Micro Block 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Define genome
A
entire complement of genes on all chromosomes found in an organism (hereditary info)
2
Q
Define gene
What 3 functions is genetic code translated for?
A
segment of DNA containing the genetic code for a functional product.
structural, catalytic or regulatory functions
3
Q
How is the genetic code carried?
A
As a sequence of nucleotide molecules in the nucleic acid macromolecule
4
Q
Define genotype
A
total genetic makeup w/ potential properties
5
Q
Define phenotype
A
the actual expressed properties of an organism
6
Q
Define transcription
A
transfer of genetic code on DNA gene to mRNA by DNA dependent RNA polymerase
7
Q
Define translation
A
the synthesis of a new polypeptide at the ribosomes by linking aa in sequence specified by mRNA
8
Q
Define constitutive genes
A
Constantly expressed (transcribed and translated into functional units) accounts for 60-80% of genes
9
Q
Define inducible genes
A
Genes that can be “turned on”
10
Q
Define repressible genes
A
Genes that can be “turned off”
11
Q
Define operon
A
Related genes that are regulated as a group/series
12
Q
Define mutation
A
Changes (substitution or deletion) in the sequence of DNA bases which changes the genetic code
13
Q
what are the molecular components of a nucleotide?
A
5 C sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)
N base- binds to 1’ prime of the 5C
P group- bound to 5’ C
14
Q
What are the nitrogenous bases?
A
Purines- Adenine Guanine
Pyrimidine- Thymine Cytosine (Uracil)
A->T(U)
G->C
15
Q
State the major structural components and characteristics of DNA
A
2 strands of paired nucleotides attached to deoxyribose
strand- long chain of nucleotides
Strand direction- end on which no P is bound to 3’ C, end with P bound ONLY to 5’ C is the 5’ end
Antiparallel- strands run in opposite directions (3’ nucleotide binds to 5’ nucleotide counter part)
16
Q
Describe the steps of DNA replication
A
1- replication fork formation. DNA unwinding by helicase, DNA gyrase and topoisomerase by breaking H bonds between bases/strand.
2- DNA polymerase binds to DNA and inserts complementary nucleotides (always added to exposed 3’ end, strands grow in 5’ to 3’ direction) while also editing for error
3- leading strand has 3’ exposed/leading into replication fork. New strand grows towards replication fork and is continuously replicated.
- Lagging strand (discontinuous) has 5’ end exposed facing replication fork. RNA primer and polymerase are needed to initiate strand growth if nucleotide is missing 3’ binding site. DNA polymerase takes over for RNA primer down to the last/final nucleotide. DNA ligase takes over and inserts missing nucleotide to bind newly formed strand w/ existing strand.
- New double strand re-winds, parental strand unwinds to expose more nucleotides.
Entire process is semiconservative, each helix consists of one newly synthesized nucleotide and one original/parent nucleotide
17
Q
What are the major components/characteristics of RNA?
A
Large, single stranded molecule of nucleotides (m,t,rRNA), U replaces T
18
Q
Function of mRNA
A
Carries genetic code from DNA to ribosome
19
Q
Function of RNA codon?
A
3 nucleotides on mRNA that specify AA to be placed in sequence on polypeptide.
3 nucleotides = 1 codon
1 codon = 1 aa
20
Q
Function of tRNA?
A
transports aa to developing peptide chains
21
Q
Function of Anticodon?
A
Site on tRNA that binds w/ mRNA codon (carries 3 bases that complement the codons).
Specifies which aa will be carried by tRNA.
22
Q
Function of rRNA?
A
facilitator for mRNA and tRNA functions
23
Q
What is the purpose of transcription?
A
transfer of genetic code on DNA into mRNA strand by means of DNA dependent RNA polymerase
24
Q
What are the 4 steps of transcription?
A
1- DNA helix unwinds
2- RNA polymerase binds w/ DNA @ promoter site
3- Complementary RNA nucleotides joined in sequence by RNA polymerase
4- process ends when RNA polymerase reaches termination region. New single-stranded mRNA releases, DNA rewinds.
25
What is the purpose of Translation?
synthesis of polypeptide at ribosome through aa linkage specified by mRNA.
26
What are the 4 steps of translation?
1- mRNA attaches to ribosome start codon
2- tRNA w/ complimentary anticodon matches to mRNA codon, brings first aa into place.
