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IPAP > Micro Block 5 Summary Slides > Flashcards

Micro Block 5 Summary Slides Flashcards

1
Q

How is a Taenia Saginata infection acquired?

A

Eating larvae in undercooked beef

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2
Q

Where do adult Taenia Saginata reside in the body?

A

Small intestine

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3
Q

What type of scolex does Taenia Saginata have?

A

4 suckers

No hooks

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4
Q

What is the physical appearance of Taenia Saginata proglottids?

A

Longer than wide

15-30 lateral uterine branches

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5
Q

What are the S/Sx of a Taenia Saginata infection?

A

Rare/vague abdominal discomfort

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6
Q

Where are Taenia Saginata infections found?

A

Worldwide

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7
Q

How is a Taenia Solium acquired?

A

Tapeworm from under cooked pork (taeniasis)

Larvae acquired by eating eggs (cysticercosis)

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8
Q

What does the Taenia Solium scolex look like?

A

4 suckers

Crown of hooks

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9
Q

What do Taenia Solium proglottids look like?

A

Longer than wide

Less than 14 uterine branches

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10
Q

What are the S/Sx of a TaeniaSolium infection?

A

Mild, epigastric fullness

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11
Q

Where do most of Taenia Solium encyst within the body?

A

60% in brain

3% in eye

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12
Q

What type of microbe can be seen as calcified cysts on x-rays?

A

Taenia Solium

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13
Q

Where is Taenia Solium found geographically?

A

Worldwide in pork eating countries

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14
Q

How is a Diphyllobothrium Latum infection acquired?

A

Eating undercooked fish with pleurocercoid larvae (ceviche)

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15
Q

What are the two intermediate hosts of Diphyllobothrium Latum?

A

Copepod

Fish

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16
Q

What does the scolex of Diphyllobothrium Latum look like?

A

Lance shaped with 2 leaf shaped suckers and bothria

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17
Q

Which microbe has a central “rosette” appearance?

A

Diphyllobothrium Latum

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18
Q

What do the eggs of Diphyllobothrium Latum look like?

A

Operculated

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19
Q

What are the S/Sx of a Diphyllobothrium Latum infection?

A

None unless migration to gall bladder or bile ducts occurs

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20
Q

Diphyllobothrium Latum can cause a deficiency of which vitamin in the host?

A

B12, pernicous anemia

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21
Q

Where is Diphyllobothrium Latum found geographically?

A

Countries/cultures that eat under cooked fish

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22
Q

How is a Echinococcus infection acquired?

A

Eating parasite eggs from dog/canine

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23
Q

Where do Echinococcus infections primarly cyst at?

A

Liver

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24
Q

What are the S/Sx of a Echinococcus infection?

A

Depends on location

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25
Q

How long can it take for a Echinococcus infection to be noticed?

A

5-40yrs

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26
Q

How is a Echinococcus infection diagnosed and confirmed?

A

Imaging

Confirmed with EIA

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27
Q

What microbe infection has to have the cysts removed surgically to prevent rupture and further spreading?

A

Echinococcus

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28
Q

Where are Hymenolepsis Nana infections predominantly found?

A

20mill+ worldwide

Children and institutionalized populations

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29
Q

How are Hymenolepsis Nana infections spread?

A

Ingestion of insect IH
Eggs
Autoinfection with eggs

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30
Q

What do Hymenolepsis Nana larva form in human intestines?

A

Cysticercus

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31
Q

What are the S/Sx of a Hymenolepsis Nana infection?

A

Mild abdominal infection unless heavily infected

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32
Q

How are Hymenolepsis Nana eggs diagnostic?

A

Polar filaments

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33
Q

How is a Dipylidium Caninum infection acquired?

A

Eating infected flea from dog/cat

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34
Q

What PT population are Dipylidium Caninum more common in?

A

Children

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35
Q

Where does the adult Dipylidium Caninum reside within the human body?

A

Small intestine

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36
Q

How are Dipylidium Caninum infections diagnosed?

A

Eggs or motile proglottids passed in stool

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37
Q

What are the S/Sx of DipylidiumCaninum infections?

A

Light or asymptomatic
Abdominal pain
Diarrhea
Anal prusitis

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38
Q

How are Sparganum infections acquired?

A

Eating/drinking infected copepod, undercooked meat, tissue exposure to poultice

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39
Q

What parasite may migrate through the subcutaneous tissue causing inflammation and pain?

A

Sparganum

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40
Q

Where are Sparganum infections more common?

