Micro Cram Flashcards
Most Cestode eggs are _____ and contain a ____ embryo
Nonoperculated
Hexacanth- 6 hooked
What is the exception to the Cestode egg rule?
Diphyllobothrium Latum- unembryonated operculated eggs
How does a Taenia Saginata infection present clinically?
Taeniasis
Mild abdominal symptoms
Passage of proglottids
Appendicitis/cholangitis
How does a Taenia Solim infection present clinically?
Less frequent than Saginata
Passage of proglottids
Most important feature of Taenia Solium taeniasis is the risk of developing _____?
Cysticercosis
Stools should be re-examined for Cestode eggs at what time periods after treatments?
Collected for 3 days for proglottids
1 and 3 months for eggs
How are Taenia Solium infections acquired?
Eating embryonated eggs in undercooked food (food contaminated with feces)
Autoinfection
Define Cysticercosis
Infection of both humans and pigs with larval stages of T. Soium
How is Human Cysticercosis acquired?
Ingesting T. Solium eggs that were shed in feces of a human with a T. Solium tapeworm
What are the major concerns of a T. Solium infection?
Cerebral Cysticercosis/neurocysticercosis
S/Sx of a Cerebral Cysticercosis infection
Seizures
Mental disturbances
Focal neurological deficits
Lesions
S/Sx of Extracerebral Cysticercosis
Ocular/cardiac/spinal lesions
How does asymptomatic cysticercosis present?
Subcutaneous or IM nodules
How is a diagnosis of a cysticercosis infection made?
Cysticercus in tissue
Demonstration of T. Solium eggs and proglottids in feces only diagnoses ____ and not _____
Taeniasis
Not cysticercosis
T. Solium DNA can be detected in what lab tests?
PCR tests of CSF samples
Cysticercosis tends to cyst in what 2 areas?
60% brain
3% eye
What parasite is called the Fish or Broad Tapeworm?
Diphyllobothrium latum
What parasite is the largest human tapeworm?
Diphyllobothrium latum
What are the two intermediate hosts of Diphyllobothrium latum?
Crustacean
Fresh water fish
Define Coracidium
Ciliated, free swimming larval form
Diphyllobothrium latum
Define Copepod
Tiny crustacean of Cyclops/Diaptomus Sp.
Diphyllobothrium latum
Define Procercoid
Larval form developed from coracidium
Diphyllobothrium latum
Define Sparaganum
Ribbon-like larval worm in flesh of fish
Diphyllobothrium latum
What are the sequences of Diphyllobothrium latum life from egg to adult?
Coracidium
Procercoid
Sparganum
Diphyllobothrium latum infections can last how long?
Most infections are _____
Decades
Asymptomatic
What are S/Sx of a Diphyllobothrium latum infection?
Abdominal discomfort
Diarrhea
Vomitting
Weight Loss
What parasite infection would be associated with a PT having pernicious anemia/B12 defficiency?
Diphyllobothrium latum
How are Diphyllobothrium latum eggs diagnostic?
Operculated with knob on shell at bottom
Define Bothria
Lateral grooves that Diphyllobothrium latum use as organs of attachment
What parasite has a central uterine “rosette”?
Diphyllobothrium latum
What parasite causes Human Echinococcosis (Hydatidosis disease)?
Larva of Echinococcus
What kind of Echinococcus causes cystic echinococcosis?
What is unique about this strain?
E. Granulosus
Most frequent form (dog)
What kind of Echinococcus causes Alveolar Echinococcosis?
E. Multilocularis (dog)
What kind of Echinococcus causes Polycystic Echinococcosis?
E. Vogeli (dog)
What is the most rare form of Echinococcosis?
E. Oligarthrus (cats)
Where does Echinococcosis Multilocularis occur geographically?
Northern Hemisphere
Where does Echinococcosis Vogeli and Oligarthus occur geographically?
Central and South America
What does a Echinococcus stroblia consist of?
3 proglottids: mature, immature, gravid
What does Echinococcus do within the human body?
Grows Hydatid cysts that have brood capsules on the wall of the membrane
Define Protoscolices
Tapeworm heads that develop in brood capsules
Echinococcus
Define Hydatid Sand
Daughter cysts and brood capsules disintegrate and liberate their protoscolices
What kind of Echinococcus effects the liver?
Multilocularis and Vogeli
Slow growing invasive tumor that can metastasize to lung/brain
What is the key to controlling Echinococcus infections?
