Micro Block 5 Summary Slides Flashcards
1
Q
How is a Taenia Saginata infection acquired?
A
Eating larvae in undercooked beef
2
Q
Where do adult Taenia Saginata reside in the body?
A
Small intestine
3
Q
What type of scolex does Taenia Saginata have?
A
4 suckers
No hooks
4
Q
What is the physical appearance of Taenia Saginata proglottids?
A
Longer than wide
15-30 lateral uterine branches
5
Q
What are the S/Sx of a Taenia Saginata infection?
A
Rare/vague abdominal discomfort
6
Q
Where are Taenia Saginata infections found?
A
Worldwide
7
Q
How is a Taenia Solium acquired?
A
Tapeworm from under cooked pork (taeniasis)
Larvae acquired by eating eggs (cysticercosis)
8
Q
What does the Taenia Solium scolex look like?
A
4 suckers
Crown of hooks
9
Q
What do Taenia Solium proglottids look like?
A
Longer than wide
Less than 14 uterine branches
10
Q
What are the S/Sx of a TaeniaSolium infection?
A
Mild, epigastric fullness
11
Q
Where do most of Taenia Solium encyst within the body?
A
60% in brain
3% in eye
12
Q
What type of microbe can be seen as calcified cysts on x-rays?
A
Taenia Solium
13
Q
Where is Taenia Solium found geographically?
A
Worldwide in pork eating countries
14
Q
How is a Diphyllobothrium Latum infection acquired?
A
Eating undercooked fish with pleurocercoid larvae (ceviche)
15
Q
What are the two intermediate hosts of Diphyllobothrium Latum?
A
Copepod
Fish
16
Q
What does the scolex of Diphyllobothrium Latum look like?
A
Lance shaped with 2 leaf shaped suckers and bothria
17
Q
Which microbe has a central “rosette” appearance?
A
Diphyllobothrium Latum
18
Q
What do the eggs of Diphyllobothrium Latum look like?
A
Operculated
19
Q
What are the S/Sx of a Diphyllobothrium Latum infection?
A
None unless migration to gall bladder or bile ducts occurs
20
Q
Diphyllobothrium Latum can cause a deficiency of which vitamin in the host?
A
B12, pernicous anemia
21
Q
Where is Diphyllobothrium Latum found geographically?
A
Countries/cultures that eat under cooked fish
22
Q
How is a Echinococcus infection acquired?
A
Eating parasite eggs from dog/canine
23
Q
Where do Echinococcus infections primarly cyst at?
A
Liver
24
Q
What are the S/Sx of a Echinococcus infection?
A
Depends on location
25
How long can it take for a Echinococcus infection to be noticed?
5-40yrs
26
How is a Echinococcus infection diagnosed and confirmed?
Imaging
| Confirmed with EIA
27
What microbe infection has to have the cysts removed surgically to prevent rupture and further spreading?
Echinococcus
28
Where are Hymenolepsis Nana infections predominantly found?
20mill+ worldwide
| Children and institutionalized populations
29
How are Hymenolepsis Nana infections spread?
Ingestion of insect IH
Eggs
Autoinfection with eggs
30
What do Hymenolepsis Nana larva form in human intestines?
Cysticercus
31
What are the S/Sx of a Hymenolepsis Nana infection?
Mild abdominal infection unless heavily infected
32
How are Hymenolepsis Nana eggs diagnostic?
Polar filaments
33
How is a Dipylidium Caninum infection acquired?
Eating infected flea from dog/cat
34
What PT population are Dipylidium Caninum more common in?
Children
35
Where does the adult Dipylidium Caninum reside within the human body?
Small intestine
36
How are Dipylidium Caninum infections diagnosed?
Eggs or motile proglottids passed in stool
37
What are the S/Sx of DipylidiumCaninum infections?
Light or asymptomatic
Abdominal pain
Diarrhea
Anal prusitis
38
How are Sparganum infections acquired?
Eating/drinking infected copepod, undercooked meat, tissue exposure to poultice
39
What parasite may migrate through the subcutaneous tissue causing inflammation and pain?
