Micro Block 5 Summary Slides Flashcards
How is a Taenia Saginata infection acquired?
Eating larvae in undercooked beef
Where do adult Taenia Saginata reside in the body?
Small intestine
What type of scolex does Taenia Saginata have?
4 suckers
No hooks
What is the physical appearance of Taenia Saginata proglottids?
Longer than wide
15-30 lateral uterine branches
What are the S/Sx of a Taenia Saginata infection?
Rare/vague abdominal discomfort
Where are Taenia Saginata infections found?
Worldwide
How is a Taenia Solium acquired?
Tapeworm from under cooked pork (taeniasis)
Larvae acquired by eating eggs (cysticercosis)
What does the Taenia Solium scolex look like?
4 suckers
Crown of hooks
What do Taenia Solium proglottids look like?
Longer than wide
Less than 14 uterine branches
What are the S/Sx of a TaeniaSolium infection?
Mild, epigastric fullness
Where do most of Taenia Solium encyst within the body?
60% in brain
3% in eye
What type of microbe can be seen as calcified cysts on x-rays?
Taenia Solium
Where is Taenia Solium found geographically?
Worldwide in pork eating countries
How is a Diphyllobothrium Latum infection acquired?
Eating undercooked fish with pleurocercoid larvae (ceviche)
What are the two intermediate hosts of Diphyllobothrium Latum?
Copepod
Fish
What does the scolex of Diphyllobothrium Latum look like?
Lance shaped with 2 leaf shaped suckers and bothria
Which microbe has a central “rosette” appearance?
Diphyllobothrium Latum
What do the eggs of Diphyllobothrium Latum look like?
Operculated
What are the S/Sx of a Diphyllobothrium Latum infection?
None unless migration to gall bladder or bile ducts occurs
Diphyllobothrium Latum can cause a deficiency of which vitamin in the host?
B12, pernicous anemia
Where is Diphyllobothrium Latum found geographically?
Countries/cultures that eat under cooked fish
How is a Echinococcus infection acquired?
Eating parasite eggs from dog/canine
Where do Echinococcus infections primarly cyst at?
Liver
What are the S/Sx of a Echinococcus infection?
Depends on location
How long can it take for a Echinococcus infection to be noticed?
5-40yrs
How is a Echinococcus infection diagnosed and confirmed?
Imaging
Confirmed with EIA
What microbe infection has to have the cysts removed surgically to prevent rupture and further spreading?
Echinococcus
Where are Hymenolepsis Nana infections predominantly found?
20mill+ worldwide
Children and institutionalized populations
How are Hymenolepsis Nana infections spread?
Ingestion of insect IH
Eggs
Autoinfection with eggs
What do Hymenolepsis Nana larva form in human intestines?
Cysticercus
What are the S/Sx of a Hymenolepsis Nana infection?
Mild abdominal infection unless heavily infected
How are Hymenolepsis Nana eggs diagnostic?
Polar filaments
How is a Dipylidium Caninum infection acquired?
Eating infected flea from dog/cat
What PT population are Dipylidium Caninum more common in?
Children
Where does the adult Dipylidium Caninum reside within the human body?
Small intestine
How are Dipylidium Caninum infections diagnosed?
Eggs or motile proglottids passed in stool
What are the S/Sx of DipylidiumCaninum infections?
Light or asymptomatic
Abdominal pain
Diarrhea
Anal prusitis
How are Sparganum infections acquired?
Eating/drinking infected copepod, undercooked meat, tissue exposure to poultice
What parasite may migrate through the subcutaneous tissue causing inflammation and pain?
Sparganum
Where are Sparganum infections more common?
Asia
Countries that practice poultice medicine
What are the S/Sx of a Sparganum infection?
Swelling
Pain
What is the best treatment for Sparganum?
Surgical removal
What parasite is called the Lung Fluke?
P. Westermani
Where are P. Westermani infections found geographically?
Worldwide
How are P. Westermani infections acquired?
Eating undercooked crustaceans that are carrying metacercaria
What are S/Sx of a P. Westermani infection?
Chronic cough
Bloody sputum
Fibrotic lung damage
How are P. Westermani infections diagnosed?
Eggs in sputum and feces
What parasite is called the Sheep Liver Fluke?
F. Hepatica
Where are F. Hepatica infections located geographically?
Worldwide in grazing/wild animals
How are F. Hepatica infections acquired?
Eating metacercaria on green plants
Watercress
Where do F. Hepatica hide within the human body?
Bile ducts
Liver tissue
What does the severity of F. Hepatica infections depend on?
Number of worms present
How are F. Hepatica infections diagnosed?
Eggs in feces
CT
ELISA
What parasite is called the Giant Intestinal Fluke?
F. Buski
Where is F. Buski found geographically?
SE Asia
India
China
Where do F. Buski reside in the human body?
Small intestine
What are S/Sx of a F. Buski infection?