3- aa acids linked together and rRNA releases.
4- polypeptide chain released when reading frame reaches stop codon.
27
What are the major genes/sites of an operon? How does it function?
Repressor gene- codes for repressor protein that binds to "operator" region
Promoter site- region of chromosomes RNA polymerase binds to during transcription.
Operator site- region that controls RNA polymerase access to operon genes (repressor protein binding site)
Genes of Operon- adjacent genes that direct synthesis of proteins with related functions and are regulated as a unit.
28
What molecular event permits/prevents the transcription of the structural genes of an operon?
repressor gene- codes for "repressor" protein to bind to "operator" region
promoter site- region of chrom that RNA polymerase binds to during transcription
operator site- region of chrom that controls (permits/blocks) RNA polymerase to structural genes of operon, this is where repressor site does/n't
29
Define inducible operon
genes expressed only when favorable environmental conditions exist- unblocks operator site
30
Define repressible operon
genes expressed except when certain environmental conditions exist- absence of products causes site to be blocked
31
What are the mutations and what molecular changes occur?
Base- single based replaced, changes codon. Results in improper aa in protein
Frameshift- insertion/deletion of bases shifting codon reading frame of mRNA in ribosome, usually results in missense mutation/different nonfunctional or incomplete protein
32
What are the 3 types of base substitution mutations?
Silent- no protein change
Missense- different aa in protein, not highly significant
Nonsense- RNA polymerase stopped from reading code, results in incomplete, nonfunctional protein
33
What are 3 factors that can lead to a mutation?
Spontaneous- once in 10^6 million replications
Chemical- nitrous acid, base analogs (improper pairing), ABX
Radiation- Gamma ray, X-ray, ultra violet
34
Characteristics of Plasmid
- small circular self-replicating DNA in bacteria
- separate from chrom DNA
- genes not essential for growth
- genes code for ABX resistance
- focus of genetic enginerring
35
Characteristics of Lysogeny
integration of bacteriophage DNA into bacterial chrom where it replicates w/ bacterial chrom.
viral gene codes for ABX resistance or disease causing factors
produces new bacteriophage upon separation from bacterial DNA
36
Characteristics of Conjugation
transfer of genetic material between donor and recipient w/ direct cell-to-cell contact
utilizes sex pillus to transfer DNA
Copy of DNA strand/plasmid is transferred to recipient cell
37
Characteristics of Transformation
direct uptake of DNA from one bacterium to another as "naked" DNA in solution. Usually follows cell breakdown and release of DNA after cell death
Results in new characteristics for the recipient cell
38
Characteristics of Transduction
transfer of DNA from donor to recipient bacterium using a virus as the vehicle (host DNA/plasmid accidentally enclosed in bacterial virus)
Results in new characteristics for recipient cell, bacteriophage is not functional
39
Define sterilization
physical procedure/chemical agents to destroy ALL microbial forms including bacterial spores (kills or removes microbes)
40
Define disinfection
physical procedures/chemical agents to destroy, inhibit, neutralize or remove AT LEAST MOST, but not all, of potentially infectious microbes on a surface
41
Define antimicrobic
a chemical substance of natural, semisynthetic, or synthetic origin that inhibits or kills microorganisms and which can be used to treat or control infection.
42
Define selective toxicity
the antibiotic will affect only the target organism (microbe) without harming the host (patient)
43
Define infectious
microbes capable of causing disease
44
Define contaminant
microbes present at given time/place and are undesireable
45
Define nosocomial
Hospital Acquired Infection
| Infections that develop during a hospital stay, were not present at time of admission
46
Define the BSLs
1- no known infection causing potential
2- most commonly encountered in clinical samples, not highly transmissible
Includes HIV
3- unusual/highly transmissible (TB, Brucella) especially respiratory route
4-Highly infectious/exotic microbes/toxins that have no vaccine/effective treatment
47
Define antisepsis
Use of chemical agents on skin/living tissue.
Eliminates/inhibits microbes (no sporicidal action implied).
Application of a mild disinfectant
48
Rank the types of microbes according to their resistance to killing by sterilization/disinfection methods
```
Bacterial endospores
Mycobacterium
Protozoan cysts
Non-enveloped small viruses
Vegetative bacteria
Fungi
Enveloped viruses
```
49
How does microbial death rate and effectiveness affect the choice method/procedure of sterilization/disinfection?
