Micro Cram Flashcards
1
Q
Most Cestode eggs are _____ and contain a ____ embryo
A
Nonoperculated
Hexacanth- 6 hooked
2
Q
What is the exception to the Cestode egg rule?
A
Diphyllobothrium Latum- unembryonated operculated eggs
3
Q
How does a Taenia Saginata infection present clinically?
A
Taeniasis
Mild abdominal symptoms
Passage of proglottids
Appendicitis/cholangitis
4
Q
How does a Taenia Solim infection present clinically?
A
Less frequent than Saginata
Passage of proglottids
5
Q
Most important feature of Taenia Solium taeniasis is the risk of developing _____?
A
Cysticercosis
6
Q
Stools should be re-examined for Cestode eggs at what time periods after treatments?
A
Collected for 3 days for proglottids
1 and 3 months for eggs
7
Q
How are Taenia Solium infections acquired?
A
Eating embryonated eggs in undercooked food (food contaminated with feces)
Autoinfection
8
Q
Define Cysticercosis
A
Infection of both humans and pigs with larval stages of T. Soium
9
Q
How is Human Cysticercosis acquired?
A
Ingesting T. Solium eggs that were shed in feces of a human with a T. Solium tapeworm
10
Q
What are the major concerns of a T. Solium infection?
A
Cerebral Cysticercosis/neurocysticercosis
11
Q
S/Sx of a Cerebral Cysticercosis infection
A
Seizures
Mental disturbances
Focal neurological deficits
Lesions
12
Q
S/Sx of Extracerebral Cysticercosis
A
Ocular/cardiac/spinal lesions
13
Q
How does asymptomatic cysticercosis present?
A
Subcutaneous or IM nodules
14
Q
How is a diagnosis of a cysticercosis infection made?
A
Cysticercus in tissue
15
Q
Demonstration of T. Solium eggs and proglottids in feces only diagnoses ____ and not _____
A
Taeniasis
Not cysticercosis
16
Q
T. Solium DNA can be detected in what lab tests?
A
PCR tests of CSF samples
17
Q
Cysticercosis tends to cyst in what 2 areas?
A
60% brain
3% eye
18
Q
What parasite is called the Fish or Broad Tapeworm?
A
Diphyllobothrium latum
19
Q
What parasite is the largest human tapeworm?
A
Diphyllobothrium latum
20
Q
What are the two intermediate hosts of Diphyllobothrium latum?
A
Crustacean
Fresh water fish
21
Q
Define Coracidium
A
Ciliated, free swimming larval form
Diphyllobothrium latum
22
Q
Define Copepod
A
Tiny crustacean of Cyclops/Diaptomus Sp.
Diphyllobothrium latum
23
Q
Define Procercoid
A
Larval form developed from coracidium
Diphyllobothrium latum
24
Q
Define Sparaganum
A
Ribbon-like larval worm in flesh of fish
Diphyllobothrium latum
25
What are the sequences of Diphyllobothrium latum life from egg to adult?
Coracidium
Procercoid
Sparganum
26
Diphyllobothrium latum infections can last how long?
| Most infections are _____
Decades
| Asymptomatic
27
What are S/Sx of a Diphyllobothrium latum infection?
Abdominal discomfort
Diarrhea
Vomitting
Weight Loss
28
What parasite infection would be associated with a PT having pernicious anemia/B12 defficiency?
Diphyllobothrium latum
29
How are Diphyllobothrium latum eggs diagnostic?
Operculated with knob on shell at bottom
30
Define Bothria
Lateral grooves that Diphyllobothrium latum use as organs of attachment
31
What parasite has a central uterine "rosette"?
Diphyllobothrium latum
32
What parasite causes Human Echinococcosis (Hydatidosis disease)?
Larva of Echinococcus
33
What kind of Echinococcus causes cystic echinococcosis?
| What is unique about this strain?
E. Granulosus
| Most frequent form (dog)
34
What kind of Echinococcus causes Alveolar Echinococcosis?
E. Multilocularis (dog)
35
What kind of Echinococcus causes Polycystic Echinococcosis?
E. Vogeli (dog)
36
What is the most rare form of Echinococcosis?
E. Oligarthrus (cats)
37
Where does Echinococcosis Multilocularis occur geographically?
Northern Hemisphere
38
Where does Echinococcosis Vogeli and Oligarthus occur geographically?
Central and South America
39
What does a Echinococcus stroblia consist of?
3 proglottids: mature, immature, gravid
40
What does Echinococcus do within the human body?
Grows Hydatid cysts that have brood capsules on the wall of the membrane
41
Define Protoscolices
Tapeworm heads that develop in brood capsules
| Echinococcus
42
Define Hydatid Sand
Daughter cysts and brood capsules disintegrate and liberate their protoscolices
43
What kind of Echinococcus effects the liver?