Prevention
Hygiene (hand/eating utensil)
Dogs don’t eat slaughtered organs
What parasite is called the Dwarf Tapeworm?
Hymenolepsis Nana
What do Hymenolepsis Nana larva develop into in the human intestine?
Cysticercus
What are the S/Sx of a Hymenolepsis Nana infection?
Mild abdominal discomfort
How are Hymenolepsis Nana infections diagnosed?
Eggs are diagnostic with polar filaments
How are Hymenolepis Diminuta eggs different from Nana eggs?
Diminuta eggs are larger, bile stained and no polar filaments
What do Hymenolepis Diminuta require in order to reach infective cysticercoid stage?
Larval insect “mealworms”
What parasite is the most common cause of all cestode infections?
H. Nana
H. Nana and H. Diminuta infections are usually ____
But heavy infections of Nana can cause ? S/Sx?
Asymptomatic
Weakness/headache/anorexia/diarrhea/ab pain
How are Hymenolepis infections diagnosed?
Eggs in stool
What parasite is called the Pumpkin Seed?
Dipylidium Caninum
How many Dipylidium Caninum eggs are in each packet?
25
How do you know if an animal has a Dipylidium Caninum infection?
Anal pruritis
What is the quickest/obvious way to diagnose a Dipylidium Caninum infection?
Passing of proglottids, can be motile and resemble maggots
How are Dipylidium Caninum infections diagnosed in the lab?
Proglottid or eggs in stool
Where do Dipylidium Caninum infections live in the human body?
Small Intestine
How are Spirometra infections acquired?
Ingestion of procercoid/plerocercoid larva
Where do most human and animal cases of Spirometra infections occur?
Southeast Asia
Endemic in animals of North America
What are the S/Sx of Spirometra infections?
Tissue= Painful inflammation/nodule Eye= periorbital edema/corneal ulcers
How are Spirometra infections diagnosed?
Recovery of sparaganum from tissue
What parasite larva migrates through subcutaneous tissue causing pain/inflammation?
Sparganosis
What is a structure/characteristic unique to cestodes?
Proglottids
What are the parts of the Trematoda digestive tract?
Mouth
Pharynx
Esohpagus
Blind-sac Intestine (Ceca)
What are the 3 ways Trematoda reproduce?
Monoecious- both genders in one organism
Dioecious- separate gender organisms
Fertilization (cross or self)
Trematoda are AKA ?
Flukes
What is the body shape of Trematodas?
Dorso-ventral flat / Leaf shaped
Monozoic- one body part
How many suckers to Trematodas have?
2
Oral sucker
Ventral sucker (acetabulum)
What Trematoda are Dioecious reproducers?
Schistosomes
Most members of Trematoda have two intermediate hosts, what is the exception?
Schistosomes
Most Trematoda ovas are _____
Who is the exception?
Operculated
Schistosomes
All Trematodas are ciliated and hatch in water in a larval forms (3) called ______
Miracidium
Sporocyst
Redia
What is the name of the Tramatoda larva stage that develops in a snail then leaves and is free swimming?
Cercaria
Cercaria is infective form to man for ______ organisms
Dioecious
Define metacercaria
When is it infective to man?
Encysted cercaria
Monoecious organisms
The term tegument is taxonomically important in Schistosomes, what are the 3 categories
Smooth
Finely tuberculated
Grossly tuberculated
What are the 3 types and shapes of Treamatoda testes
Types:
Para
Oblique
Tandem
Shapes:
Oval
Lobate
Dendritic/branched
What are the 4 types of intestinal ceca of Trematodas?
Straight
Undulating
Branched
Rejoined
What parasite is called the Lung Fluke?
Paragonimus Westermani
What is the pathogenesis of Paragonimus Westermani?
TB like Symptoms
Lung damage
Pulmonary abscesses
Where is Paragonimus Westermani found geographically?
Asia
S/N America
Africa
What are the intermediate hosts of Paragonimus Westermani
Snail
Crustacean
What is the reservoir host of Paragonimus Westermani?
Piscivores
What is the infective form of Paragonimus Westermani?
Metacercaria
What is the specimen of choice for Paragonimus Westermani diagnostics?
Sputum
Feces
What parasite is called the Sheep Liver Fluke?
Fasciola Hepatica
What is the pathogenesis of Fasciola Hepatica?