Death isn't instant, microbes become dysfunctional and die over a period of time.
Vegetative cells die more rapidly than spores.
50
How does microbial population composition (especially spores) affect the choice/effectiveness of sterilization/disinfection method?
Larger colony req's longer exposure time
51
How does concentration of antimicrobial and duration of exposure affect the effectiveness of sterilization/disinfection method?
More concentrated the chemical or intense and agent is, more rapid the microbe destruction.
70% ethanol is more effective than 95% ethanol
52
How does the presence of protective/neutralizing matter affect the choice and effectiveness of sterilization/disinfection method?
Organic matter protects/inactivates chemical disinfectants
| Organic matter protects microbes from heating/chemical disinfectants
53
Describe the general modes of action of microbial control methods
Damage to cell wall- blocks synth/breaks down (ABX, lysozyme, detergents)
Disrupts cytoplasmic mem- loss of membrane integrity/permeability (surfactants, heat).
Inhibits protein synth/nucleic acids- interferes w/ gene translation preventing protein synth (ABX, radiation, formaldehyde)
Alters function of protein/nucleic acid- alters bonds of secondary/tertiary structures. Inactivates/denatures enzymes/nucleic acids
54
Describe the methods of physical control
Cold temps-
1: refrigeration: slows metabolic processes, doesn't kill
2- freezer: -70*C stops metabolic actions but doesn't kill
Heat- kills by disrupting membrane functions, denatures proteins, inactivates nucleic acid. H bonds in protein broken.
Dependent on temp, duration and humidity.
Moist heat- more effective than dry heat.
55
Characteristics of dry heat, steam heat and incineration
Dry- 160-180*C x 2 hrs
Liquids can't be processed, organic compounds may denature +160*C
Used for thermostable non-liquid items
Steam- 121*C x 15min
High pressure of autoclave counteracts vaporization so liquids can be heated to 121*C @ 15lbs of pressure- DOESN"T KILL
Incineration @ 1800*F reduces waste to ash, can process 1000kg/hr
56
List characteristics of radiation disinfection
Ionizing- (Gamma) alters proteins/nucleic acids. Used for pharmaceuticals, medical/dental supplies and non-heat resistant items
Non-ionizing: Electron Beam
Alters nucleic acid, decons packages (postal service)
Ionizing radiation- electron beam
alters nucleic acid
decon packages (postal service)
Non-ionizing radiation- UV
Causes nucleic acid mutations
Optimum wave length- 240-280 nm (254 optimum)
Low penetration power, reqs contact and lengthy exposure time (10sec-30min)
57
Describe the characteristics of filtration disinfection
Membrane Microscope filters- cellulose acetate and cellulose nitrate membrane w/ pores to trap microbes (.22 micron, used for sterilization of thermolabile liquids)
HEPA filtration- glass and polymer fibers that remove 99.97% of particles 0.3um and larger.
Included N95 and PAPR filters
58
Methods of chemical control of microbes
High-Level Disinfectants- microbicidal and sporocidal, some may be sterilants.
Intermediate-Level Disinfectants- most common, effective agains vegetative baceria and MAY be effective against fungi/virus, few are sporicidal, few are antiseptics.
Low-Level Disinfectant- usually bactericidal, not sporicidal or tuberculocidal, often not fungicidal or virucidal.
Soap- moderately effective disinfectant by mechanical removal of microbes w/ 15sec wash
59
Mechanism of action of antimicrobics
ABX/antimicrobic- Inhibits/kills microbes and can be used to treat/control infections
Selective toxicity- ABX only effects target microbe w/out harming host (side effects expected and accepted).