Multilocularis and Vogeli
| Slow growing invasive tumor that can metastasize to lung/brain
44
What is the key to controlling Echinococcus infections?
Prevention
Hygiene (hand/eating utensil)
Dogs don't eat slaughtered organs
45
What parasite is called the Dwarf Tapeworm?
Hymenolepsis Nana
46
What do Hymenolepsis Nana larva develop into in the human intestine?
Cysticercus
47
What are the S/Sx of a Hymenolepsis Nana infection?
Mild abdominal discomfort
48
How are Hymenolepsis Nana infections diagnosed?
Eggs are diagnostic with polar filaments
49
How are Hymenolepis Diminuta eggs different from Nana eggs?
Diminuta eggs are larger, bile stained and no polar filaments
50
What do Hymenolepis Diminuta require in order to reach infective cysticercoid stage?
Larval insect "mealworms"
51
What parasite is the most common cause of all cestode infections?
H. Nana
52
H. Nana and H. Diminuta infections are usually ____
| But heavy infections of Nana can cause ? S/Sx?
Asymptomatic
Weakness/headache/anorexia/diarrhea/ab pain
53
How are Hymenolepis infections diagnosed?
Eggs in stool
54
What parasite is called the Pumpkin Seed?
Dipylidium Caninum
55
How many Dipylidium Caninum eggs are in each packet?
25
56
How do you know if an animal has a Dipylidium Caninum infection?
Anal pruritis
57
What is the quickest/obvious way to diagnose a Dipylidium Caninum infection?
Passing of proglottids, can be motile and resemble maggots
58
How are Dipylidium Caninum infections diagnosed in the lab?
Proglottid or eggs in stool
59
Where do Dipylidium Caninum infections live in the human body?
Small Intestine
60
How are Spirometra infections acquired?
Ingestion of procercoid/plerocercoid larva
61
Where do most human and animal cases of Spirometra infections occur?
Southeast Asia
| Endemic in animals of North America
62
What are the S/Sx of Spirometra infections?
```
Tissue= Painful inflammation/nodule
Eye= periorbital edema/corneal ulcers
```
63
How are Spirometra infections diagnosed?
Recovery of sparaganum from tissue
64
What parasite larva migrates through subcutaneous tissue causing pain/inflammation?
Sparganosis
65
What is a structure/characteristic unique to cestodes?
Proglottids
66
What are the parts of the Trematoda digestive tract?
Mouth
Pharynx
Esohpagus
Blind-sac Intestine (Ceca)
67
What are the 3 ways Trematoda reproduce?
Monoecious- both genders in one organism
Dioecious- separate gender organisms
Fertilization (cross or self)
68
Trematoda are AKA ?
Flukes
69
What is the body shape of Trematodas?
Dorso-ventral flat / Leaf shaped
| Monozoic- one body part
70
How many suckers to Trematodas have?
2
Oral sucker
Ventral sucker (acetabulum)
71
What Trematoda are Dioecious reproducers?
Schistosomes
72
Most members of Trematoda have two intermediate hosts, what is the exception?
Schistosomes
73
Most Trematoda ovas are _____
| Who is the exception?
Operculated
| Schistosomes
74
All Trematodas are ciliated and hatch in water in a larval forms (3) called ______
Miracidium
Sporocyst
Redia
75
What is the name of the Tramatoda larva stage that develops in a snail then leaves and is free swimming?
Cercaria
76
Cercaria is infective form to man for ______ organisms
Dioecious
77
Define metacercaria
| When is it infective to man?
Encysted cercaria
| Monoecious organisms
78
The term tegument is taxonomically important in Schistosomes, what are the 3 categories
Smooth
Finely tuberculated
Grossly tuberculated
79
What are the 3 types and shapes of Treamatoda testes
Types:
Para
Oblique
Tandem
Shapes:
Oval
Lobate
Dendritic/branched
80
What are the 4 types of intestinal ceca of Trematodas?
Straight
Undulating
Branched
Rejoined
81
What parasite is called the Lung Fluke?
Paragonimus Westermani
82
What is the pathogenesis of Paragonimus Westermani?
TB like Symptoms
Lung damage
Pulmonary abscesses
83
Where is Paragonimus Westermani found geographically?
Asia
S/N America
Africa
84
What are the intermediate hosts of Paragonimus Westermani
Snail
| Crustacean
85
What is the reservoir host of Paragonimus Westermani?
Piscivores
86
What is the infective form of Paragonimus Westermani?
Metacercaria
87
What is the specimen of choice for Paragonimus Westermani diagnostics?
Sputum
| Feces
88
What parasite is called the Sheep Liver Fluke?
