- statistics that deals with data relating to living organisms - tools of statistics to help answer pressing research questions

Research Evaluation Flashcards by brandon lovin

Define evidence based practive

practice in healthcare which the practitioner systematically finds, appraises and uses most current/valid research as basis for clinical decisions

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_____ ______ is a widely accepted indicator of quality scholarship in a discipline or field

Peer review

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Articles approved for publication after passing peer review process means that the article as met what criteria?

Met discipline’s expected standards of expertise

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Define epidemiology

study of the distribution and determinants of health related states or events within a population and applying them to control health problems

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What are the objectives of epidemiology?

Reduce morbidity and mortality
Determine disease extend
Study history and progression of disease
Foundation for policy relating to environmental problems

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Define biostatistics

statistics that deals with data relating to living organisms
tools of statistics to help answer pressing research questions

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Describe descriptive research

Observes associations
Shows patterns of disease occurrence
Generates hypothesis

Reveals patterns
General observations
Provide clues to disease etiology

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Describe analytical research

Analyzes associations
Investigates relationships
Tests hypotheses

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3 examples of Descriptive studies

Case reports
Clinical series
Populations (ecologic studies)

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Define explanatory studies

What are the two types

Attempts to provide insight into etiology or find/determine better PT outcomes

Experimental- active intervention
Observational- observation only

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Examples of Experimental-Explanatory Studies

Controlled trial
Clinical trial
Education intervention
Healthcare trial
Intervention trial

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Examples of Observational-Explanatory studies

Case-control
Follow-up
Cross-sectional
Cohort/follow up

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What are the two types and subcategories of descriptive studies

Descriptive:
Individual- Case report/series
Population- Ecologic

Analytic:
Experimental- Clinical trial, community trial, educational intervention
Observational- case control, cohort, cross sectional

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Define Case Report

a single incident and pertinent factors related to PT

Brings novel/unusual PT to center attention
Info is preliminary and unrefined

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Define Case Series and when is it used

Analyzes number of individual cases that share a commonality

Examine adverse events
List new diseases/outbreaks
Feasibility/safety of new treatment
Efficacy of new treatment

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Case reports and case series lack ______

Both indicate _____

sufficient methodological rigor

indicate need for further study

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Define ecological fallacy

type of bias specific to ecological studies. Occurs when relationships that exist for groups are assumed to be true for individuals

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Define Cross-Sectional studies

Examines relationship between outcomes and variables of interest existing within a population at one particular time

Determines prevalence
Cannot show casuality
Does not establish temporal relationships between risk factor and disease (measured at same time)

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Define prevalence

% of population, not incidence (rate)

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What are the strengths of Cross-Sectional studies

Assesses multiple outcomes/exposures
Completely quickly
Data gathered leads to more/further studies
Generates prevalence

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What are the limitations of Cross-Sectional studies

No time reference
Not useful for common decisions
Cannot calculate incidence, is a prevalence study
Results are dependent on study population

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Define Case-Control studies

Patients already w/ disease (case) are compared to people w/out condition (control)

Looks back to ID factors/exposure

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What does a Case-control study usually follow?

What it it’s “end goal”?

Follow a case-series

Look back to capture cause and effect relationship of frequency of risk among non/exposed

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What are the strengths of Case-control studies

Good for studying rare outcomes
Can evaluate many exposure
Ideal for initial, explanatory idea
Simple and fast
Efficient and inexpensive

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Limitations of case control studies

``` Single outcome High risk for bias High risk for confounding variables Outside factors may influence outcomes No prevalence determination Temporality- no casual interpretations, incidence determination or Relative risk calculation ```

Define Selection Bias

inappropriate selection of cases or controls If cases are selected from a single source, risk factors from facility may not be generalizable to all PTs Ideally, controls wanted from same reference population

Define information bias

Differential recall of exposure between cases and controls

Define Researcher/Observer Bias

Occurs when researcher/observer evaluates cases vs controls differentially

Define Voluntary Response Bias

When case subject who think they have been exposed to responds at a higher rate to controls

Define Control Bias matching

Selecting controls so they are similar to cases in certain characteristics (age, race, sex, socioeconomic status and occupation) Individual or group-based

Define Control Bias multiple controls and what does it offer

Employ multiple control groups Offers independent estimates of exposure among different samples of non-cases Increases the strength of the study

Define Case-crossover

Variant of case-control study Each case is own individual control Used for transient exposrues

Define Nested Case-control

Study within large cohort | Large enrollment studies

Define Case-cohort

Same as nested case-control but with randomly chosen controls

Define Cohort

Group of people w/ common characteristic/experience

Define Cohort Study

Investigation that follows groups with common characteristics

What is the strongest observational study

Cohort Study

Define Prospective

Group of patients what have already taken treatment and compared to another similar group not affected by treatment

Define Retrospective

start with cohort and go back in time to evaluate past exposure to risk factors

What are the two potential biases in Cohort Studies

Selection- lost to follow up | Information- observer bias

What are the strengths of conducting Cohort Studies?

``` Multiple effects of a single exposure ID a temporal relationship Confirm cause and effect Magnitude of effect Can measure Incidence Can calculate relative risk Highest validity of observational study designs ```

What are the limitations of Cohort Studies?

``` Expensive and time consuming Inefficient for rare diseases Loss of participants to f/u Risk of confounding variables Requires presence of records or recall ```

What is the main purpose of randomization?

Prevent any potential bias by the investigators

What type of study strives for comparability but does not guarantee it?

Randomized control studies

What is the best approach to design a trial?

Allocation

What is the critical element of randomization?

Unpredictability of the next assignment

What are 2 methods randomization it accomplished?

Computer programs | Envelope systems

What criteria must be met before the envelope is opened in a randomized study?

Only after subject has consented and meets eligibility criteria

When is stratified randomization done?

When there is concern for the comparability of the groups in terms of one or a few important characteristics

Examples of randomized control studies

Blinding- concealment of group allocation Used to prevent affect on participants response to treatment, healthcare provider behavior or assessment of treatment affects Crossover

If a planned crossover occurs, there must be a _____ period

washout

What are the 3 types of blinding during randomized control studies?

Single- allocation concealed from researcher or subject Double- allocation concealed from researcher AND subject Triple- allocation is unknown to subjects, individuals administering treatment and individuals assessing treatment outcomes.

Know the definition

of Case Cohort Study

What are the strengths of randomized control studies

Double blind randomized control trial is referred to as the Gold-standard Minimizes chance of bias if randomization and blinding if done correctly

What are the limitations of Randomized control studies?

``` Large trials Long term follow-up Compliance Expensive Possible ethical ```

What does "Primum Non Nocere" mean and where was it listed?

First do no Harm | Randomized control studies

Define Efficacy Trial

Attempt to learn if drug, procedure or program works under ideal conditions

Define Internal Validity

Within study confines, results appear accurate and interpretation of investigators is supported

Define External Validity | This is AKA what?

Ability to apply results obtained from a study population to a broader population AKA gernalizability

How are Non-Randomized control studies different from RCTs?

AKA quasi- experiments ``` Non-randomized= Control group is predetermined and compared to control group Volunteer to join study Geographically close to study site Conveniently show up at right time/place for study ```

Know BioStats 2 lecture excel

sheet at beginning

Stopped at Analytic Study

Part 2 slide 24