Destruction of liver tissue
Fibrosis
Where is Fasciola Hepatica found geographically?
Worldwide w/ sheep raising countries
Where does Fasciola Hepatica reside within the human body?
Bile passages of liver
What are the intermediate hosts for Fasciola Hepatica?
Snail
Fresh water vegetation
What is the reservoir host for Fasciola Hepatica?
Herbivore/carnivore
What is the infective form for Fasciola Hepatica?
Metacercaria
What parasite is called the Giant Intestinal Fluke?
Fasciolopsis Buski
What is the pathogenesis of Fasciolopsis Buski?
Intestinal upset/obstruction
Toxemia
Inflammation
Where is Fasciolopsis Buski found geographically?
SE Asia
India
Where does Fasciolopsis Buski live in the human body?
Small intestine
What are the intermediate hosts of Fasciolopsis Buski?
Snail
Water vegetation
What are the reservoir hosts of Fasciolopsis Buski?
PIgs
Dogs
Rabbits
What parasite is called the Chinese Liver Fluke?
Clonorchis Sinensis
What is the pathogenesis of Clonorchis Sinensis?
Cirrhosis
Bile blockage
Cholangitis/pancreatitis
There can be up to ______ adult Clonorchis Sinensis per host
21K
Where is Clonorchis Sinensis found geographically?
SE Asia Poland Russia Japan China
Where does Clonorchis Sinensis live in the human body?
Bile passages of liver
What are the intermediate hosts of Clonorchis Sinensis?
Snail
Fish
What is the reservoir host of Clonorchis Sinensis?
Piscivores
What parasite is AKA Bilharzia or Snail Fever
Schistosoma sp
What parasite is AKA Blood Flukes
Schistosoma sp
What is the pathogenesis of Schistosoma Cercarial penetrations?
Abdominal edema/ascites
Intestinal ulceration/necrosis
How are all Schistosoma infections acquired?
Infectious form and mode
Cercariae from snail to water and penetrates skin
What is the specimen of choice to diagnose Schistosoma infections?
Japonicum/Mansoni- feces
Haematobium- Urine
How are Schistosoma eggs visually identified?
No operculum
Spine location/size
Which Schistosoma is the Oriental Blood Fluke?
Schistosoma Japonicum
What Schistosoma is the most pathogenic?
Schistosoma Japonicum
Produces the most eggs
What S/Sx does a Schistosoma Japonicum infection present with?
Hepatic/pulmonary lesions
CNS involvement
Where does Schistosoma Japonicum live within the body?
Venules of small intestine
What is the intermediate host of Schistosoma Japonicum?
Fresh water snail
What is the reservoir host for Schistosoma Japonicum?
Mammals exposed to contaminated water
Which Schistosoma is called the Vesical Blood Fluke?
Schistosoma Haematobium
What is the pathogenesis of Schistosoma Haematobium?
Urogenital tract
Bladder obstruction
hematuria
Where is Schistosoma Haematobium found geographically?
Africa
Parts of Middle East
Where does Schistosoma Haematobium live inside the human body?
Venules of bladder
What is the intermediate host of Schistosoma Haematobium?
Fresh water snail (Bulinus)
Which Schistosoma is the Manson’s Blood Fluke?
Schistosoma Mansoni
What is the pathogenesis of Schistosoma Mansoni?
Ab pain/cramps Diarrhea Bloody stool Hepatospenomegaly Portal Hypertension
Where are Schistosoma Mansoni found geographically?
S/C America
Cuba
Africa
Where do Schistosoma Mansoni live in the human body?
Venules of Large Intestine w/ lateral spine
What is the intermediate host of Schistosoma Mansoni?
Primate
Insectivore
Rodents
How do Schistosom eggs cause disease?
Obstruction
Ag secretion
Modulate immune response to Th2
How are Schistosoma infections diagnosed?
Eggs in Feces or Urine
What parasite is called the Small Intestinal Fluke?
Metagonimus Yokogawai / Heterophyes Heterophyes
What is the pathogenesis of Metagonimus Yokogawai / Heterophyes Heterophyes infections?
Intestinal upset
Where are Metagonimus Yokogawai / Heterophyes Heterophyes found geographically?
Far east
Israel
Russia
Spain
Where does Metagonimus Yokogawai / Heterophyes Heterophyes live in the human body?
Small intestine
What are the intermediate hosts of Metagonimus Yokogawai / Heterophyes Heterophyes?