Fasciola Hepatica
89
What is the pathogenesis of Fasciola Hepatica?
Destruction of liver tissue
| Fibrosis
90
Where is Fasciola Hepatica found geographically?
Worldwide w/ sheep raising countries
91
Where does Fasciola Hepatica reside within the human body?
Bile passages of liver
92
What are the intermediate hosts for Fasciola Hepatica?
Snail
| Fresh water vegetation
93
What is the reservoir host for Fasciola Hepatica?
Herbivore/carnivore
94
What is the infective form for Fasciola Hepatica?
Metacercaria
95
What parasite is called the Giant Intestinal Fluke?
Fasciolopsis Buski
96
What is the pathogenesis of Fasciolopsis Buski?
Intestinal upset/obstruction
Toxemia
Inflammation
97
Where is Fasciolopsis Buski found geographically?
SE Asia
| India
98
Where does Fasciolopsis Buski live in the human body?
Small intestine
99
What are the intermediate hosts of Fasciolopsis Buski?
Snail
| Water vegetation
100
What are the reservoir hosts of Fasciolopsis Buski?
PIgs
Dogs
Rabbits
101
What parasite is called the Chinese Liver Fluke?
Clonorchis Sinensis
102
What is the pathogenesis of Clonorchis Sinensis?
Cirrhosis
Bile blockage
Cholangitis/pancreatitis
103
There can be up to ______ adult Clonorchis Sinensis per host
21K
104
Where is Clonorchis Sinensis found geographically?
```
SE Asia
Poland
Russia
Japan
China
```
105
Where does Clonorchis Sinensis live in the human body?
Bile passages of liver
106
What are the intermediate hosts of Clonorchis Sinensis?
Snail
| Fish
107
What is the reservoir host of Clonorchis Sinensis?
Piscivores
108
What parasite is AKA Bilharzia or Snail Fever
Schistosoma sp
109
What parasite is AKA Blood Flukes
Schistosoma sp
110
What is the pathogenesis of Schistosoma Cercarial penetrations?
Abdominal edema/ascites
| Intestinal ulceration/necrosis
111
How are all Schistosoma infections acquired?
| Infectious form and mode
Cercariae from snail to water and penetrates skin
112
What is the specimen of choice to diagnose Schistosoma infections?
Japonicum/Mansoni- feces
| Haematobium- Urine
113
How are Schistosoma eggs visually identified?
No operculum
| Spine location/size
114
Which Schistosoma is the Oriental Blood Fluke?
Schistosoma Japonicum
115
What Schistosoma is the most pathogenic?
Schistosoma Japonicum
| Produces the most eggs
116
What S/Sx does a Schistosoma Japonicum infection present with?
Hepatic/pulmonary lesions
| CNS involvement
117
Where does Schistosoma Japonicum live within the body?
Venules of small intestine
118
What is the intermediate host of Schistosoma Japonicum?
Fresh water snail
119
What is the reservoir host for Schistosoma Japonicum?
Mammals exposed to contaminated water
120
Which Schistosoma is called the Vesical Blood Fluke?
Schistosoma Haematobium
121
What is the pathogenesis of Schistosoma Haematobium?
Urogenital tract
Bladder obstruction
hematuria
122
Where is Schistosoma Haematobium found geographically?
Africa
| Parts of Middle East
123
Where does Schistosoma Haematobium live inside the human body?
Venules of bladder
124
What is the intermediate host of Schistosoma Haematobium?
Fresh water snail (Bulinus)
125
Which Schistosoma is the Manson's Blood Fluke?
Schistosoma Mansoni
126
What is the pathogenesis of Schistosoma Mansoni?
```
Ab pain/cramps
Diarrhea
Bloody stool
Hepatospenomegaly
Portal Hypertension
```
127
Where are Schistosoma Mansoni found geographically?
S/C America
Cuba
Africa
128
Where do Schistosoma Mansoni live in the human body?
Venules of Large Intestine w/ lateral spine
129
What is the intermediate host of Schistosoma Mansoni?
Primate
Insectivore
Rodents
130
How do Schistosom eggs cause disease?
Obstruction
Ag secretion
Modulate immune response to Th2
131
How are Schistosoma infections diagnosed?
Eggs in Feces or Urine
132
What parasite is called the Small Intestinal Fluke?
Metagonimus Yokogawai / Heterophyes Heterophyes
133
What is the pathogenesis of Metagonimus Yokogawai / Heterophyes Heterophyes infections?
Intestinal upset
134
Where are Metagonimus Yokogawai / Heterophyes Heterophyes found geographically?
Far east
Israel
Russia
Spain
135
Where does Metagonimus Yokogawai / Heterophyes Heterophyes live in the human body?
