Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

IPAP > Research Evaluation > Flashcards

Research Evaluation Flashcards

1
Q

Define evidence based practive

A

practice in healthcare which the practitioner systematically finds, appraises and uses most current/valid research as basis for clinical decisions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

_____ ______ is a widely accepted indicator of quality scholarship in a discipline or field

A

Peer review

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Articles approved for publication after passing peer review process means that the article as met what criteria?

A

Met discipline’s expected standards of expertise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define epidemiology

A

study of the distribution and determinants of health related states or events within a population and applying them to control health problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the objectives of epidemiology?

A

Reduce morbidity and mortality
Determine disease extend
Study history and progression of disease
Foundation for policy relating to environmental problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define biostatistics

A
  • statistics that deals with data relating to living organisms
  • tools of statistics to help answer pressing research questions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe descriptive research

A

Observes associations
Shows patterns of disease occurrence
Generates hypothesis

Reveals patterns
General observations
Provide clues to disease etiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe analytical research

A

Analyzes associations
Investigates relationships
Tests hypotheses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

3 examples of Descriptive studies

A

Case reports
Clinical series
Populations (ecologic studies)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define explanatory studies

What are the two types

A

Attempts to provide insight into etiology or find/determine better PT outcomes

Experimental- active intervention
Observational- observation only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Examples of Experimental-Explanatory Studies

A 
Controlled trial
Clinical trial
Education intervention
Healthcare trial
Intervention trial
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Examples of Observational-Explanatory studies

A

Case-control
Follow-up
Cross-sectional
Cohort/follow up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the two types and subcategories of descriptive studies

A

Descriptive:
Individual- Case report/series
Population- Ecologic

Analytic:
Experimental- Clinical trial, community trial, educational intervention
Observational- case control, cohort, cross sectional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define Case Report

A

a single incident and pertinent factors related to PT

Brings novel/unusual PT to center attention
Info is preliminary and unrefined

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define Case Series and when is it used

A

Analyzes number of individual cases that share a commonality

Examine adverse events
List new diseases/outbreaks
Feasibility/safety of new treatment
Efficacy of new treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Case reports and case series lack ______

Both indicate _____

A

sufficient methodological rigor

indicate need for further study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define ecological fallacy

A

type of bias specific to ecological studies. Occurs when relationships that exist for groups are assumed to be true for individuals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Define Cross-Sectional studies

A

Examines relationship between outcomes and variables of interest existing within a population at one particular time

Determines prevalence
Cannot show casuality
Does not establish temporal relationships between risk factor and disease (measured at same time)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Define prevalence

A

% of population, not incidence (rate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the strengths of Cross-Sectional studies

A

Assesses multiple outcomes/exposures
Completely quickly
Data gathered leads to more/further studies
Generates prevalence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the limitations of Cross-Sectional studies

A

No time reference
Not useful for common decisions
Cannot calculate incidence, is a prevalence study
Results are dependent on study population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Define Case-Control studies

A

Patients already w/ disease (case) are compared to people w/out condition (control)

Looks back to ID factors/exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does a Case-control study usually follow?

What it it’s “end goal”?

A

Follow a case-series

Look back to capture cause and effect relationship of frequency of risk among non/exposed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the strengths of Case-control studies

A 
Good for studying rare outcomes
Can evaluate many exposure
Ideal for initial, explanatory idea
Simple and fast
Efficient and inexpensive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Limitations of case control studies

A 
Single outcome
High risk for bias
High risk for confounding variables
Outside factors may influence outcomes
No prevalence determination
Temporality- no casual interpretations, incidence determination or Relative risk calculation
26
Q

Define Selection Bias

A

inappropriate selection of cases or controls
If cases are selected from a single source, risk factors from facility may not be generalizable to all PTs
Ideally, controls wanted from same reference population

27
Q

Define information bias

A

Differential recall of exposure between cases and controls

28
Q

Define Researcher/Observer Bias

A

Occurs when researcher/observer evaluates cases vs controls differentially

29
Q

Define Voluntary Response Bias

A

When case subject who think they have been exposed to responds at a higher rate to controls