A

Asia

Countries that practice poultice medicine

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41
Q

What are the S/Sx of a Sparganum infection?

A

Swelling

Pain

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42
Q

What is the best treatment for Sparganum?

A

Surgical removal

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43
Q

What parasite is called the Lung Fluke?

A

P. Westermani

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44
Q

Where are P. Westermani infections found geographically?

A

Worldwide

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45
Q

How are P. Westermani infections acquired?

A

Eating undercooked crustaceans that are carrying metacercaria

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46
Q

What are S/Sx of a P. Westermani infection?

A

Chronic cough
Bloody sputum
Fibrotic lung damage

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47
Q

How are P. Westermani infections diagnosed?

A

Eggs in sputum and feces

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48
Q

What parasite is called the Sheep Liver Fluke?

A

F. Hepatica

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49
Q

Where are F. Hepatica infections located geographically?

A

Worldwide in grazing/wild animals

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50
Q

How are F. Hepatica infections acquired?

A

Eating metacercaria on green plants

Watercress

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51
Q

Where do F. Hepatica hide within the human body?

A

Bile ducts

Liver tissue

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52
Q

What does the severity of F. Hepatica infections depend on?

A

Number of worms present

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53
Q

How are F. Hepatica infections diagnosed?

A

Eggs in feces
CT
ELISA

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54
Q

What parasite is called the Giant Intestinal Fluke?

A

F. Buski

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55
Q

Where is F. Buski found geographically?

A

SE Asia
India
China

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56
Q

Where do F. Buski reside in the human body?

A

Small intestine

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57
Q

What are S/Sx of a F. Buski infection?

A

Diarrhea

Bile duct/intestinal blockages

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58
Q

How are F. Buski infections acquired?

A

Eating water plants with metacercaria (fertilized with human feces)

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59
Q

How are F. Buski infections diagnosed?

A

Eggs or adults in feces

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60
Q

What microbe is called the Chinese Liver Fluke?

A

C. Sinensis

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61
Q

Where are C. Sinensis found geographically?

A

SE Asia
China
Russia

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62
Q

How are C. Sinensis infections acquired?

A

Eating undercooked freshwater fish with metacercaria

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63
Q

Where do adult C. Sinensis reside within the human body?

A

Bile ducts

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64
Q

How are C. Sinensis infections diagnosed?

A

Eggs in feces
ELISA
CT

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65
Q

Where are Schistosomes found geographically?

A

Worldwide

66
Q

How do Schistosomes infections effect the body?

A

Eggs cause disease through obstruction and secreted Ags

67
Q

What parasite can modulate immune responses to Th2?

A

Schistosomes

68
Q

How are Schistosomes infections acquired?

A

Cercarial skin penetration

69
Q

How are Schistosomes infections diagnosed?

A

Eggs in feces or urine
ELISA
Ultrasound
Biopsy

70
Q

What kind of infections do M. Yokogawai and H. Herophyes cause?

A

Flukes of small intestines causing epigastric distress

71
Q

How are M. Yokogawai and H. Herophyes infections acquired?

A

Eating metacercaria that is under skin of undercooked fresh water fish (carp, salmon, mullet, tilapia)

72
Q

How are M. Yokogawai and H. Herophyes infections spread?

A

Human feces used as fertilizer

73
Q

How are M. Yokogawai and H. Herophyes infections diagnosed?

A

Eggs in feces

74
Q

What parasite is called the Giant Intestinal Round Worm?

A

A. Lumbricoids

75
Q

How are A. Lumbricoids infections acquired?

A

Eating eggs from soil contamination

76
Q

Where are A. Lumbricoids found geographically?

A

Worldwide

Developing countries/poverty

77
Q

Where do adult A. Lumbricoids reside in the human body?

A

Small intestine

78
Q

What parasite can perforate the intestines and migrate to the liver?

A

A. Lumbricoids

79
Q

What parasite causes eosinophilic pneumonitis?

A

AKA Loefflers
A. Lumbricoids
Migrate from intestines to liver and lungs

80
Q

How are A. Lumbricoids infections diagnosed?

A

Eggs/adults in feces

81
Q

What parasite is called the pinworm/seatworm?

A

E. Vermicularis

82
Q

Where are found in the world?

A

Worldwide

Most prevalent in temperate areas

83
Q

How are E. Vermicularis infections acquired?

A

Eggs
Autoinfection
Retroinfection

84
Q

What are S/Sx of a E. Vermicularis infection?