```
Inhibit cell Wall Synth-
Inhibit protein synth-
Inhibit cell membrane function-
Inhibit nucleic acid synth-
Inhibit bacterial metabolism-
```
60
List the types of cell wall inhibitor antimicrobics, state the MOA and use/limitations of each
1-Beta-lactam ABX- Beta-lactam ring (O=C-N) by altering side chains causes difference in antimicrobic properties (Penicillins- ampicillin, methicillin, carbecillin, piperacillin; Cephalosporins- cephalothin, cefotoxin, ceftazadime)
Inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis by inhibiting crosslink formation between polymers
Beta-lactam antibiotics bind to Penicillin Binding Proteins (enzymes that synth peptidoglycan)
2- Vancomycin- bind to cross-link peptide, peptidoglycan polymer can't elongate
3- Bacitracin- blocks phospholipid carrier that carries subunits of peptidoglycan across membrane to cell wall
4- Isoniazid- inhibits formation of mycolic acid in cell wall of mycobacterium (TB)
61
Explain the mechanism of action of beta-lactam antimicrobics
Beta-lactam ring (O=C-N) by altering side chains causes difference in antimicrobic properties (Penicillins- ampicillin, methicillin, carbecillin, piperacillin; Cephalosporins- cephalothin, cefotoxin, ceftazadime)
*Gram neg effectiveness
62
State the MOAs of inhibitors of protein synthesis
Chloramphenicol- binds to 50S portion, inhibits peptide bond formation
Tetracycline- interferes w/ tRNA->mRNA binding
Aminoglycosides- Bind to 30S causing inaccurate reading of mRNA
Erythromycin- Binds to 50S preventing translocation (ribosomal movement along mRNA)
63
What is the general MOA of inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis and name 4 examples
competetive inhibition of essential nucleic acid precursor or binds essential enzyme (DNA gyrase)
64
How does rifampin inhibit NA synth?
inhibs transcription by binding to RNA polymerase, inhibits initiation of mRNA synthesis
65
How does quiolones inhibit NA synth?
inihibs DNA gyrase (prevents DNA coiling so it can't/won't fit into bacterial cell)
Q= nalidixic acid
Flouroquinoles-
66
How does nucleoside analogues inhibit NA synth?
antiviral antimicrobics that inhibit DNA or RNA synthesis by using nucleic acid analogues to alter composition and inactivate DNA/RNA (Acyclovir, Ribavirin, Zidovudine)
67
Name the antibicrobics which inhibit bacterial metabolism and explain MOA
Sulfonamides- inhibits folic acid synthesis by competing for precursor molecules
Trimethoprim- competitively interferes w/ folic acid production by inhibiting metabolic enzyme
Azoles- (fluconazole): antifungal, inhibits synthesis of ergosterol which is a key structural molecule of fungal cell membranes
68
Name the antimicrobes which inhibit membrane function and explain the MOA
detergent like; disrupts integrity of cytoplasmic membrane, allows nucleotides and proteins to escape
Polymyxims- + against Gram-Negs, limited by nephrotoxicity= EXTERNAL USE
Amphotericin B- (polyene): antifungal that binds w/ ergosterol in fungal membrane, is somewhat toxic
69
Name the point of action for various antiviral meds
Viral absorption- blocked by IgG
Uncoating- blocked by amantadine (Influenza A)
Early protein synth- blocked by fomivirsen (CMV)
Nucleic acid synth- purine, pyrimadine analogs; reverse transcriptase inhibitors
Late protein synth- blocked by methimiazole (variola, protease inhibitors)
Packaging and assembly- blocked by rifampin (vacciniaa)
Viral release- blocked by neuraminidase inhibitors
70
What is the table of antimicrobes including site, MOA and significant limitations
j
71
What is the MOA of Flucytosine, 5-flurocytosine?
incorporates itself into fungal RNA and interferes w/ DNA and protein synthesis
72
What general types of laboratory procedures are typically performed to recover and identify bacteria from a clinical specimen?
Isolation: dilutes specimen for isolation/identification
Pure Culture: single bacteria w/ maintained isolation (req'd for biochemical testing)
Streaking: 4 quadrants
Subculture: technique for purity (picking a colony)
73
What general types of laboratory procedures are typically performed to recover and identify fungi from a clinical specimen?
Yeasts-
Cultivation: blood agar plate/other special media similar to bacteria, 2-7 days
Identification: microscopy, biochemical tests, antigen tests
Molds=
Cultivation: media w/ ABX (sabouraud w/ abx). Mycelium visible w/in 1-4wks
Identification: direct microscopic exam of specimen/culture/ few biochemical tests, few antigen tests
74
What general types of laboratory procedures are typically performed to recover and identify viruses from a clinical specimen?