Snail
Fish
What is the reservoir host of Metagonimus Yokogawai / Heterophyes Heterophyes?
Piscivores and Birds
What social setting is Metagonimus Yokogawai / Heterophyes Heterophyes commonly found?
Fish markets
How is Metagonimus Yokogawai / Heterophyes Heterophyes spread to different aquatic environments?
Human feces as fertilizer
What is the common name of intestinal nematodes?
Roundworms
What is the usual environment for roundworms?
Free living plant/animal parasites
What the shapes of Roundworms?
Cylinder
Tapered x both ends
Unsegmented
What is the cuticle of a Roundworms?
Outer impermeable protective covering that’s shed during molting
What are the 5 types of Intestinal Nematodes?
Ascaris lumbricoides Enterobius Vermicularis Hookworm Strongyloides Stercoralis Trichuris Trichiura
What parasite has the common name of the Giant Intestinal Roundworm?
Ascaris Lumbricoides
How many Ascaris Lumbricoides worms per host?
1,500
What are S/Sx of a Ascaris Lumbricoides infection?
Intestinal lumen blockage
Hemorrhage/edema
Ascarid pneumonitis
Visceral larval migrans- ectopic foci sites other than usual habitat
What is unique about the Ascaris Lumbricoides life cycle?
Hatches in intestine
Travels to heart/lungs
Coughed/swallowed
Mature and mate in intestine where female lays eggs
Where do Ascaris Lumbricoides live in the human body?
Small Intestines
What is the reservoir host of Ascaris Lumbricoides?
Swine
What is the pathology of a Ascaris Lumbricoides infection?
Most PTs asymptomatic
Some pulmonary S/Sx during lung migration phase
Mild abdominal discomfort
Nauseau
Ascaris Lumbricoides affects what 3 areas of growth/development?
Intellectual
Cognitive
Physical growth
Ascaris Lumbricoides secrete molecules that modulate what two processes?
Lymphocyte proliferation
Cytokine production
What is different about Ascaris Lumbricoides S/Sx in children compared to adults?
Depresses appetite
Interferes with absorption of protein/fat/lactose/Vit A/Iodine
How are Ascaris Lumbricoides infections diagnosed?
Passed adult worms
Stool w/ eggs
What is the most prevalent helminth infection?
Ascaris Lumbricoides
If adult Ascaris Lumbricoides perforates out of intestines, where do they go?
Liver
What is Loefflers?
Eosinophilic pneumonitis with Ascaris Lumbricoides infection
What parasite is called the Pinworm or Seatworm?
Enterobius Vermicularis
What is the pathogenesis of Enterobius Vermicularis?
Perianal/vaginal itching
Occasional appendicitis
Anxiety/insomnia
Where do Enterobius Vermicularis live within the human body?
Large intestine
Cecum
What is the infective form of Enterobius Vermicularis?
Embryonated egg
Rhabditiform larva
What is the life cycle of Enterobius Vermicularis?
Eggs laid in peranal fold Spread to mouth Eggs hatch Infective larva in small intestine, molt, travel to large intestine to mate Female becomes gravid
What is the pathogenesis of Enterobius Vermicularis?
Easily spread among children/school/family
What is the specimen of choice to diagnose Enterobius Vermicularis?
Pinworm paddle
Scotch tape prep
What are Acylostoma Duodenale and Nector Americanus?
Hookworms
What parasite is called the Old World Hookworm?
Acylostoma Duodenale
What is the pathogenesis of Acylostoma Duodenale?
Ground itch
Pulmonary phase
Where is Acylostoma Duodenale found geographically?
Europe
Asia
Easily transmitted by host
What is the pathogenesis of Acylostoma Duodenale infections?
Inestinal phase= anemia, desquamination, malnutrition
Sequelae= secondary bacteria infection
What are the S/Sx of a Acylostoma Duodenale infection?
Creeping eruption
Pruritis
Fe deficiency
What are the S/Sx of a Acylostoma Duodenale infection in a child?
Reduced growth (physical/cognitive/intellectual)
What is unique about Acylostoma Duodenale after it leaves the human body?
Anticoagulants cause host to continue bleeding
Define Pruritic Maculopapular Rash
Ground itch
Acylostoma Duodenale
What parasite causes Transient Pneumonitis during migration?
Acylostoma Duodenale
What parasite is the New World Hookworm?
Necator Americanus
Where is Necator Americanus geographically?