Diarrhea
Bile duct/intestinal blockages
How are F. Buski infections acquired?
Eating water plants with metacercaria (fertilized with human feces)
How are F. Buski infections diagnosed?
Eggs or adults in feces
What microbe is called the Chinese Liver Fluke?
C. Sinensis
Where are C. Sinensis found geographically?
SE Asia
China
Russia
How are C. Sinensis infections acquired?
Eating undercooked freshwater fish with metacercaria
Where do adult C. Sinensis reside within the human body?
Bile ducts
How are C. Sinensis infections diagnosed?
Eggs in feces
ELISA
CT
Where are Schistosomes found geographically?
Worldwide
How do Schistosomes infections effect the body?
Eggs cause disease through obstruction and secreted Ags
What parasite can modulate immune responses to Th2?
Schistosomes
How are Schistosomes infections acquired?
Cercarial skin penetration
How are Schistosomes infections diagnosed?
Eggs in feces or urine
ELISA
Ultrasound
Biopsy
What kind of infections do M. Yokogawai and H. Herophyes cause?
Flukes of small intestines causing epigastric distress
How are M. Yokogawai and H. Herophyes infections acquired?
Eating metacercaria that is under skin of undercooked fresh water fish (carp, salmon, mullet, tilapia)
How are M. Yokogawai and H. Herophyes infections spread?
Human feces used as fertilizer
How are M. Yokogawai and H. Herophyes infections diagnosed?
Eggs in feces
What parasite is called the Giant Intestinal Round Worm?
A. Lumbricoids
How are A. Lumbricoids infections acquired?
Eating eggs from soil contamination
Where are A. Lumbricoids found geographically?
Worldwide
Developing countries/poverty
Where do adult A. Lumbricoids reside in the human body?
Small intestine
What parasite can perforate the intestines and migrate to the liver?
A. Lumbricoids
What parasite causes eosinophilic pneumonitis?
AKA Loefflers
A. Lumbricoids
Migrate from intestines to liver and lungs
How are A. Lumbricoids infections diagnosed?
Eggs/adults in feces
What parasite is called the pinworm/seatworm?
E. Vermicularis
Where are found in the world?
Worldwide
Most prevalent in temperate areas
How are E. Vermicularis infections acquired?
Eggs
Autoinfection
Retroinfection
What are S/Sx of a E. Vermicularis infection?
Perianal itching
Sleep disturbances
What parasite can easily spread to family members?Stopp
E. Vermicularis
How are E. Vermicularis infections diagnosed?
D shaped eggs recovered from PT
Where are Hookworm infections found geographically?
Worldwide
Focal locations
What are S/Sx of a Hookworm infection?
Vary with migrations/infection numbers
Eosiniphilia
Pneumonia
Abdominal discomfort
Hookworm infections can cause what S/Sx related to blood?
Blood loss
Anemia
How are Hookworm infections diagnosed?
Clinical S/Sx
Eggs in feces
Where are S. Stercoralis found geographically?
Worldwide but endemic to Appalachia US
What is the difference between S. Stercoralis and Hookworm infections?
S. Stercoralis are capable of free living
What kind of damage does S. Stercoralis infections cause?
Intestinal
Organ
S. Stercoralis uses _______ while in parasitic mode
Parthenogenesis
S. Stercoralis are auroinfective and hyperinfective in what PT populations?
Immunocompromised
How are S. Stercoralis infections diagnosed?
Larvae/eggs in stool
ELISA
What parasite is called the Whipworm?
T. Trichiura
Where are T. Trichiura found geographically?
Worldwide
Poor/developing countries
How are T. Trichiura infections acquired?
Eating food contaminated by eggs found in soil
Where are adult T. Trichiura found in the human body?
Cecum and Large Intestine
What are the S/Sx of a T. Trichiura infection?
Destruction/inflammation of intestines
Malnutrition
Iron deficiency
Rectal prolapse
How are T. Trichiura infections diagnosed?
Eggs in feces
Colonoscopy
Where are T. Spiralis found in the world?
Undercooked pork
Game meats worldwide
Define the Mild Phase of a T. Spiralis infection?
Adults in small intestine mating and depositing larvae
Where do T. Spiralis larva migrate within the body?
What is this phase called?
Striated muscles
Severe phase
What are the S/Sx of T. Spiralis infections?
Edema
Eosinophilia
Myositis
Death
What parasite can survive as “nurse cells”?
How long can they survive like this?
T. Spiralis
For 6 yrs
How are T. Spiralis infections diagnosed?
History
S/Sx
Muscle biopsy
How are D. Medinensis infections acquired?
Ingesting copepod from water
Where do D. Medinensis larvae go once they’re in the human body?
How long for them to reach maturity?
CT to mate then migrate to subcutaneous tissue
One year
What parasite creates an ulcer and releases larva when PT sticks appendage in cool water?
D. Medinensis
How are D. Medinensis infections diagnosed?