Cultivation: grow in living tissues/cells, 2-21 days
Identification: antibody detection, antigen detection, gene probes
75
List the most commonly used primary bacterial culture media, and state the nutritional or diagnostic type
Nutrient: general nutrition for most common bacteria
Enriched- general nutrients plus enrichments for common/fastidious bacteria
Selective- contains ingredients to restrict microbe growth (abx, inhibitory chemicals)
Differential-: ingredients that offer visual proof of chemical reactions (pH changes, H2S production, metabolism of specific chemicals)
76
List characteristics and use of Blood Agar Plate?
- sheeps blood
- moderately enriched to differentiate hemolytic pattern
- grows almost all bactera (except N. Gonorrhoeae, H. influenzae and others that req SCA
- gives observation of blood cell hemolysis (alpha, beta, gamma
- can be made selective w/ abx addition
77
List characteristics and use of Supplemented Chocolate Agar
- highly enriched to grow most medically significant bacteria but lacks visual display of colony characteristics
- can be made selective media w/ abx additions (TM medium- inhibs most bacteria but allows growth of Neisseria species growth)
78
List characteristics and use of MacConkey Agar
Selective and differential for Gram-neg bacilli
Contains inhibitors for Gram-Pos cocci/baccili and gram neg cocci
Differentiates based off of utilization of ingredients and pH changes
XLD, HEK, Salmonella-Shigella, EMB
79
List characteristics and use of broth media (liquid)
Used for blood culture
| may/not be selective
80
What are the characteristics that are observed/interpreted about bacterial colonies on agar plates?
takes 18-24hrs
>1mm-+4mm and smooth, rough or wrinkled
natural pigment or due to pH indicator
hemolysis (blood agar only)- Alpha: green zone, Beta: clear zone, Gamma: no change in RBCs around colony
81
What lab tests are used for identifying bacteria at the genus and species level?
Gram stain
culture characteristics
biochemical tests
Time: 6-48hrs, TB can take 2wks or more
82
What lab tests are required to identify viruses and what are the time periods?
cultivation- living tissue, 2-21 days
| identification- antibody detection, antigen detection, gene probes
83
What lab tests are required to identify a fungus at the genus/species level? What are the time periods?
Yeasts:
Cultivation- growth on blood agar, 2-7 days
Identification- microscopy, biochemical tests, antigen tests
Molds:
Cultivation- media w/ ABX (Sabouraud w/ ABX) Mycelial masses visible in 1-4wks
Identification- microscopy, few biochemical test, few antigen
84
What is the basic principle of an immunodiagnostic test?
a
85
What is the difference between immunodiagnostics test results w/ non-reactive, good binding and cross reactive. Which is better and why?
b
86
Define/explain Sensitiviy of immunodiagnosis tests
ability to detect very low Ag levels
Kits designed to ensure true-positives, low false-positives are included
Expressed as Limit of Detection and 2 Percent Accuracy
High sensitivity used as initial screening and presumptive tests
87
Define/explain the Specificity of immunodiagnostic tests
ability to detect correct Ag or Ab while not reacting with incorrect Ag or Ab
Distinguish cross-reactive and false-positive results from true positives
88
What are the general procedures of immunoassay tests, summarize key steps
a
89
What are the various ways immunodiagnostic test results are made detectible/visible?
b
90
What are the characteristics of immunodiagnsotic tests like agglutination and ELISA?
c
91
What are the basic steps and principle of gene amplification? Draw and label
1-Heat applied to DNA sample and denatures proteins
2-Primers anneal to desired site on single DNA strand
3-DNA polymerase enzymes from Thermus aquaticus causes DNA to be synthesized
4-Results in 2 new copies of DNA
5-Process repeated (thermal cycling) until desired number of strands is reached
92
Define amplified/amplification
increased number of copies of significant microbial gene sequences for detection (polymerase chain reaction- PCR)
93
What are the major components of the bright-field light microscope?
```
Base
Arm
Substage
Stage
Body
Lighting System
```
94
What are the typical objective lenses?
| What is the total magnification of objects viewed through each lens?
Low- 10x
High/dry- 40-45x
Oil- 90-100x
Eye piece- 10x
```
Low= 100x
High= 450x
Oil= 1000x
```
95
Describe the match up of lens w/ lighting w/ type of microbe being observed
Gram stain- oil
KOH prep molds- low
wet mount preps- low or high, no oil
96
What is the purpose and principle of the Gram stain?
Enables viewing of microbes by microscopy (unstained= invisible) and enables differentiation based on morphologic and staining differences
97
What is the sequential steps of the Gram stain?