West Hemisphere
C/S America
Pacific Islands
What prevention steps can be taken to reduce/prevent Necator Americanus?
Safe drinking water Proper cooking/prep of food Handwashing Shoes Not sleeping on exposed ground
What parasite is called the Threadworm?
Strongyloides Stercoralis
What it the life cycle of Strongyloides Stercoralis?
Eggs hatch in mucosa and burrow into intestinal lumen to be passed in feces
Infective filariform larvae follow blood-lung-intestine route
How do Strongyloides Stercoralis infections differ from Hookworm infections?
Autoinfection frequent
Rhabditiform larva molt into filariform larva in intestine, enter blood stream causing further infections
Pathology of Strongyloides Stercoralis infection?
Epigastric pain
Fluctuating eosinophilia
Maculopapular rash on butt/perineum/thighs
How are Strongyloides Stercoralis infections diagnosed?
Rhabditiform larva in stool
Strongyloides Stercoralis uses _____ while in parasitic mode
Parthenogenesis
What parasite is called the Whipworm?
Trichuris Trichiura
What is the pathogenesis of Trichuris Trichiura?
Asymptomatic
Localized inflammation/bleeding
Anemia w/ heavy infection
Secondary bacteria infection
Where do Trichuris Trichiura live in the human body?
Large intestine
Cecum
How/why are Trichuris Trichiura infections asymptomatic?
Secretes proteins to form pores in lipid bilayer to allow embedding
What is the major diagnostic sign of a Trichuris Trichiura infection?
Prolapsed rectum
What S/Sx can a heavy Trichuris Trichiura infection cause?
Destruction/inflammation of intestine
Malnutrition
Fe deficiency
Growth/retardation
What intestinal nematode is best know for its ability to autoinfect its host?
Strongyloides Stercoralis
What are the 5 tissue nematodes?
Trichinella Spiralis Dracunculus Medinensis Filariasis Loa Loa Onchocerciasis
What parasite is commonly called the Trichina Worm?
Trichinella Spiralis
What is the pathogenesis of Trichinella Spiralis infections?
Adults in intestines= diarrhea
Larval migration causes high eosinophilia
Where do Trichinella Spiralis larva primarily encyst?
Infective 3rd stage in striated muscle causing rheumatoid pain
What is some pathology that would be found with a Trichinella Spiralis infection?
Vilous atrophy
Mucus infiltration with neutro/eosinophil and macrophages
Edema/basophilic degeneration in skeletal muscle
Consider a Trichinella Spiralis diagnosis in PTs presenting with what S/Sx?
Myositis Eosinophilia 40-50% in differential Fever Elevated creatine phosphokinase Elevated lactate dehydrogenase
What is the specimen of choice for diagnosing Trichinella Spiralis infections?
Muscle biopsy
Where is Trichinella Spiralis found geographically?
Worldwide
Pork eating countries
What parasite is related to the constant bear meat reference?
Trichinella Spiralis
Where are adult Trichinella Spiralis found in the body?
Small Intestine
What parasite can survive as a Nurse Cell for up to six years?
Trichinella Spiralis
What parasite is called the Guinea Worm?
Dracunculus Medinensis
How are Dracunculus Medinensis specimens processe?
Removing adult by two stick method
What is the treatment preference for Dracunculus Medinensis?
Surgical removal
Twist-stick method
Where is Dracunculus Medinensis found geographically?
Africa
India
How are Dracunculus Medinensis worms coaxed out of their lesion?
Cold water immersion
What is the life cycle of Dracunculus Medinensis?
Penetrates skin and mates in CT
Migrate to Sub-Q tissue
Maturity take up to a year
How is Wuchereria Bancrofti and Brugia Malayi infections acquired?
Mosquito bite deposits larva
Where does Wuchereria Bancrofti and Brugia Malayi live in the human body?
Adults- Lymph system
Microfilariae- vessels around lungs
What is the intermediate host of Wuchereria Bancrofti and Brugia Malay?
Mosquitos
What is the infective form of Wuchereria Bancrofti and Brugia Malayi?
Filariform larva
What is the mode of infection for Wuchereria Bancrofti and Brugia Malayi?
Inoculation
What is Wuchereria Bancrofti and Brugia Malayi commonly called?
Elephantiasis worm
If blood draws are taken to diagnose Wuchereria Bancrofti, what time of day must they be drawn at?
Night
What parasite is called the Eyeworm?