A

Perianal itching

Sleep disturbances

85
Q

What parasite can easily spread to family members?Stopp

A

E. Vermicularis

86
Q

How are E. Vermicularis infections diagnosed?

A

D shaped eggs recovered from PT

87
Q

Where are Hookworm infections found geographically?

A

Worldwide

Focal locations

88
Q

What are S/Sx of a Hookworm infection?

A

Vary with migrations/infection numbers
Eosiniphilia
Pneumonia
Abdominal discomfort

89
Q

Hookworm infections can cause what S/Sx related to blood?

A

Blood loss

Anemia

90
Q

How are Hookworm infections diagnosed?

A

Clinical S/Sx

Eggs in feces

91
Q

Where are S. Stercoralis found geographically?

A

Worldwide but endemic to Appalachia US

92
Q

What is the difference between S. Stercoralis and Hookworm infections?

A

S. Stercoralis are capable of free living

93
Q

What kind of damage does S. Stercoralis infections cause?

A

Intestinal

Organ

94
Q

S. Stercoralis uses _______ while in parasitic mode

A

Parthenogenesis

95
Q

S. Stercoralis are auroinfective and hyperinfective in what PT populations?

A

Immunocompromised

96
Q

How are S. Stercoralis infections diagnosed?

A

Larvae/eggs in stool

ELISA

97
Q

What parasite is called the Whipworm?

A

T. Trichiura

98
Q

Where are T. Trichiura found geographically?

A

Worldwide

Poor/developing countries

99
Q

How are T. Trichiura infections acquired?

A

Eating food contaminated by eggs found in soil

100
Q

Where are adult T. Trichiura found in the human body?

A

Cecum and Large Intestine

101
Q

What are the S/Sx of a T. Trichiura infection?

A

Destruction/inflammation of intestines
Malnutrition
Iron deficiency
Rectal prolapse

102
Q

How are T. Trichiura infections diagnosed?

A

Eggs in feces

Colonoscopy

103
Q

Where are T. Spiralis found in the world?

A

Undercooked pork

Game meats worldwide

104
Q

Define the Mild Phase of a T. Spiralis infection?

A

Adults in small intestine mating and depositing larvae

105
Q

Where do T. Spiralis larva migrate within the body?

What is this phase called?

A

Striated muscles

Severe phase

106
Q

What are the S/Sx of T. Spiralis infections?

A

Edema
Eosinophilia
Myositis
Death

107
Q

What parasite can survive as “nurse cells”?

How long can they survive like this?

A

T. Spiralis

For 6 yrs

108
Q

How are T. Spiralis infections diagnosed?

A

History
S/Sx
Muscle biopsy

109
Q

How are D. Medinensis infections acquired?

A

Ingesting copepod from water

110
Q

Where do D. Medinensis larvae go once they’re in the human body?
How long for them to reach maturity?

A

CT to mate then migrate to subcutaneous tissue

One year

111
Q

What parasite creates an ulcer and releases larva when PT sticks appendage in cool water?

A

D. Medinensis

112
Q

How are D. Medinensis infections diagnosed?

A

Clinical signs of muscle pain

Ulcer

113
Q

Lymphatic Filariasis W. Bancrofti is found predominantly where geographically?
Where is B. Malayi found?

A

Africa
India
SE Asia
South America

Pockets of SE Asia

114
Q

How are lymphatic filariasis infections acquired?

A

Mosquitos

Periodicity of microfilariae in blood

115
Q

Where do adult and microfilariae of lymphatic filariasis infections harbor in the human body?

A

Adults- lymphatics

Microfilariae- blood vessels around lungs/peripheral areas

116
Q

What are the S/Sx of a lymphatic filariasis infection?

A

S and Sx are from adult worms
Lymphangitis
Lymphadenitis
Elephantiasis

117
Q

How are lymphatic filariasis infections diagnosed?

A

Blood test for microfilariae
Sonography
Serology/PCR

118
Q

What parasite is called the African Eye Worm?

A

Loa Loa

119
Q

Where is Loa Loa found geographically?

A

West Africa

120
Q

How is Loa Loa spread/acquired?

A

Bite of Chrysops flies (deer or mango flies)

121
Q

Where are adult Loa Loa found in the human body?

A

Subcutaneous tissue of eye

122
Q

What are the S/Sx of a Loa Loa infection?

A

Calabar swelling
High eosinophilia
Worm in eye

123
Q

How are Loa Loa infections diagnosed?