Small intestine
136
What are the intermediate hosts of Metagonimus Yokogawai / Heterophyes Heterophyes?
Snail
| Fish
137
What is the reservoir host of Metagonimus Yokogawai / Heterophyes Heterophyes?
Piscivores and Birds
138
What social setting is Metagonimus Yokogawai / Heterophyes Heterophyes commonly found?
Fish markets
139
How is Metagonimus Yokogawai / Heterophyes Heterophyes spread to different aquatic environments?
Human feces as fertilizer
140
What is the common name of intestinal nematodes?
Roundworms
141
What is the usual environment for roundworms?
Free living plant/animal parasites
142
What the shapes of Roundworms?
Cylinder
Tapered x both ends
Unsegmented
143
What is the cuticle of a Roundworms?
Outer impermeable protective covering that's shed during molting
144
What are the 5 types of Intestinal Nematodes?
```
Ascaris lumbricoides
Enterobius Vermicularis
Hookworm
Strongyloides Stercoralis
Trichuris Trichiura
```
145
What parasite has the common name of the Giant Intestinal Roundworm?
Ascaris Lumbricoides
146
How many Ascaris Lumbricoides worms per host?
1,500
147
What are S/Sx of a Ascaris Lumbricoides infection?
Intestinal lumen blockage
Hemorrhage/edema
Ascarid pneumonitis
Visceral larval migrans- ectopic foci sites other than usual habitat
148
What is unique about the Ascaris Lumbricoides life cycle?
Hatches in intestine
Travels to heart/lungs
Coughed/swallowed
Mature and mate in intestine where female lays eggs
149
Where do Ascaris Lumbricoides live in the human body?
Small Intestines
150
What is the reservoir host of Ascaris Lumbricoides?
Swine
151
What is the pathology of a Ascaris Lumbricoides infection?
Most PTs asymptomatic
Some pulmonary S/Sx during lung migration phase
Mild abdominal discomfort
Nauseau
152
Ascaris Lumbricoides affects what 3 areas of growth/development?
Intellectual
Cognitive
Physical growth
153
Ascaris Lumbricoides secrete molecules that modulate what two processes?
Lymphocyte proliferation
| Cytokine production
154
What is different about Ascaris Lumbricoides S/Sx in children compared to adults?
Depresses appetite
| Interferes with absorption of protein/fat/lactose/Vit A/Iodine
155
How are Ascaris Lumbricoides infections diagnosed?
Passed adult worms
| Stool w/ eggs
156
What is the most prevalent helminth infection?
Ascaris Lumbricoides
157
If adult Ascaris Lumbricoides perforates out of intestines, where do they go?
Liver
158
What is Loefflers?
Eosinophilic pneumonitis with Ascaris Lumbricoides infection
159
What parasite is called the Pinworm or Seatworm?
Enterobius Vermicularis
160
What is the pathogenesis of Enterobius Vermicularis?
Perianal/vaginal itching
Occasional appendicitis
Anxiety/insomnia
161
Where do Enterobius Vermicularis live within the human body?
Large intestine
| Cecum
162
What is the infective form of Enterobius Vermicularis?
Embryonated egg
| Rhabditiform larva
163
What is the life cycle of Enterobius Vermicularis?
```
Eggs laid in peranal fold
Spread to mouth
Eggs hatch
Infective larva in small intestine, molt, travel to large intestine to mate
Female becomes gravid
```
164
What is the pathogenesis of Enterobius Vermicularis?
Easily spread among children/school/family
165
What is the specimen of choice to diagnose Enterobius Vermicularis?
Pinworm paddle
| Scotch tape prep
166
What are Acylostoma Duodenale and Nector Americanus?
Hookworms
167
What parasite is called the Old World Hookworm?
Acylostoma Duodenale
168
What is the pathogenesis of Acylostoma Duodenale?
Ground itch
| Pulmonary phase
169
Where is Acylostoma Duodenale found geographically?
Europe
Asia
Easily transmitted by host
170
What is the pathogenesis of Acylostoma Duodenale infections?
Inestinal phase= anemia, desquamination, malnutrition
| Sequelae= secondary bacteria infection
171
What are the S/Sx of a Acylostoma Duodenale infection?
Creeping eruption
Pruritis
Fe deficiency
172
What are the S/Sx of a Acylostoma Duodenale infection in a child?
Reduced growth (physical/cognitive/intellectual)
173
What is unique about Acylostoma Duodenale after it leaves the human body?
Anticoagulants cause host to continue bleeding
174
Define Pruritic Maculopapular Rash
Ground itch
| Acylostoma Duodenale
175
What parasite causes Transient Pneumonitis during migration?
Acylostoma Duodenale
176
What parasite is the New World Hookworm?
