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IPAP > Micro Cram > Flashcards

Micro Cram Flashcards

1
Q

Most Cestode eggs are _____ and contain a ____ embryo

A

Nonoperculated

Hexacanth- 6 hooked

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2
Q

What is the exception to the Cestode egg rule?

A

Diphyllobothrium Latum- unembryonated operculated eggs

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3
Q

How does a Taenia Saginata infection present clinically?

A

Taeniasis
Mild abdominal symptoms
Passage of proglottids
Appendicitis/cholangitis

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4
Q

How does a Taenia Solim infection present clinically?

A

Less frequent than Saginata

Passage of proglottids

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5
Q

Most important feature of Taenia Solium taeniasis is the risk of developing _____?

A

Cysticercosis

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6
Q

Stools should be re-examined for Cestode eggs at what time periods after treatments?

A

Collected for 3 days for proglottids

1 and 3 months for eggs

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7
Q

How are Taenia Solium infections acquired?

A

Eating embryonated eggs in undercooked food (food contaminated with feces)
Autoinfection

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8
Q

Define Cysticercosis

A

Infection of both humans and pigs with larval stages of T. Soium

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9
Q

How is Human Cysticercosis acquired?

A

Ingesting T. Solium eggs that were shed in feces of a human with a T. Solium tapeworm

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10
Q

What are the major concerns of a T. Solium infection?

A

Cerebral Cysticercosis/neurocysticercosis

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11
Q

S/Sx of a Cerebral Cysticercosis infection

A

Seizures
Mental disturbances
Focal neurological deficits
Lesions

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12
Q

S/Sx of Extracerebral Cysticercosis

A

Ocular/cardiac/spinal lesions

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13
Q

How does asymptomatic cysticercosis present?

A

Subcutaneous or IM nodules

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14
Q

How is a diagnosis of a cysticercosis infection made?

A

Cysticercus in tissue

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15
Q

Demonstration of T. Solium eggs and proglottids in feces only diagnoses ____ and not _____

A

Taeniasis

Not cysticercosis

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16
Q

T. Solium DNA can be detected in what lab tests?

A

PCR tests of CSF samples

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17
Q

Cysticercosis tends to cyst in what 2 areas?

A

60% brain

3% eye

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18
Q

What parasite is called the Fish or Broad Tapeworm?

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

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19
Q

What parasite is the largest human tapeworm?

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

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20
Q

What are the two intermediate hosts of Diphyllobothrium latum?

A

Crustacean

Fresh water fish

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21
Q

Define Coracidium

A

Ciliated, free swimming larval form

Diphyllobothrium latum

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22
Q

Define Copepod

A

Tiny crustacean of Cyclops/Diaptomus Sp.

Diphyllobothrium latum

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23
Q

Define Procercoid

A

Larval form developed from coracidium

Diphyllobothrium latum

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24
Q

Define Sparaganum

A

Ribbon-like larval worm in flesh of fish

Diphyllobothrium latum

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25
Q

What are the sequences of Diphyllobothrium latum life from egg to adult?

A

Coracidium
Procercoid
Sparganum

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26
Q

Diphyllobothrium latum infections can last how long?

Most infections are _____

A

Decades

Asymptomatic

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27
Q

What are S/Sx of a Diphyllobothrium latum infection?

A

Abdominal discomfort
Diarrhea
Vomitting
Weight Loss

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28
Q

What parasite infection would be associated with a PT having pernicious anemia/B12 defficiency?

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

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29
Q

How are Diphyllobothrium latum eggs diagnostic?

A

Operculated with knob on shell at bottom

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30
Q

Define Bothria

A

Lateral grooves that Diphyllobothrium latum use as organs of attachment

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31
Q

What parasite has a central uterine “rosette”?

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

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32
Q

What parasite causes Human Echinococcosis (Hydatidosis disease)?

A

Larva of Echinococcus

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33
Q

What kind of Echinococcus causes cystic echinococcosis?

What is unique about this strain?

A

E. Granulosus

Most frequent form (dog)

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34
Q

What kind of Echinococcus causes Alveolar Echinococcosis?

A

E. Multilocularis (dog)

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35
Q

What kind of Echinococcus causes Polycystic Echinococcosis?

A

E. Vogeli (dog)

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36
Q

What is the most rare form of Echinococcosis?

A

E. Oligarthrus (cats)

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37
Q

Where does Echinococcosis Multilocularis occur geographically?