Sparganum
40
Where are Sparganum infections more common?
Asia
| Countries that practice poultice medicine
41
What are the S/Sx of a Sparganum infection?
Swelling
| Pain
42
What is the best treatment for Sparganum?
Surgical removal
43
What parasite is called the Lung Fluke?
P. Westermani
44
Where are P. Westermani infections found geographically?
Worldwide
45
How are P. Westermani infections acquired?
Eating undercooked crustaceans that are carrying metacercaria
46
What are S/Sx of a P. Westermani infection?
Chronic cough
Bloody sputum
Fibrotic lung damage
47
How are P. Westermani infections diagnosed?
Eggs in sputum and feces
48
What parasite is called the Sheep Liver Fluke?
F. Hepatica
49
Where are F. Hepatica infections located geographically?
Worldwide in grazing/wild animals
50
How are F. Hepatica infections acquired?
Eating metacercaria on green plants
| Watercress
51
Where do F. Hepatica hide within the human body?
Bile ducts
| Liver tissue
52
What does the severity of F. Hepatica infections depend on?
Number of worms present
53
How are F. Hepatica infections diagnosed?
Eggs in feces
CT
ELISA
54
What parasite is called the Giant Intestinal Fluke?
F. Buski
55
Where is F. Buski found geographically?
SE Asia
India
China
56
Where do F. Buski reside in the human body?
Small intestine
57
What are S/Sx of a F. Buski infection?
Diarrhea
| Bile duct/intestinal blockages
58
How are F. Buski infections acquired?
Eating water plants with metacercaria (fertilized with human feces)
59
How are F. Buski infections diagnosed?
Eggs or adults in feces
60
What microbe is called the Chinese Liver Fluke?
C. Sinensis
61
Where are C. Sinensis found geographically?
SE Asia
China
Russia
62
How are C. Sinensis infections acquired?
Eating undercooked freshwater fish with metacercaria
63
Where do adult C. Sinensis reside within the human body?
Bile ducts
64
How are C. Sinensis infections diagnosed?
Eggs in feces
ELISA
CT
65
Where are Schistosomes found geographically?
Worldwide
66
How do Schistosomes infections effect the body?
Eggs cause disease through obstruction and secreted Ags
67
What parasite can modulate immune responses to Th2?
Schistosomes
68
How are Schistosomes infections acquired?
Cercarial skin penetration
69
How are Schistosomes infections diagnosed?
Eggs in feces or urine
ELISA
Ultrasound
Biopsy
70
What kind of infections do M. Yokogawai and H. Herophyes cause?
Flukes of small intestines causing epigastric distress
71
How are M. Yokogawai and H. Herophyes infections acquired?
Eating metacercaria that is under skin of undercooked fresh water fish (carp, salmon, mullet, tilapia)
72
How are M. Yokogawai and H. Herophyes infections spread?
Human feces used as fertilizer
73
How are M. Yokogawai and H. Herophyes infections diagnosed?
Eggs in feces
74
What parasite is called the Giant Intestinal Round Worm?
A. Lumbricoids
75
How are A. Lumbricoids infections acquired?
Eating eggs from soil contamination
76
Where are A. Lumbricoids found geographically?
Worldwide
| Developing countries/poverty
77
Where do adult A. Lumbricoids reside in the human body?
Small intestine
78
What parasite can perforate the intestines and migrate to the liver?
A. Lumbricoids
79
What parasite causes eosinophilic pneumonitis?
AKA Loefflers
A. Lumbricoids
Migrate from intestines to liver and lungs
80
How are A. Lumbricoids infections diagnosed?
Eggs/adults in feces
81
What parasite is called the pinworm/seatworm?
E. Vermicularis
82
Where are found in the world?
Worldwide
| Most prevalent in temperate areas
83
How are E. Vermicularis infections acquired?
Eggs
Autoinfection
Retroinfection
84
What are S/Sx of a E. Vermicularis infection?