Loa Loa
What are the pathogenesis of a Loa Loa infection?
Calabar swelling
Urticaria
Fever
Where do Loa Loa live in the human body?
Subcutaneous tissue
Deep CT
Adults- eye
What is the intermediate host of Loa Loa?
Tabanid fly
Chrysops
What is the reservoir host of Loa Loa?
Monkeys
What is the infective form and method of infection of Loa Loa?
Filariform larva
Incoluation
What microbe causes Blinding Filariasis or River Blindness?
Ochocerca Volvulus
Where do Ochocerca Volvulus live in the human body?
Cutaneou and sub-cutaneous tissue
What is the intermediate host for Ochocerca Volvulus?
Black flies (buffalo gnats)
What is the infective form and mode of transportation of Ochocerca Volvulus?
Filariform larva
Inoculation
Where do adult Ochocerca Volvulus live in the human body?
Subcutaneous nodules
What parasite causes hanging groin?
Ochocerca Volvulus
What is the preferred specimen for Ochocerca Volvulus? diangoses?
Skin biopsies
What is the preferred specimen for Loa Loa diagnosis?
Blood
What is the specimen of choice for Brugia Malayi diagnosis?
Blood
What provides a definitive diagnosis of Onchocerca volvulus infections?
Microfilariae in skin/eye
Adult worms in nodules
Where are Onchocerca volvulus found geographically?
South America
Africa
What parasite causes PT to develop “leopard skin” appearance?
Onchocerca volvulus
What two parasites cause visceral larval migrans?
Toxocara canis
Toxocara cati
What are the S/Sx of a Toxocara infection in humans?
Cough/fever
Hepatomegaly
What is the pathogenesis of Toxocara?
Larval form leaves focal site and migrates to new tissue to mature
How are Toxocara infections diagnosed?
Finding larva in affected tissue
What are the S/Sx of a Cutaneous Larval Migran infection?
Inflammation
Damage
Pruritic skin lesion
Why would a PT with filariasis be treated with Doxy?
Eliminates symbiont Wolbachia
What do protozoa use for locomotion?
Flagella
Kinetoplast
Cilia
What are the common life stages of protozoas?
Trophozoite
Cyst
What diseases does Entamoeba Histolytica cause?
Amebic dysentery
Non-dysentery colitis
What organs does estra-intestinal Entamoeba Histolytica invade?
Pulmonary Brain Hepatic (right lobe) Spleen Kidney
What parasite causes flask shaped lesions?
Entamoeba Histolytica
Non-pathogenic forms of Entamoeba Histolytica will be named what?
E. Dispar
Where is Entamoeba Histolytica located geographically?
Cosmopolitan
Tropics/subtropics
Poor sanitation/hygiene
What are the specimens of choice for Entamoeba Histolytica diagnosis?
Feces
Biopsies
What parasite is often confused with Entamoeba Histolytica but is nonpathogenic?
Entamoeba Coli
Mature cysts of Entamoeba coli usually have how many nuclei?
8
Entamoeba Coli cysts will have how many nuclei?
5 or more with eccentric endosome
Giardia lamblia infections will cause malabsorption and mainly blocks which vitamin uptake?
Vitamin A
Where is Giardia lamblia located geographically?
US
Europe
Russia
Where does Giardia lamblia live in the human body?
Small intestine
What are the reservoir hosts of Giardia lamblia?
Beavers
Small mammals
Herbivores
What is the infective form of Giardia lamblia ?
Quadrinucleated cyst
What is the specimen of choice for a Giardia lamblia infection?
Feces
Duodenal contents- enterotest capsule
Why must several stool samples be acquired for a Giardia lamblia diagnosis?
Cysts passed in cycles
What parasite has a microscopic appearance of a “wry little face”?
Giardia lamblia
What populations is Giardia lamblia common in?
Day care
Institutionalized
What kind of damage does Giardia lamblia do to intestines?
Blunts villi leading to malabsorption
What are the S/Sx of a Giardia lamblia infection?
Persistant diarrhea
Gas
Greasy stools
What does Trichomonas Vaginalis cause in men and women?
Men- urethritis, prostatovesiculitis
Women- vaginitis, pruritus, strawberry cervix
Where does a Trichomonas Vaginalis infection live in the human body?
Genitourinary tract
What are the preferred specimens for Trichomonas Vaginalis diagnoses?