A

Northern Hemisphere

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38
Q

Where does Echinococcosis Vogeli and Oligarthus occur geographically?

A

Central and South America

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39
Q

What does a Echinococcus stroblia consist of?

A

3 proglottids: mature, immature, gravid

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40
Q

What does Echinococcus do within the human body?

A

Grows Hydatid cysts that have brood capsules on the wall of the membrane

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41
Q

Define Protoscolices

A

Tapeworm heads that develop in brood capsules

Echinococcus

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42
Q

Define Hydatid Sand

A

Daughter cysts and brood capsules disintegrate and liberate their protoscolices

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43
Q

What kind of Echinococcus effects the liver?

A

Multilocularis and Vogeli

Slow growing invasive tumor that can metastasize to lung/brain

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44
Q

What is the key to controlling Echinococcus infections?

A

Prevention
Hygiene (hand/eating utensil)
Dogs don’t eat slaughtered organs

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45
Q

What parasite is called the Dwarf Tapeworm?

A

Hymenolepsis Nana

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46
Q

What do Hymenolepsis Nana larva develop into in the human intestine?

A

Cysticercus

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47
Q

What are the S/Sx of a Hymenolepsis Nana infection?

A

Mild abdominal discomfort

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48
Q

How are Hymenolepsis Nana infections diagnosed?

A

Eggs are diagnostic with polar filaments

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49
Q

How are Hymenolepis Diminuta eggs different from Nana eggs?

A

Diminuta eggs are larger, bile stained and no polar filaments

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50
Q

What do Hymenolepis Diminuta require in order to reach infective cysticercoid stage?

A

Larval insect “mealworms”

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51
Q

What parasite is the most common cause of all cestode infections?

A

H. Nana

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52
Q

H. Nana and H. Diminuta infections are usually ____

But heavy infections of Nana can cause ? S/Sx?

A

Asymptomatic

Weakness/headache/anorexia/diarrhea/ab pain

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53
Q

How are Hymenolepis infections diagnosed?

A

Eggs in stool

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54
Q

What parasite is called the Pumpkin Seed?

A

Dipylidium Caninum

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55
Q

How many Dipylidium Caninum eggs are in each packet?

A

25

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56
Q

How do you know if an animal has a Dipylidium Caninum infection?

A

Anal pruritis

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57
Q

What is the quickest/obvious way to diagnose a Dipylidium Caninum infection?

A

Passing of proglottids, can be motile and resemble maggots

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58
Q

How are Dipylidium Caninum infections diagnosed in the lab?

A

Proglottid or eggs in stool

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59
Q

Where do Dipylidium Caninum infections live in the human body?

A

Small Intestine

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60
Q

How are Spirometra infections acquired?

A

Ingestion of procercoid/plerocercoid larva

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61
Q

Where do most human and animal cases of Spirometra infections occur?

A

Southeast Asia

Endemic in animals of North America

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62
Q

What are the S/Sx of Spirometra infections?

A 
Tissue= Painful inflammation/nodule
Eye= periorbital edema/corneal ulcers
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63
Q

How are Spirometra infections diagnosed?

A

Recovery of sparaganum from tissue

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64
Q

What parasite larva migrates through subcutaneous tissue causing pain/inflammation?

A

Sparganosis

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65
Q

What is a structure/characteristic unique to cestodes?

A

Proglottids

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66
Q

What are the parts of the Trematoda digestive tract?

A

Mouth
Pharynx
Esohpagus
Blind-sac Intestine (Ceca)

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67
Q

What are the 3 ways Trematoda reproduce?

A

Monoecious- both genders in one organism
Dioecious- separate gender organisms
Fertilization (cross or self)

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68
Q

Trematoda are AKA ?

A

Flukes

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69
Q

What is the body shape of Trematodas?

A

Dorso-ventral flat / Leaf shaped

Monozoic- one body part

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70
Q

How many suckers to Trematodas have?

A

2
Oral sucker
Ventral sucker (acetabulum)

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71
Q

What Trematoda are Dioecious reproducers?

A

Schistosomes

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72
Q

Most members of Trematoda have two intermediate hosts, what is the exception?

A

Schistosomes

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73
Q

Most Trematoda ovas are _____

Who is the exception?

A

Operculated

Schistosomes

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74
Q

All Trematodas are ciliated and hatch in water in a larval forms (3) called ______

A

Miracidium
Sporocyst
Redia

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75
Q

What is the name of the Tramatoda larva stage that develops in a snail then leaves and is free swimming?