Perianal itching
| Sleep disturbances
85
What parasite can easily spread to family members?Stopp
E. Vermicularis
86
How are E. Vermicularis infections diagnosed?
D shaped eggs recovered from PT
87
Where are Hookworm infections found geographically?
Worldwide
| Focal locations
88
What are S/Sx of a Hookworm infection?
Vary with migrations/infection numbers
Eosiniphilia
Pneumonia
Abdominal discomfort
89
Hookworm infections can cause what S/Sx related to blood?
Blood loss
| Anemia
90
How are Hookworm infections diagnosed?
Clinical S/Sx
| Eggs in feces
91
Where are S. Stercoralis found geographically?
Worldwide but endemic to Appalachia US
92
What is the difference between S. Stercoralis and Hookworm infections?
S. Stercoralis are capable of free living
93
What kind of damage does S. Stercoralis infections cause?
Intestinal
| Organ
94
S. Stercoralis uses _______ while in parasitic mode
Parthenogenesis
95
S. Stercoralis are auroinfective and hyperinfective in what PT populations?
Immunocompromised
96
How are S. Stercoralis infections diagnosed?
Larvae/eggs in stool
| ELISA
97
What parasite is called the Whipworm?
T. Trichiura
98
Where are T. Trichiura found geographically?
Worldwide
| Poor/developing countries
99
How are T. Trichiura infections acquired?
Eating food contaminated by eggs found in soil
100
Where are adult T. Trichiura found in the human body?
Cecum and Large Intestine
101
What are the S/Sx of a T. Trichiura infection?
Destruction/inflammation of intestines
Malnutrition
Iron deficiency
Rectal prolapse
102
How are T. Trichiura infections diagnosed?
Eggs in feces
| Colonoscopy
103
Where are T. Spiralis found in the world?
Undercooked pork
| Game meats worldwide
104
Define the Mild Phase of a T. Spiralis infection?
Adults in small intestine mating and depositing larvae
105
Where do T. Spiralis larva migrate within the body?
| What is this phase called?
Striated muscles
| Severe phase
106
What are the S/Sx of T. Spiralis infections?
Edema
Eosinophilia
Myositis
Death
107
What parasite can survive as "nurse cells"?
| How long can they survive like this?
T. Spiralis
| For 6 yrs
108
How are T. Spiralis infections diagnosed?
History
S/Sx
Muscle biopsy
109
How are D. Medinensis infections acquired?
Ingesting copepod from water
110
Where do D. Medinensis larvae go once they're in the human body?
How long for them to reach maturity?
CT to mate then migrate to subcutaneous tissue
| One year
111
What parasite creates an ulcer and releases larva when PT sticks appendage in cool water?
D. Medinensis
112
How are D. Medinensis infections diagnosed?
Clinical signs of muscle pain
| Ulcer
113
Lymphatic Filariasis W. Bancrofti is found predominantly where geographically?
Where is B. Malayi found?
Africa
India
SE Asia
South America
Pockets of SE Asia
114
How are lymphatic filariasis infections acquired?
Mosquitos
| Periodicity of microfilariae in blood
115
Where do adult and microfilariae of lymphatic filariasis infections harbor in the human body?
Adults- lymphatics
| Microfilariae- blood vessels around lungs/peripheral areas
116
What are the S/Sx of a lymphatic filariasis infection?
S and Sx are from adult worms
Lymphangitis
Lymphadenitis
Elephantiasis
117
How are lymphatic filariasis infections diagnosed?
Blood test for microfilariae
Sonography
Serology/PCR
118
What parasite is called the African Eye Worm?
Loa Loa
119
Where is Loa Loa found geographically?
West Africa
120
How is Loa Loa spread/acquired?
Bite of Chrysops flies (deer or mango flies)
121
Where are adult Loa Loa found in the human body?
Subcutaneous tissue of eye
122
What are the S/Sx of a Loa Loa infection?
Calabar swelling
High eosinophilia
Worm in eye
123
How are Loa Loa infections diagnosed?