Necator Americanus
177
Where is Necator Americanus geographically?
West Hemisphere
C/S America
Pacific Islands
178
What prevention steps can be taken to reduce/prevent Necator Americanus?
```
Safe drinking water
Proper cooking/prep of food
Handwashing
Shoes
Not sleeping on exposed ground
```
179
What parasite is called the Threadworm?
Strongyloides Stercoralis
180
What it the life cycle of Strongyloides Stercoralis?
Eggs hatch in mucosa and burrow into intestinal lumen to be passed in feces
Infective filariform larvae follow blood-lung-intestine route
181
How do Strongyloides Stercoralis infections differ from Hookworm infections?
Autoinfection frequent
| Rhabditiform larva molt into filariform larva in intestine, enter blood stream causing further infections
182
Pathology of Strongyloides Stercoralis infection?
Epigastric pain
Fluctuating eosinophilia
Maculopapular rash on butt/perineum/thighs
183
How are Strongyloides Stercoralis infections diagnosed?
Rhabditiform larva in stool
184
Strongyloides Stercoralis uses _____ while in parasitic mode
Parthenogenesis
185
What parasite is called the Whipworm?
Trichuris Trichiura
186
What is the pathogenesis of Trichuris Trichiura?
Asymptomatic
Localized inflammation/bleeding
Anemia w/ heavy infection
Secondary bacteria infection
187
Where do Trichuris Trichiura live in the human body?
Large intestine
| Cecum
188
How/why are Trichuris Trichiura infections asymptomatic?
Secretes proteins to form pores in lipid bilayer to allow embedding
189
What is the major diagnostic sign of a Trichuris Trichiura infection?
Prolapsed rectum
190
What S/Sx can a heavy Trichuris Trichiura infection cause?
Destruction/inflammation of intestine
Malnutrition
Fe deficiency
Growth/retardation
191
What intestinal nematode is best know for its ability to autoinfect its host?
Strongyloides Stercoralis
192
What are the 5 tissue nematodes?
```
Trichinella Spiralis
Dracunculus Medinensis
Filariasis
Loa Loa
Onchocerciasis
```
193
What parasite is commonly called the Trichina Worm?
Trichinella Spiralis
194
What is the pathogenesis of Trichinella Spiralis infections?
Adults in intestines= diarrhea
| Larval migration causes high eosinophilia
195
Where do Trichinella Spiralis larva primarily encyst?
Infective 3rd stage in striated muscle causing rheumatoid pain
196
What is some pathology that would be found with a Trichinella Spiralis infection?
Vilous atrophy
Mucus infiltration with neutro/eosinophil and macrophages
Edema/basophilic degeneration in skeletal muscle
197
Consider a Trichinella Spiralis diagnosis in PTs presenting with what S/Sx?
```
Myositis
Eosinophilia 40-50% in differential
Fever
Elevated creatine phosphokinase
Elevated lactate dehydrogenase
```
198
What is the specimen of choice for diagnosing Trichinella Spiralis infections?
Muscle biopsy
199
Where is Trichinella Spiralis found geographically?
Worldwide
| Pork eating countries
200
What parasite is related to the constant bear meat reference?
Trichinella Spiralis
201
Where are adult Trichinella Spiralis found in the body?
Small Intestine
202
What parasite can survive as a Nurse Cell for up to six years?
Trichinella Spiralis
203
What parasite is called the Guinea Worm?
Dracunculus Medinensis
204
How are Dracunculus Medinensis specimens processe?
Removing adult by two stick method
205
What is the treatment preference for Dracunculus Medinensis?
Surgical removal
| Twist-stick method
206
Where is Dracunculus Medinensis found geographically?
Africa
| India
207
How are Dracunculus Medinensis worms coaxed out of their lesion?
Cold water immersion
208
What is the life cycle of Dracunculus Medinensis?
Penetrates skin and mates in CT
Migrate to Sub-Q tissue
Maturity take up to a year
209
How is Wuchereria Bancrofti and Brugia Malayi infections acquired?
Mosquito bite deposits larva
210
Where does Wuchereria Bancrofti and Brugia Malayi live in the human body?
Adults- Lymph system
| Microfilariae- vessels around lungs
211
What is the intermediate host of Wuchereria Bancrofti and Brugia Malay?
Mosquitos
212
What is the infective form of Wuchereria Bancrofti and Brugia Malayi?
Filariform larva
213
What is the mode of infection for Wuchereria Bancrofti and Brugia Malayi?
Inoculation
214
What is Wuchereria Bancrofti and Brugia Malayi commonly called?
Elephantiasis worm
215
If blood draws are taken to diagnose Wuchereria Bancrofti, what time of day must they be drawn at?