Clinical signs of muscle pain
Ulcer
Lymphatic Filariasis W. Bancrofti is found predominantly where geographically?
Where is B. Malayi found?
Africa
India
SE Asia
South America
Pockets of SE Asia
How are lymphatic filariasis infections acquired?
Mosquitos
Periodicity of microfilariae in blood
Where do adult and microfilariae of lymphatic filariasis infections harbor in the human body?
Adults- lymphatics
Microfilariae- blood vessels around lungs/peripheral areas
What are the S/Sx of a lymphatic filariasis infection?
S and Sx are from adult worms
Lymphangitis
Lymphadenitis
Elephantiasis
How are lymphatic filariasis infections diagnosed?
Blood test for microfilariae
Sonography
Serology/PCR
What parasite is called the African Eye Worm?
Loa Loa
Where is Loa Loa found geographically?
West Africa
How is Loa Loa spread/acquired?
Bite of Chrysops flies (deer or mango flies)
Where are adult Loa Loa found in the human body?
Subcutaneous tissue of eye
What are the S/Sx of a Loa Loa infection?
Calabar swelling
High eosinophilia
Worm in eye
How are Loa Loa infections diagnosed?
Calabar swelling
Microfilariae in blood
To diagnose Loa Loa by blood draw, what special step has to be taken?
Blood drawn during day time
What symbiont is not with Loa Loa?
Wolbachia
What parasite causes “river blindness”?
O. Volvulus
Where is O. Volvulus found geographically?
N/S America
Central/West Africa
How are O. Volvulus infections spread?
Bite of Black Fly (Simulium)
Where are adult and microfilariae O. Volvulus found in the human body?
Adults- subcutaneous nodules
Unsheathed microfilariae in dermis
What are the S/Sx of a O. Volvulus infection?
Nodules on head (South America) Nodules on lower trunk (Africa) Pruritic skin reactions Leopard skin Hanging groin Blindness
Where are E. Histolytica found geographically?
Worldwide but mostly in tropical areas w/ poor sanitation
How are E. Histolytica infections acquired?
Ingesting quadrinucleate cyst in contaminated food/water
What does E. Histolytica cause/what are the S/Sx?
Amoebic Dysentery
10% extraintestinal invasion to liver/lungs/brain
What parasite causes flask shaped ulcers?
E. Histolytica
How are E. Histolytica diagnosed?
Trophozoites contain ingested RBCs
How are E. Coli cysts identified?
5 or more nuclei with eccenteric endosome
Where are G. Lamblia infections commonly found geographically?
Worldwide
Day care centers
Institutionalized populations
What does G. Lamblia infections do to the body?
Blunting of small intestine villi causing malabsorption of fats
What are S/Sx of a G. Lamblia infection?
Persistent diarrhea/greasy stools
Gas
How are G. Lamblia diagnosed?
Irregular patterns of cysts and trophs in stool
Where are Trichomonas infections found geographically?
Worldwide, humans infected only
How are Trichomonas infections acquired?
Sex
Birth
What are S/Sx of a Trichomonas Vaginalis infection?
Itching
Petechial hemorrhagin
Strawberry Cervix
What are S/Sx of a Trichomonas Vaginalis infection in men?
Asymptomatic
Trichomonas infections are at an increased risk of ____ infection
HIV
How are Trichomonas infections diagnosed?
No cyst
4 anterior flagella w/ half body undulating membrane
Where are N. Fowleri infections found geographically?
Worldwide
Hot springs/water above 37*C
How does N. Fowleri enter the human body?
Free living amoeba through nasal cavity
What parasite causes Primary Amoebic Encephalitis?
N. Fowleri
What is rapid diagnosis and treatment of N. Fowleri essential?
Death within 5 days
How are N. Fowleri infections diagnosed?
Amoeba isolated from CSF
Where are Acanthamoeba found geographically?
More ubiquitous environmentally
Cysts survive desiccation well
What parasite causes keratitis after entering eye throuhg non-sterile contact solution?
Acanthamoeba
What parasite causes slow granulomatous amoebic encephalitis?
How does the infection get into the body?
Acanthamoeba
Skin breaks/respiratory tract
How are Acanthamoeba infections diagnosed?
Amoeba isolated from eye or brain tissue
What are the 3 types of Leshmania infections?
Visceral
Cutaneous
Mucocutaneous
How are Leshmania infections acquired?
Bite of sandfly
Promastigotes injected into skin and become amastigotes once phagocytized
What are the S/Sx of a Leshmania infection?
Fever, twice daily
Splenomegaly
Skin nodules progressing to ulcers
How are Leshmania infections diagnosed?
Tissue sample from edge of ulcer
PCR/stain for amastigotes in blood/tissue
What is a structure that is a characteristic of a cestode?
Proglottids
What cestode’s proglottids are motile when freshly passed?
Dipylidium
What parasite is called the Dwarf Tapeworm?
Hymenolepis Nana