Vaginal/urethral discharge
Prostatic exudates
What PT population is Pentatrichomonas hominis common in?
Homosexual
Where does Pentatrichomonas hominis life in the human body?
Colon
How are Pentatrichomonas hominis infections acquired?
Contaminated food/water/hands/fomites with trophozoites
Direct sexual contact
Where is Trichomonas Tenax considered to be nonpathogenic and pathogenic?
Non= mouth Path= thoracic abscesses, respiratory infection
Where does Trichomonas Tenax live in the human body?
Mouth
How are Trichomonas Tenax infections acquired?
Direct Contact
What is the preferred specimen for Trichomonas Tenax diagnosis?
Gingival scrapings
What is the physical appearance of Trichomonas microbes?
4 anterior flagella dn half body undulating membrane
What parasite causes Balantidiasis?
Balantidium coli
What is the pathogenesis of a Balantidium coli infection?
Damage by mechanical action
Damage by hyaluronidase
What is unqie about Balantidium coli?
Only pathogenic ciliate
Where is Balantidium coli found geographically?
Cosmopolitan
More common in swine communities
Where does Balantidium coli live in the human body?
Cecum
What is the reservoir host of Balantidium coli?
Swine
Where is Balantidium coli endemic?
Japan
S. Africa
C/S America
New Guinea
What parasite causes ulcers in large intestine but rarely travels to other organs?
Balantidium coli
What disease does Naegleria Fowleri cause?
Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis
Where is Naegleria Fowleri geographically found?
Australia New Zealand S. America Africa Europe
Where does Naegleria Fowleri live within the human body?
Meninges
What is the infective form of Naegleria Fowleri?
Amoebiod trophozoite
What is the preferred sample for Naegleria Fowleri diagnosis?
CSF with amoebae
When/where are Naegleria Fowleri infections increased?
Water above 37*
July/August/Sept
Why is rapid diagnosis needed for Naegleria Fowleri treatment?
Death within 5 days
What is the pathogenesis of Acanthamoeba species?
Terramebiasis
Meningoencephalitis
Keratitis
Where is Acanthamoeba found geographically?
Cosmopolitan US
Where does Acanthamoeba live within the human body?
Skin
CNS
Cornea
What is the reservoir host of Acanthamoeba?
Mammals
Invertebrates
What is the preferred specimen for Acanthamoeba diagnosis?
Exudate
Tissue secretions
CSF
Diagnosis of Acanthamoeba requires differentiation from waht?
N. Fowleri
What parasite can enter the body through contaminated contact solution?
Acanthamoeba
What parasite causes Granulomatous Amoebic Encephalitis?
Acanthamoeba
What are the 3 types of Leishmania?
Visceral
Cutaneous
Mucocutaneous
What causes visceral Leishmania?
L. Donovani comples
What are the common names of Leishmania Donovani?
Kala azar- black poison darkening of skin
Dum Dum fever
Where is Leishmania geographically located?
S/C America
Mediterranean
Africa
India
What causes cutaneous Leishmania?
L. Tropica
What is the common name of Leishmania Tropica?
Oriental Sore
Where is Leishmania Tropica found geographically?
Mediterranean
Latin America
East/Central Africa
Middle East
What kind of Leishmania causes the Baghdad boil?
Leishmania major
Where is Leishmania major found geographically?
Middle east
North Africa
China
India
What kind of Leishmania causes mucocutaneous Leishmania?
Brazil/Panama
What are the common names of Leishmania Brazill/Panama?
Espundia
Uta
Chiclero ulcer
What form of Leishmania is not usually fatal?
Cutaneous Leishmania
Where does Leishmania live in the body?
Phagocytic macrophages of reticuloendothelial system
What is the intermediate host of Leishmania?
Sandfly of Phlebotemus
What is the reservoir host of Leishmania?
Cat
Dog
Mammal
When trying to diagnose a Leishmania infection, what is looked for?
Amastigotes- phagocytized promastigotes
What are the S/Sx of a Leishmania infection?
Fever 2x per day
Splenomegaly
Nodules->ulcers
What is the preferred sample for Leishmania diagnosis?
Tissue from edge of ulcer
What disease does Trypanosoma cause?
Sleeping Sickness
What are the two types of Trypanosoma?
Gambiense- West African S. S.
Rhodesiense- East African S.S.
Which type of Trypanosoma affect humans and animals more often?
Gambiense- humans
Rhodesiense- animals
How are Trypanosoma spread?