Night
216
What parasite is called the Eyeworm?
Loa Loa
217
What are the pathogenesis of a Loa Loa infection?
Calabar swelling
Urticaria
Fever
218
Where do Loa Loa live in the human body?
Subcutaneous tissue
Deep CT
Adults- eye
219
What is the intermediate host of Loa Loa?
Tabanid fly
| Chrysops
220
What is the reservoir host of Loa Loa?
Monkeys
221
What is the infective form and method of infection of Loa Loa?
Filariform larva
| Incoluation
222
What microbe causes Blinding Filariasis or River Blindness?
Ochocerca Volvulus
223
Where do Ochocerca Volvulus live in the human body?
Cutaneou and sub-cutaneous tissue
224
What is the intermediate host for Ochocerca Volvulus?
Black flies (buffalo gnats)
225
What is the infective form and mode of transportation of Ochocerca Volvulus?
Filariform larva
| Inoculation
226
Where do adult Ochocerca Volvulus live in the human body?
Subcutaneous nodules
227
What parasite causes hanging groin?
Ochocerca Volvulus
228
What is the preferred specimen for Ochocerca Volvulus? diangoses?
Skin biopsies
229
What is the preferred specimen for Loa Loa diagnosis?
Blood
230
What is the specimen of choice for Brugia Malayi diagnosis?
Blood
231
What provides a definitive diagnosis of Onchocerca volvulus infections?
Microfilariae in skin/eye
| Adult worms in nodules
232
Where are Onchocerca volvulus found geographically?
South America
| Africa
233
What parasite causes PT to develop "leopard skin" appearance?
Onchocerca volvulus
234
What two parasites cause visceral larval migrans?
Toxocara canis
| Toxocara cati
235
What are the S/Sx of a Toxocara infection in humans?
Cough/fever
| Hepatomegaly
236
What is the pathogenesis of Toxocara?
Larval form leaves focal site and migrates to new tissue to mature
237
How are Toxocara infections diagnosed?
Finding larva in affected tissue
238
What are the S/Sx of a Cutaneous Larval Migran infection?
Inflammation
Damage
Pruritic skin lesion
239
Why would a PT with filariasis be treated with Doxy?
Eliminates symbiont Wolbachia
240
What do protozoa use for locomotion?
Flagella
Kinetoplast
Cilia
241
What are the common life stages of protozoas?
Trophozoite
| Cyst
242
What diseases does Entamoeba Histolytica cause?
Amebic dysentery
| Non-dysentery colitis
243
What organs does estra-intestinal Entamoeba Histolytica invade?
```
Pulmonary
Brain
Hepatic (right lobe)
Spleen
Kidney
```
244
What parasite causes flask shaped lesions?
Entamoeba Histolytica
245
Non-pathogenic forms of Entamoeba Histolytica will be named what?
E. Dispar
246
Where is Entamoeba Histolytica located geographically?
Cosmopolitan
Tropics/subtropics
Poor sanitation/hygiene
247
What are the specimens of choice for Entamoeba Histolytica diagnosis?
Feces
| Biopsies
248
What parasite is often confused with Entamoeba Histolytica but is nonpathogenic?
Entamoeba Coli
249
Mature cysts of Entamoeba coli usually have how many nuclei?
8
250
Entamoeba Coli cysts will have how many nuclei?
5 or more with eccentric endosome
251
Giardia lamblia infections will cause malabsorption and mainly blocks which vitamin uptake?
Vitamin A
252
Where is Giardia lamblia located geographically?
US
Europe
Russia
253
Where does Giardia lamblia live in the human body?
Small intestine
254
What are the reservoir hosts of Giardia lamblia?
Beavers
Small mammals
Herbivores
255
What is the infective form of Giardia lamblia ?
Quadrinucleated cyst
256
What is the specimen of choice for a Giardia lamblia infection?
Feces
| Duodenal contents- enterotest capsule
257
Why must several stool samples be acquired for a Giardia lamblia diagnosis?
Cysts passed in cycles
258
What parasite has a microscopic appearance of a "wry little face"?
Giardia lamblia
259
What populations is Giardia lamblia common in?
Day care
| Institutionalized
260
What kind of damage does Giardia lamblia do to intestines?
Blunts villi leading to malabsorption
261
What are the S/Sx of a Giardia lamblia infection?
Persistant diarrhea
Gas
Greasy stools
262
What does Trichomonas Vaginalis cause in men and women?
Men- urethritis, prostatovesiculitis
| Women- vaginitis, pruritus, strawberry cervix
263
Where does a Trichomonas Vaginalis infection live in the human body?
Genitourinary tract
264
What are the preferred specimens for Trichomonas Vaginalis diagnoses?
