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Year 2 > High Yield Renal content- Passmed > Flashcards

High Yield Renal content- Passmed Flashcards

1
Q

Lymphatic drainage of bladder

A

Internal and external lymphatic node

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2
Q

Abnormal collagen synthesis in the glomerulus

A

Alpert Syndrome. This is a nephritic condition where there is genetic mutation in collagen synthesis.

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3
Q

Complement activation in the glomerulus

A

Post-streptococcal glomerulnephritis
Membranoproliferative glmerulonephritis

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4
Q

What condition is caused by impairment of the glomerular filtration barrier?

A

Nephrotic syndrome as protein leakage occurs due to gloemrular damage.

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5
Q

Parasympathetic innervation to bladder

A

Pelvic splanchnic nerve -

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6
Q

Sympathetic innervation to bladder

A

Hypogastric plexus.

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7
Q

Amyloidosis

A

Deposition of antibody light chains which is a nephrotic syndrome.

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8
Q

How does post-streptococcal glomerulnephritis affect the glomerulus?

A

Causes enlarged and hyper cellular glomeruli and complement activation of glomerulus. Associated with IgG, IgM.

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9
Q

Acute tubular necrosis-cause

A

Typically caused by drug damage such as from gentamycin. This causes brownn granular casts to form.

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10
Q

What causes formation of brown granular casts?

A

Acute tubular necrosis.

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11
Q

What is the proportion of men with raised PSA with prostatic cancer?

A

1/3

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12
Q

How can renal function or GFR be determined?

A

Insulin > Clearance

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13
Q

How can renal plasma levels be determined?

A

Paraaminohippurate clearance.

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14
Q

Effect of angiotensin II

A

Increases bradykinin levels and vasoconstriction of efferent arteriolae.

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15
Q

Diclofenac

A

NSAID which causes kidney damage.

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16
Q

Sterile pyruia

A

Urine shows high WBC but no other abnormal findings. This is due to urethritis as a result of STI.

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17
Q

IgA nephropathy

A

Causes mesanglial hypercellularity and occurs a few days after infection. Children are most commonly affected by this in nephritic syndrome.

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18
Q

Effect of muscle death on potassium levels

A

Potassium will be released and causes hyperkalemia.

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19
Q

MOA of Bicalutamide

A

Blocks androgen receptors.

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20
Q

What is a horseshoe kidney?

A
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21
Q

What is the venous drainage of the bladder in females?

A

Vesicouterine venous plexus.

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22
Q

What is the venous drainage of the bladder in males?

A

Vesicoprostatic venous plexus.

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23
Q

Effect of hypocalcaeimia

A

Perioral parasesthesiaa (pins and needles)
Cramps
Tetanus
Convulsions

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24
Q

What causes loss of potassium?

A

Vomiting and diarrhoea

25
Q

What causes increased levels of prostate specific antigen?

A

Urine retention
BPH
Prostate cancer

26
Q

How does diabetic nephropathy affect the kidneys?

A

Glomerulosclerosis and glycation

27
Q

What ever do the renal arteries branch from the abdominal aorta?

A

L2

28
Q

Effect of salbutamol on ion levels

A

Causes hypokalemia.

29
Q

What is haemolytic uraemia?

A

Damage to the blood vessels that lads to thrombocytopenia, acute kidney injury and haemolytic anaemia

30
Q

Level of left kidney

A

L1

31
Q

Level of right kidney

A

L3

32
Q

How does penicillin affect the kidneys?

A

Acute interstitial necrosis.

33
Q

Which level do the renal arteries enter?

A

L1.

34
Q

How does oncotic pressure change in the kidneys?

A

Increase in oncotic pressure in efferent arteriole than afferent arteriole, due to uptake of fluid in Bowman’s capsule.

35
Q

What is the lining of the ascending loop of Henle?

A

Simple squamous epithelia. It takes up only Na+ and K+.

36
Q

What is the epithelia of descending loop of Henle?

A

Simple squamous,s and it is permeable only to water.

37
Q

What is the epithelia of the DCT?

A

Simple Cuboidal epithelia

38
Q

What is the epithelia of PCT?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelia with microvilli

39
Q

What is a measure of renal plasma flow?

A

Para-aminohippuric acid

40
Q

What measures eGFR?

A

Creatinine or insulin

Insulin is filtered and NOT reabsorbed.

41
Q

What is the role of the kidneys in bones?

A

Formation of calcitriol, 1,25 dehydroxecalciferol.

42
Q

What does calcitriol form from?

A

Calcidiol 25, hydroxycholecalciferol

43
Q

What is the blood supply to the juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

Vasa recta, a branch of the efferent. Juxtamedullary have long loops of Henle which penetrate deep into medulla.

44
Q

What are the features of cortical nephrons?

A

They have short or NO loop of Henle, and blood supply is from Peritubular artery, a branch of the efferent arteriole.

45
Q

Which transporter allows glucose to enter cell?

A

SGLT transporter

46
Q

Which transporter allows glucose to leave the cell?

A

GLUT transporter

47
Q

What is responsible for increasing osmolality in kidneys?

A

ADH, released from paraventricular and supraoptic nucleus that increases expression of aquaporin 2.

48
Q

What is the effect of alcohol on kidney?

A

Reduces release of ADH, so increases urination.

49
Q

How does albumin change in infection?

A

Decreased due to increased capillary permeability.

50
Q

Which antigen is important for transplant?

A

HLA-DR

51
Q

What are causes of sterile Pyuria?

A

Tuberculosis
Urethritis due to STI

52
Q

What is nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?

A

X linked mutation of the vasopressin ADH receptor

53
Q

What causes increased PSA?

A

Vigorous exercise
Urinary retention
UTI

54
Q

Where do renal carcinomas occur?

A

PCT

55
Q

Where does ectopic testes occur?

A

Femoral triangle
Superficial inguinal pouch

56
Q

What is a sign of hyperkalemia on ECG?

A

Small/absent P waves
Bizarre sinusoidal QRS complex
Tall tented T waves

57
Q

What causes membranous glomerulonephritis?

A

Anti-phospholipase A2 antibodies.

58
Q

What is the treatment for minimal change disease?

A

Glucocorticoids like prednisone.

59
Q
A

Year 2 (247 decks)

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