Calabar swelling
| Microfilariae in blood
124
To diagnose Loa Loa by blood draw, what special step has to be taken?
Blood drawn during day time
125
What symbiont is not with Loa Loa?
Wolbachia
126
What parasite causes "river blindness"?
O. Volvulus
127
Where is O. Volvulus found geographically?
N/S America
| Central/West Africa
128
How are O. Volvulus infections spread?
Bite of Black Fly (Simulium)
129
Where are adult and microfilariae O. Volvulus found in the human body?
Adults- subcutaneous nodules
| Unsheathed microfilariae in dermis
130
What are the S/Sx of a O. Volvulus infection?
```
Nodules on head (South America)
Nodules on lower trunk (Africa)
Pruritic skin reactions
Leopard skin
Hanging groin
Blindness
```
131
Where are E. Histolytica found geographically?
Worldwide but mostly in tropical areas w/ poor sanitation
132
How are E. Histolytica infections acquired?
Ingesting quadrinucleate cyst in contaminated food/water
133
What does E. Histolytica cause/what are the S/Sx?
Amoebic Dysentery
| 10% extraintestinal invasion to liver/lungs/brain
134
What parasite causes flask shaped ulcers?
E. Histolytica
135
How are E. Histolytica diagnosed?
Trophozoites contain ingested RBCs
136
How are E. Coli cysts identified?
5 or more nuclei with eccenteric endosome
137
Where are G. Lamblia infections commonly found geographically?
Worldwide
Day care centers
Institutionalized populations
138
What does G. Lamblia infections do to the body?
Blunting of small intestine villi causing malabsorption of fats
139
What are S/Sx of a G. Lamblia infection?
Persistent diarrhea/greasy stools
| Gas
140
How are G. Lamblia diagnosed?
Irregular patterns of cysts and trophs in stool
141
Where are Trichomonas infections found geographically?
Worldwide, humans infected only
142
How are Trichomonas infections acquired?
Sex
| Birth
143
What are S/Sx of a Trichomonas Vaginalis infection?
Itching
Petechial hemorrhagin
Strawberry Cervix
144
What are S/Sx of a Trichomonas Vaginalis infection in men?
Asymptomatic
145
Trichomonas infections are at an increased risk of ____ infection
HIV
146
How are Trichomonas infections diagnosed?
No cyst
| 4 anterior flagella w/ half body undulating membrane
147
Where are N. Fowleri infections found geographically?
Worldwide
| Hot springs/water above 37*C
148
How does N. Fowleri enter the human body?
Free living amoeba through nasal cavity
149
What parasite causes Primary Amoebic Encephalitis?
N. Fowleri
150
What is rapid diagnosis and treatment of N. Fowleri essential?
Death within 5 days
151
How are N. Fowleri infections diagnosed?
Amoeba isolated from CSF
152
Where are Acanthamoeba found geographically?
More ubiquitous environmentally
| Cysts survive desiccation well
153
What parasite causes keratitis after entering eye throuhg non-sterile contact solution?
Acanthamoeba
154
What parasite causes slow granulomatous amoebic encephalitis?
How does the infection get into the body?
Acanthamoeba
| Skin breaks/respiratory tract
155
How are Acanthamoeba infections diagnosed?
Amoeba isolated from eye or brain tissue
156
What are the 3 types of Leshmania infections?
Visceral
Cutaneous
Mucocutaneous
157
How are Leshmania infections acquired?
Bite of sandfly
| Promastigotes injected into skin and become amastigotes once phagocytized
158
What are the S/Sx of a Leshmania infection?
Fever, twice daily
Splenomegaly
Skin nodules progressing to ulcers
159
How are Leshmania infections diagnosed?
Tissue sample from edge of ulcer
| PCR/stain for amastigotes in blood/tissue
160
What is a structure that is a characteristic of a cestode?
Proglottids
161
What cestode's proglottids are motile when freshly passed?
Dipylidium
162
What parasite is called the Dwarf Tapeworm?
Hymenolepis Nana