30
Q

Define Control Bias matching

A

Selecting controls so they are similar to cases in certain characteristics (age, race, sex, socioeconomic status and occupation)

Individual or group-based

31
Q

Define Control Bias multiple controls and what does it offer

A

Employ multiple control groups
Offers independent estimates of exposure among different samples of non-cases
Increases the strength of the study

32
Q

Define Case-crossover

A

Variant of case-control study
Each case is own individual control
Used for transient exposrues

33
Q

Define Nested Case-control

A

Study within large cohort

Large enrollment studies

34
Q

Define Case-cohort

A

Same as nested case-control but with randomly chosen controls

35
Q

Define Cohort

A

Group of people w/ common characteristic/experience

36
Q

Define Cohort Study

A

Investigation that follows groups with common characteristics

37
Q

What is the strongest observational study

A

Cohort Study

38
Q

Define Prospective

A

Group of patients what have already taken treatment and compared to another similar group not affected by treatment

39
Q

Define Retrospective

A

start with cohort and go back in time to evaluate past exposure to risk factors

40
Q

What are the two potential biases in Cohort Studies

A

Selection- lost to follow up

Information- observer bias

41
Q

What are the strengths of conducting Cohort Studies?

A 
Multiple effects of a single exposure
ID a temporal relationship
Confirm cause and effect
Magnitude of effect
Can measure Incidence
Can calculate relative risk
Highest validity of observational study designs
42
Q

What are the limitations of Cohort Studies?

A 
Expensive and time consuming
Inefficient for rare diseases
Loss of participants to f/u
Risk of confounding variables
Requires presence of records or recall
43
Q

What is the main purpose of randomization?

A

Prevent any potential bias by the investigators

44
Q

What type of study strives for comparability but does not guarantee it?

A

Randomized control studies

45
Q

What is the best approach to design a trial?

A

Allocation

46
Q

What is the critical element of randomization?

A

Unpredictability of the next assignment

47
Q

What are 2 methods randomization it accomplished?

A

Computer programs

Envelope systems

48
Q

What criteria must be met before the envelope is opened in a randomized study?

A

Only after subject has consented and meets eligibility criteria

49
Q

When is stratified randomization done?

A

When there is concern for the comparability of the groups in terms of one or a few important characteristics

50
Q

Examples of randomized control studies

A

Blinding- concealment of group allocation
Used to prevent affect on participants response to treatment, healthcare provider behavior or assessment of treatment affects

Crossover

51
Q

If a planned crossover occurs, there must be a _____ period

A

washout

52
Q

What are the 3 types of blinding during randomized control studies?

A

Single- allocation concealed from researcher or subject

Double- allocation concealed from researcher AND subject

Triple- allocation is unknown to subjects, individuals administering treatment and individuals assessing treatment outcomes.

53
Q

Know the definition

A

of Case Cohort Study

54
Q

What are the strengths of randomized control studies

A

Double blind randomized control trial is referred to as the Gold-standard

Minimizes chance of bias if randomization and blinding if done correctly

55
Q

What are the limitations of Randomized control studies?

A 
Large trials
Long term follow-up
Compliance
Expensive
Possible ethical
56
Q

What does “Primum Non Nocere” mean and where was it listed?

A

First do no Harm

Randomized control studies

57
Q

Define Efficacy Trial

A

Attempt to learn if drug, procedure or program works under ideal conditions

58
Q

Define Internal Validity

A

Within study confines, results appear accurate and interpretation of investigators is supported

59
Q

Define External Validity

This is AKA what?

A

Ability to apply results obtained from a study population to a broader population
AKA gernalizability

60
Q

How are Non-Randomized control studies different from RCTs?

A

AKA quasi- experiments

Non-randomized= 
Control group is predetermined
and compared to control group
Volunteer to join study
Geographically close to study site
Conveniently show up at right time/place for study
61
Q

Know BioStats 2 lecture excel

A

sheet at beginning

62
Q

Stopped at Analytic Study

A

Part 2 slide 24

IPAP (212 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions