

Answer 19

Blocks androgen receptors.

Question 20

What is a horseshoe kidney?

Question 21

What is the venous drainage of the bladder in females?

Answer 21

Vesicouterine venous plexus.

Question 22

What is the venous drainage of the bladder in males?

Answer 22

Vesicoprostatic venous plexus.

Question 23

Effect of hypocalcaeimia

Answer 23

Perioral parasesthesiaa (pins and needles)
Cramps
Tetanus
Convulsions

Question 24

What causes loss of potassium?

Answer 24

Vomiting and diarrhoea

Question 25

What causes increased levels of prostate specific antigen?

Answer 25

Urine retention BPH Prostate cancer

Question 26

How does diabetic nephropathy affect the kidneys?

Answer 26

Glomerulosclerosis and glycation

Question 27

What ever do the renal arteries branch from the abdominal aorta?

Answer 27

L2

Question 28

Effect of salbutamol on ion levels

Answer 28

Causes hypokalemia.

Question 29

What is haemolytic uraemia?

Answer 29

Damage to the blood vessels that lads to thrombocytopenia, acute kidney injury and haemolytic anaemia

Question 30

Level of left kidney

Answer 30

L1

Question 31

Level of right kidney

Answer 31

L3

Question 32

How does penicillin affect the kidneys?

Answer 32

Acute interstitial necrosis.

Question 33

Which level do the renal arteries enter?

Answer 33

L1.

Question 34

How does oncotic pressure change in the kidneys?

Answer 34

Increase in oncotic pressure in efferent arteriole than afferent arteriole, due to uptake of fluid in Bowman’s capsule.

Question 35

What is the lining of the ascending loop of Henle?

Answer 35

Simple squamous epithelia. It takes up only Na+ and K+.

Question 36

What is the epithelia of descending loop of Henle?

Answer 36

Simple squamous,s and it is permeable only to water.

Question 37

What is the epithelia of the DCT?

Answer 37

Simple Cuboidal epithelia

Question 38

What is the epithelia of PCT?

Answer 38

Simple cuboidal epithelia with microvilli

Question 39

What is a measure of renal plasma flow?

Answer 39

Para-aminohippuric acid

Question 40

What measures eGFR?

Answer 40

Creatinine or insulin Insulin is filtered and NOT reabsorbed.

Question 41

What is the role of the kidneys in bones?

Answer 41

Formation of calcitriol, 1,25 dehydroxecalciferol.

Question 42

What does calcitriol form from?

Answer 42

Calcidiol 25, hydroxycholecalciferol

Question 43

What is the blood supply to the juxtamedullary nephrons?

Answer 43

Vasa recta, a branch of the efferent. Juxtamedullary have long loops of Henle which penetrate deep into medulla.

Question 44

What are the features of cortical nephrons?

Answer 44

They have short or NO loop of Henle, and blood supply is from Peritubular artery, a branch of the efferent arteriole.

Question 45

Which transporter allows glucose to enter cell?

Answer 45

SGLT transporter

Question 46

Which transporter allows glucose to leave the cell?

Answer 46

GLUT transporter

Question 47

What is responsible for increasing osmolality in kidneys?

Answer 47

ADH, released from paraventricular and supraoptic nucleus that increases expression of aquaporin 2.

Question 48

What is the effect of alcohol on kidney?

Answer 48

Reduces release of ADH, so increases urination.

Question 49

How does albumin change in infection?

Answer 49

Decreased due to increased capillary permeability.

Question 50

Which antigen is important for transplant?

Answer 50

HLA-DR

Question 51

What are causes of sterile Pyuria?

Answer 51

Tuberculosis Urethritis due to STI

Question 52

What is nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?

Answer 52

X linked mutation of the vasopressin ADH receptor

Question 53

What causes increased PSA?

Answer 53

Vigorous exercise Urinary retention UTI

Question 54

Where do renal carcinomas occur?

Answer 54

PCT

Question 55

Where does ectopic testes occur?

Answer 55

Femoral triangle Superficial inguinal pouch

Question 56

What is a sign of hyperkalemia on ECG?

Answer 56

Small/absent P waves Bizarre sinusoidal QRS complex Tall tented T waves

Question 57

What causes membranous glomerulonephritis?

Answer 57

Anti-phospholipase A2 antibodies.

Question 58

What is the treatment for minimal change disease?

Answer 58

Glucocorticoids like prednisone.