Smear prep- smear specimen, air dry w/out heat, flood w/ methanol x 1min
Stain:
Primary stain (crystal violet) x 1 min, rinse w/ tap
Mordant (Grams idoine) x 1 min, rinse w/ tap
Decolorizer (acetone and alcohol) x 2-5sec, rinse w/ tap
Counterstain (Safranin) x 30-60sec, rinse w/ tap and dry
Examine- start w/ low power, change to oil
Interpretation- reported in 30-60min
positive- blue-violet
negative- pink-red
Report stain reaction, cell shape and arrangement
98
What is the principle and general procedure for wet mount microscopic examinations?
direct examination of an unfixed specimen (observation in natural state)
place specimen on slide and cover
observe w/ low/high dry power and reduced light
KOH- 10% KOH dissolves epithelial cells allowing fungal cells to become clearer (performed w/in 10min of collection)
Yeast cells w/ capsules in CSF need India ink for visualization
Saline wet prep of vaginal exudate will show yeast cells and motile Trichomonas organisms
99
What is the overall purpose of anitmicrobic agents?
a
100
Define susceptible?
Define resistant?
Define intermediate?
Susceptible- microbe is inhibited/killed by max safe dose/concentration of a antimicrobic (candidate for using in treatment)
Resistant- microbe is not inhibited (can tolerate) by the max safe dosage, this drug should not be used for treatment
Intermediate- (susceptible dose dependent), microbe may be inhibited by high dosage very near the resistant point. Usually interpreted as resistant, antibiotic may be used under careful situations/controlled conditions.
101
Describe the principle of the disc diffusion AST?
How are they reported?
How are the susceptible/resistant results determined?
Determine which antimicrobes are effective against a particular bacterium at the "breakpoint" concentration of each ABX
reported?
Measurement of size of inhibition zone of growth converts size in "mm" to susceptible, intermediate or resistant
102
Describe the principle of the MIC AST?
How are the results reported?
What is the criteria for differentiating between a result of susceptible/resistant?
determines the minimum concentration of each antimicrobic agent that is effective against a bacterial pathogen.
results?
Susceptible- ABX concentration of 2 x MIC
Resistant- ABX concentration of 2x can not be achieved even WITH max safe dosage.
103
Define symbiosis
close association and interaction of two dissimilar organisms
104
Define normal flora
microbes that are normally/consistently found in the body
105
Define commensalism
association between organisms where one benefits and the other neither benefits or is harmed
106
Define mutualism
both microbe and host derive benefits
107
Define Opportunism
disease trait of the resident flora only when normal homeostasis is altered
108
Define parasitism
microbe lives in/on host at expense of host
109
Define vector
| 2 examples?
carrier of microbe from host to host
Insects/animals
Inanimate objects
110
Define infectious diseases
growth and spread of a pathogen in a host resulting in host injury
111
What are the two traits of a infectious disease
Pathogen- microbe capable of causing disease by invading tissue/producing toxins
Virulence- degree of pathgenecity
112
How is virulence broken down/measured?
Infectivity- how easily microbe survive normal host defenses
Severity- damage it causes to the infected host
113
What are the types of Host-Microbe relationships
```
Symbiosis
Normal flora
Commensalism
Mutualism
Opportunism
Parasitism
Vector
Infectious disease
```
114
4 times/examples of altered host-microbe relationship that would alter Opportunism
Prolonged ABX
Injury/surgery
Immunological compromise
Hormonal/chemical changes
115
Define fomite
inanimate articles that could potentially act as vectors
116
What are the 4 modes of transmission?
Direct contact
Inhalation- particles
Ingestion
Parenteral- arthropod/animal vector, needles
117
What are some of the microbial virulence factors?