Vaginal/urethral discharge
| Prostatic exudates
265
What PT population is Pentatrichomonas hominis common in?
Homosexual
266
Where does Pentatrichomonas hominis life in the human body?
Colon
267
How are Pentatrichomonas hominis infections acquired?
Contaminated food/water/hands/fomites with trophozoites
| Direct sexual contact
268
Where is Trichomonas Tenax considered to be nonpathogenic and pathogenic?
```
Non= mouth
Path= thoracic abscesses, respiratory infection
```
269
Where does Trichomonas Tenax live in the human body?
Mouth
270
How are Trichomonas Tenax infections acquired?
Direct Contact
271
What is the preferred specimen for Trichomonas Tenax diagnosis?
Gingival scrapings
272
What is the physical appearance of Trichomonas microbes?
4 anterior flagella dn half body undulating membrane
273
What parasite causes Balantidiasis?
Balantidium coli
274
What is the pathogenesis of a Balantidium coli infection?
Damage by mechanical action
| Damage by hyaluronidase
275
What is unqie about Balantidium coli?
Only pathogenic ciliate
276
Where is Balantidium coli found geographically?
Cosmopolitan
| More common in swine communities
277
Where does Balantidium coli live in the human body?
Cecum
278
What is the reservoir host of Balantidium coli?
Swine
279
Where is Balantidium coli endemic?
Japan
S. Africa
C/S America
New Guinea
280
What parasite causes ulcers in large intestine but rarely travels to other organs?
Balantidium coli
281
What disease does Naegleria Fowleri cause?
Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis
282
Where is Naegleria Fowleri geographically found?
```
Australia
New Zealand
S. America
Africa
Europe
```
283
Where does Naegleria Fowleri live within the human body?
Meninges
284
What is the infective form of Naegleria Fowleri?
Amoebiod trophozoite
285
What is the preferred sample for Naegleria Fowleri diagnosis?
CSF with amoebae
286
When/where are Naegleria Fowleri infections increased?
Water above 37*
| July/August/Sept
287
Why is rapid diagnosis needed for Naegleria Fowleri treatment?
Death within 5 days
288
What is the pathogenesis of Acanthamoeba species?
Terramebiasis
Meningoencephalitis
Keratitis
289
Where is Acanthamoeba found geographically?
Cosmopolitan US
290
Where does Acanthamoeba live within the human body?
Skin
CNS
Cornea
291
What is the reservoir host of Acanthamoeba?
Mammals
| Invertebrates
292
What is the preferred specimen for Acanthamoeba diagnosis?
Exudate
Tissue secretions
CSF
293
Diagnosis of Acanthamoeba requires differentiation from waht?
N. Fowleri
294
What parasite can enter the body through contaminated contact solution?
Acanthamoeba
295
What parasite causes Granulomatous Amoebic Encephalitis?
Acanthamoeba
296
What are the 3 types of Leishmania?
Visceral
Cutaneous
Mucocutaneous
297
What causes visceral Leishmania?
L. Donovani comples
298
What are the common names of Leishmania Donovani?
Kala azar- black poison darkening of skin
| Dum Dum fever
299
Where is Leishmania geographically located?
S/C America
Mediterranean
Africa
India
300
What causes cutaneous Leishmania?
L. Tropica
301
What is the common name of Leishmania Tropica?
Oriental Sore
302
Where is Leishmania Tropica found geographically?
Mediterranean
Latin America
East/Central Africa
Middle East
303
What kind of Leishmania causes the Baghdad boil?
Leishmania major
304
Where is Leishmania major found geographically?
Middle east
North Africa
China
India
305
What kind of Leishmania causes mucocutaneous Leishmania?
Brazil/Panama
306
What are the common names of Leishmania Brazill/Panama?
Espundia
Uta
Chiclero ulcer
307
What form of Leishmania is not usually fatal?
Cutaneous Leishmania
308
Where does Leishmania live in the body?
Phagocytic macrophages of reticuloendothelial system
309
What is the intermediate host of Leishmania?
Sandfly of Phlebotemus
310
What is the reservoir host of Leishmania?
Cat
Dog
Mammal
311
When trying to diagnose a Leishmania infection, what is looked for?
Amastigotes- phagocytized promastigotes
312
What are the S/Sx of a Leishmania infection?
Fever 2x per day
Splenomegaly
Nodules->ulcers
313
What is the preferred sample for Leishmania diagnosis?
Tissue from edge of ulcer
314
What disease does Trypanosoma cause?
Sleeping Sickness
315
What are the two types of Trypanosoma?
Gambiense- West African S. S.
| Rhodesiense- East African S.S.
316
Which type of Trypanosoma affect humans and animals more often?
Gambiense- humans
| Rhodesiense- animals
317
How are Trypanosoma spread?