A

Calabar swelling

Microfilariae in blood

124
Q

To diagnose Loa Loa by blood draw, what special step has to be taken?

A

Blood drawn during day time

125
Q

What symbiont is not with Loa Loa?

A

Wolbachia

126
Q

What parasite causes “river blindness”?

A

O. Volvulus

127
Q

Where is O. Volvulus found geographically?

A

N/S America

Central/West Africa

128
Q

How are O. Volvulus infections spread?

A

Bite of Black Fly (Simulium)

129
Q

Where are adult and microfilariae O. Volvulus found in the human body?

A

Adults- subcutaneous nodules

Unsheathed microfilariae in dermis

130
Q

What are the S/Sx of a O. Volvulus infection?

A 
Nodules on head (South America)
Nodules on lower trunk (Africa)
Pruritic skin reactions
Leopard skin
Hanging groin
Blindness
131
Q

Where are E. Histolytica found geographically?

A

Worldwide but mostly in tropical areas w/ poor sanitation

132
Q

How are E. Histolytica infections acquired?

A

Ingesting quadrinucleate cyst in contaminated food/water

133
Q

What does E. Histolytica cause/what are the S/Sx?

A

Amoebic Dysentery

10% extraintestinal invasion to liver/lungs/brain

134
Q

What parasite causes flask shaped ulcers?

A

E. Histolytica

135
Q

How are E. Histolytica diagnosed?

A

Trophozoites contain ingested RBCs

136
Q

How are E. Coli cysts identified?

A

5 or more nuclei with eccenteric endosome

137
Q

Where are G. Lamblia infections commonly found geographically?

A

Worldwide
Day care centers
Institutionalized populations

138
Q

What does G. Lamblia infections do to the body?

A

Blunting of small intestine villi causing malabsorption of fats

139
Q

What are S/Sx of a G. Lamblia infection?

A

Persistent diarrhea/greasy stools

Gas

140
Q

How are G. Lamblia diagnosed?

A

Irregular patterns of cysts and trophs in stool

141
Q

Where are Trichomonas infections found geographically?

A

Worldwide, humans infected only

142
Q

How are Trichomonas infections acquired?

A

Sex

Birth

143
Q

What are S/Sx of a Trichomonas Vaginalis infection?

A

Itching
Petechial hemorrhagin
Strawberry Cervix

144
Q

What are S/Sx of a Trichomonas Vaginalis infection in men?

A

Asymptomatic

145
Q

Trichomonas infections are at an increased risk of ____ infection

A

HIV

146
Q

How are Trichomonas infections diagnosed?

A

No cyst

4 anterior flagella w/ half body undulating membrane

147
Q

Where are N. Fowleri infections found geographically?

A

Worldwide

Hot springs/water above 37*C

148
Q

How does N. Fowleri enter the human body?

A

Free living amoeba through nasal cavity

149
Q

What parasite causes Primary Amoebic Encephalitis?

A

N. Fowleri

150
Q

What is rapid diagnosis and treatment of N. Fowleri essential?

A

Death within 5 days

151
Q

How are N. Fowleri infections diagnosed?

A

Amoeba isolated from CSF

152
Q

Where are Acanthamoeba found geographically?

A

More ubiquitous environmentally

Cysts survive desiccation well

153
Q

What parasite causes keratitis after entering eye throuhg non-sterile contact solution?

A

Acanthamoeba

154
Q

What parasite causes slow granulomatous amoebic encephalitis?
How does the infection get into the body?

A

Acanthamoeba

Skin breaks/respiratory tract

155
Q

How are Acanthamoeba infections diagnosed?

A

Amoeba isolated from eye or brain tissue

156
Q

What are the 3 types of Leshmania infections?

A

Visceral
Cutaneous
Mucocutaneous

157
Q

How are Leshmania infections acquired?

A

Bite of sandfly

Promastigotes injected into skin and become amastigotes once phagocytized

158
Q

What are the S/Sx of a Leshmania infection?

A

Fever, twice daily
Splenomegaly
Skin nodules progressing to ulcers

159
Q

How are Leshmania infections diagnosed?

A

Tissue sample from edge of ulcer

PCR/stain for amastigotes in blood/tissue

160
Q

What is a structure that is a characteristic of a cestode?

A

Proglottids

161
Q

What cestode’s proglottids are motile when freshly passed?

A

Dipylidium

162
Q

What parasite is called the Dwarf Tapeworm?

A

Hymenolepis Nana

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