```
Attachment/Establishment factors
Antiphagocytic factors
Invasive enzymes
Exotoxins
Endotoxins
Genetic Alterations
Special antimicrobial resistance
```
118
Define portal of entry
enables establishment of infection
| Organism must enter correct portion of body, overcome local defenses, find right/best environment for growth
119
Define Attachment methods
this is REQUIRED to establish infection
Fimbrae- attachment to specific receptor/tissue
Surface chemicals- dissolve cell coverings and aid chemical attachment
Adhesive Matrix- production of biofilms: provides bacterial protection from environment
120
What are the factors that influence Attachment and Establishment
POE
Attachment
Quantity
Quorom-sensing regulators
121
Define Qurom-sensing Regulators
chemicals that
1- restrain disease causing action until sufficient quantity of microbe is present
2- "activate" disease causing process at once
122
4 examples of Antiphagocytic factors
Capsule- slipper/slimy anti-phagocytic defense
Leukocidin- (staph, strep, bacilli) cause WBC destruction
Coagulase- (staph aureus) causes fibrin clot formation around microbe
Survival- (mycobacteria, gonococcus, listeria) resistance to destruction w/in phagocytosis process
123
List the 8 Invasive enzymes
1-Collagenase- breaks down collagen
2-Lecithinase- destroys RBC membranes
3-Hyaluronidase (staph, strep, clostridium) breaks down H. acid in membranes
4-Fibrinolysin/Streptokinase- lyses fibrin in clots preventing microbe isolation
5-Hemolysis- (staph,strep,perfringens) dissolves RBC membranes
6- Lipase- digests lipids allowing microbe entrance
7- Proteases- digests proteins (IgA, protective chemicals) allowing mass entrance
8- Super Ags- exacerbated immune/inflammatory responses
124
Describe characteristics of Exotoxins and list examples
Proteins excreted from cell
Specific/widespread effect on body
Highly potent
Elicit effective Abs
Tetanus neurotoxin- involuntary contractions
Staph. enterotoxin- diarrhea, vomiting
Cholera- diarrhea
Diphtheria- interferes w/ protein synth in bronchi/heart, increases mucus production/fibrous blockage in resp tract
Strep. erythrogenic toxin
125
Describe Endotoxin including biological effects and mechanism
Lipid A- LPS of Gram-neg cell walls, released upon cell disintegration
Binds to CD14 and TLR4 on macrophages/B cells
Stim synth and release of IL-1, TNF, IL-6 causing fever, pain, hypotension
Not very potent, high quantity in blood req'd
Poor protection/Abs
Gram-neg bacillus
126
How does gain of genetic material by microbes affect virulence? Give examples
Plasmid- Extrachrom. DNA: exotoxin, ABX resistance, invasive enzymes. Transmitted->daughter cells, can be passed during conjugation
Lysogeny- viral DNA incorporated into bacteria DNA
Codes for exotoxins and invasive enzymes. Transmitted->daughter cells
Recombination- genetic material incorporates from organism->organism. Different Ags produced, increased ABX resistance
127
How do bacteria gain ABX resistance?
Mutated genes- 1 in 10bill
Plasmid encoded genes
Lysogenic virus
128
Presence of a ABX resistant bacterium in community/hospital leads to ?
Survival of mutant
Increased # of mutant population
Problems increase and spread to new geographical locations
129
How do bacteria gain beta-lactamase resistance?
Plasmid encoded gene that produces enzyme that inactivates beta lactam antimicrobics
Usually carried by Enterobacteriaceae, Staph, N. Gonorrhoeae, Haemophilus influenza
130
Characteristics of MRSA
Methicillin-Resistant Staph. Aureus
Mutated (chromosome) mecA gene- encodes low affinity penicillin binding protein (PBP2a)
Resistant to all beta-lactam ABX (regardless of in vitro lab results)
131
Characteristics of Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE)
Mutated gene for membrane porins and PBP trans-peptides
Carried by plasmids
Results in loss of drug diffusion into periplasm
Loss of cross-linking activity of PBP
132
What are the Non-Specific Host Resistance factors?
Physical/mechanical/chemical barriers
Phagocytosis
Inflammation
133
Examples of physical/mechanical/chemical barriers of Non-Specific Resistance
```
Skin
Mucous membranes
Cilia- resp tract
Peristalsis
Normal flora
```
```
Acid pH
Bile salts
Lysozymes- tears, saliva
Normal flora antimicrobials
Interferon
```
134
What are the 3 steps in the inflammation response?
Develops after mechanical injury or exposure
1- Inc capillary permeability/phagocytic leukocytes
2- Neutrophils/macrophages conduct phagocytosis
3- Fibrin clot forms over site
135
What are the types of specific Host Resistance factors?
Cell Mediated Immunity- Ag causes release of lymphokines which enhance phagocytosis
Abs/Complement- opsonization