Gambiense- riverine Tse Tse fly
| Rhodesiense- Savanna-Woodland TseTse fly
318
What are the S/Sx of a Trypanosoma infection?
Inflammation at entry site
Winterbottom sign
CNS
319
How long do Trypanosoma infections last?
Gambiense- chronic, several years
| Rhodesiense- acute, 12-18 mon
320
What is the geographical difference between Trypanosoma carriers?
Gambiense- shady, moist riverine areas, domestic animals in West/Central Africa
Rhodesiense- dry, open country, game animals in East/Central Africa
321
Where do Trypanosoma infections live in the human body?
CNS
Lymph nodes
Spleen
322
What is the preferred specimen for Trypanosoma diagnosis?
Blood
| CSF
323
What parasite causes Chagas Disease?
Trypanosoma Cruzi
324
What are the S/Sx of a Trypanosoma Cruzi infection?
Chagoma
Periorbital swelling
Romana sign
325
What other diseases can Trypanosoma Cruzi cause?
Mega disease- enlargement of visceral organs
326
Where is Trypanosoma Cruzi found geographically?
West Hemisphere
| Latin/South America
327
Where do Trypanosoma Cruzi live in the human body?
CirculatoryEndothelial systems
Heart muscle
Bone Marrow
328
What is teh Trypanosoma Cruzi intermediate host?
Reduviid bug (kissing bug)
329
What is the infective stage and mode of infection for Trypanosoma Cruzi?
Metacyclic trypomastigote
| Infected bug feces in bite wound
330
What is unique about Trypanosoma Cruzi transmissability?
Organ transplants
| Transfusions
331
What is the preferred specimen for Trypanosoma Cruzi diagnosis?
Blood
| Tissue biopsy
332
What type of tissue would Entamoeba histolytica most likely infect?
Liver
333
What species of Plasmodium infect humans?
```
Faciparum
Vivax
Ovale
Malariae
Knowlesi
```
334
What do each forms of Plasmodium that infect humans cuase?
```
Faciparum- malignant tertian malaria
Vivax- benign tertian malaria
Ovale- other/less frequent cause of benign tertian malaria
Malariae- benign quartan malaria
Knowlesi- quotidian malaria
```
335
How are Plasmodium infections acquired?
Mosquito drinks blood, injecting sporozoites into blood
336
Where are Plasmodium infections typically found geographically?
Sub/tropicals in lower latitudes
South America
Sub-saharan Africa
SE Asia
337
What is the deadliest form of malaria?
| Where is it found geographically?
P. Falciparum
| West/Sub Saharan Africa
338
Where does P. Ovale live geographically?
Sub Saharan Africa
339
Where is P. Vivax found geographically?
S America
India
SE Asia
340
Which form of malaria is is considered zoonotic?
P Knowlesi
341
What is the most common species of malaria?
P Vivax
342
What are the most common S/Sx of a malaria infection?
```
Fever/chills
Headache
Myalgias
Arthralgia
Weakness
Vomit
Diarrhea
```
343
Complications of P Vivax include what?
Splenobegal w/ possible rupture
344
Complications of P Malariae include what?
Nephrotic syndrome
345
What are the 3 phases of a malaria infection?
Cold- intense cold w/ vigorous shivering (15-60m)
Hot- intense heat w/ dry skin, headache, (2-6hrs)
Sweating- sweating w/ declining temp, exhaustion (2-4hrs)
346
What is the preferred method to diagnose malaria infections?
Microscopy
Thick smear- presence
Thin smear- species
347
Lateral flow assays for diagnosing malaria infections only detect for what 2 species?
Vivax
| Falciparum
348
What oocyst can survive for years ina garden then cross a placenta?
Toxoplasma gondii
349
What is the definitive host for Toxoplasma gondii?
Cats
350
What are the intermediate hosts for Toxoplasma gondii?
Mice
Pigs
Sheep
Mammals
351
What has been proven to be one of the most common human infections in the world?
Toxoplasma gondii
352
What is the routine method for diagnosing Toxoplasma gondii infections?
Serologic testing for IgM and IgG
353
What are the most prevelant species of disease causing parasites in humans?
Cryptosporidium
354
What is unique about Cryptosporidium virulence?
Resistant to chlorination
355
What are S/Sx of a Cryptosporidium infection?
```
Watery diarrhea
Dehydration
N/V
Weigh loss
Ab pain
```
356
How are Cryptosporidium diagnosed?
Acid fast staining of stool
357
What is the infective stage for transmitting toxoplasmosis?
Sporulated Oocyst
358
What species of parasite causes Visceral Larval Migrans?
Toxocara
359
What species of parasite causes Cutaneous Larval Migrans?
Ascaris