Gambiense- riverine Tse Tse fly
Rhodesiense- Savanna-Woodland TseTse fly
What are the S/Sx of a Trypanosoma infection?
Inflammation at entry site
Winterbottom sign
CNS
How long do Trypanosoma infections last?
Gambiense- chronic, several years
Rhodesiense- acute, 12-18 mon
What is the geographical difference between Trypanosoma carriers?
Gambiense- shady, moist riverine areas, domestic animals in West/Central Africa
Rhodesiense- dry, open country, game animals in East/Central Africa
Where do Trypanosoma infections live in the human body?
CNS
Lymph nodes
Spleen
What is the preferred specimen for Trypanosoma diagnosis?
Blood
CSF
What parasite causes Chagas Disease?
Trypanosoma Cruzi
What are the S/Sx of a Trypanosoma Cruzi infection?
Chagoma
Periorbital swelling
Romana sign
What other diseases can Trypanosoma Cruzi cause?
Mega disease- enlargement of visceral organs
Where is Trypanosoma Cruzi found geographically?
West Hemisphere
Latin/South America
Where do Trypanosoma Cruzi live in the human body?
CirculatoryEndothelial systems
Heart muscle
Bone Marrow
What is teh Trypanosoma Cruzi intermediate host?
Reduviid bug (kissing bug)
What is the infective stage and mode of infection for Trypanosoma Cruzi?
Metacyclic trypomastigote
Infected bug feces in bite wound
What is unique about Trypanosoma Cruzi transmissability?
Organ transplants
Transfusions
What is the preferred specimen for Trypanosoma Cruzi diagnosis?
Blood
Tissue biopsy
What type of tissue would Entamoeba histolytica most likely infect?
Liver
What species of Plasmodium infect humans?
Faciparum Vivax Ovale Malariae Knowlesi
What do each forms of Plasmodium that infect humans cuase?
Faciparum- malignant tertian malaria Vivax- benign tertian malaria Ovale- other/less frequent cause of benign tertian malaria Malariae- benign quartan malaria Knowlesi- quotidian malaria
How are Plasmodium infections acquired?
Mosquito drinks blood, injecting sporozoites into blood
Where are Plasmodium infections typically found geographically?
Sub/tropicals in lower latitudes
South America
Sub-saharan Africa
SE Asia
What is the deadliest form of malaria?
Where is it found geographically?
P. Falciparum
West/Sub Saharan Africa
Where does P. Ovale live geographically?
Sub Saharan Africa
Where is P. Vivax found geographically?
S America
India
SE Asia
Which form of malaria is is considered zoonotic?
P Knowlesi
What is the most common species of malaria?
P Vivax
What are the most common S/Sx of a malaria infection?
Fever/chills Headache Myalgias Arthralgia Weakness Vomit Diarrhea
Complications of P Vivax include what?
Splenobegal w/ possible rupture
Complications of P Malariae include what?
Nephrotic syndrome
What are the 3 phases of a malaria infection?
Cold- intense cold w/ vigorous shivering (15-60m)
Hot- intense heat w/ dry skin, headache, (2-6hrs)
Sweating- sweating w/ declining temp, exhaustion (2-4hrs)
What is the preferred method to diagnose malaria infections?
Microscopy
Thick smear- presence
Thin smear- species
Lateral flow assays for diagnosing malaria infections only detect for what 2 species?
Vivax
Falciparum
What oocyst can survive for years ina garden then cross a placenta?
Toxoplasma gondii
What is the definitive host for Toxoplasma gondii?
Cats
What are the intermediate hosts for Toxoplasma gondii?
Mice
Pigs
Sheep
Mammals
What has been proven to be one of the most common human infections in the world?
Toxoplasma gondii
What is the routine method for diagnosing Toxoplasma gondii infections?
Serologic testing for IgM and IgG
What are the most prevelant species of disease causing parasites in humans?
Cryptosporidium
What is unique about Cryptosporidium virulence?
Resistant to chlorination
What are S/Sx of a Cryptosporidium infection?
Watery diarrhea Dehydration N/V Weigh loss Ab pain
How are Cryptosporidium diagnosed?
Acid fast staining of stool
What is the infective stage for transmitting toxoplasmosis?
Sporulated Oocyst
What species of parasite causes Visceral Larval Migrans?
Toxocara
What species of parasite causes Cutaneous Larval Migrans?
Ascaris