A

Cercaria

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76
Q

Cercaria is infective form to man for ______ organisms

A

Dioecious

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77
Q

Define metacercaria

When is it infective to man?

A

Encysted cercaria

Monoecious organisms

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78
Q

The term tegument is taxonomically important in Schistosomes, what are the 3 categories

A

Smooth
Finely tuberculated
Grossly tuberculated

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79
Q

What are the 3 types and shapes of Treamatoda testes

A

Types:
Para
Oblique
Tandem

Shapes:
Oval
Lobate
Dendritic/branched

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80
Q

What are the 4 types of intestinal ceca of Trematodas?

A

Straight
Undulating
Branched
Rejoined

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81
Q

What parasite is called the Lung Fluke?

A

Paragonimus Westermani

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82
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Paragonimus Westermani?

A

TB like Symptoms
Lung damage
Pulmonary abscesses

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83
Q

Where is Paragonimus Westermani found geographically?

A

Asia
S/N America
Africa

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84
Q

What are the intermediate hosts of Paragonimus Westermani

A

Snail

Crustacean

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85
Q

What is the reservoir host of Paragonimus Westermani?

A

Piscivores

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86
Q

What is the infective form of Paragonimus Westermani?

A

Metacercaria

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87
Q

What is the specimen of choice for Paragonimus Westermani diagnostics?

A

Sputum

Feces

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88
Q

What parasite is called the Sheep Liver Fluke?

A

Fasciola Hepatica

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89
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Fasciola Hepatica?

A

Destruction of liver tissue

Fibrosis

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90
Q

Where is Fasciola Hepatica found geographically?

A

Worldwide w/ sheep raising countries

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91
Q

Where does Fasciola Hepatica reside within the human body?

A

Bile passages of liver

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92
Q

What are the intermediate hosts for Fasciola Hepatica?

A

Snail

Fresh water vegetation

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93
Q

What is the reservoir host for Fasciola Hepatica?

A

Herbivore/carnivore

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94
Q

What is the infective form for Fasciola Hepatica?

A

Metacercaria

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95
Q

What parasite is called the Giant Intestinal Fluke?

A

Fasciolopsis Buski

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96
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Fasciolopsis Buski?

A

Intestinal upset/obstruction
Toxemia
Inflammation

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97
Q

Where is Fasciolopsis Buski found geographically?

A

SE Asia

India

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98
Q

Where does Fasciolopsis Buski live in the human body?

A

Small intestine

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99
Q

What are the intermediate hosts of Fasciolopsis Buski?

A

Snail

Water vegetation

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100
Q

What are the reservoir hosts of Fasciolopsis Buski?

A

PIgs
Dogs
Rabbits

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101
Q

What parasite is called the Chinese Liver Fluke?

A

Clonorchis Sinensis

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102
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Clonorchis Sinensis?

A

Cirrhosis
Bile blockage
Cholangitis/pancreatitis

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103
Q

There can be up to ______ adult Clonorchis Sinensis per host

A

21K

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104
Q

Where is Clonorchis Sinensis found geographically?

A 
SE Asia
Poland
Russia
Japan
China
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105
Q

Where does Clonorchis Sinensis live in the human body?

A

Bile passages of liver

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106
Q

What are the intermediate hosts of Clonorchis Sinensis?

A

Snail

Fish

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107
Q

What is the reservoir host of Clonorchis Sinensis?

A

Piscivores

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108
Q

What parasite is AKA Bilharzia or Snail Fever

A

Schistosoma sp

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109
Q

What parasite is AKA Blood Flukes

A

Schistosoma sp

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110
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Schistosoma Cercarial penetrations?

A

Abdominal edema/ascites

Intestinal ulceration/necrosis

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111
Q

How are all Schistosoma infections acquired?

Infectious form and mode

A

Cercariae from snail to water and penetrates skin

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112
Q

What is the specimen of choice to diagnose Schistosoma infections?

A

Japonicum/Mansoni- feces

Haematobium- Urine

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113
Q

How are Schistosoma eggs visually identified?

A

No operculum

Spine location/size

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114
Q

Which Schistosoma is the Oriental Blood Fluke?

A

Schistosoma Japonicum

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115
Q

What Schistosoma is the most pathogenic?

A

Schistosoma Japonicum

Produces the most eggs

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116
Q

What S/Sx does a Schistosoma Japonicum infection present with?

A

Hepatic/pulmonary lesions

CNS involvement

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117
Q

Where does Schistosoma Japonicum live within the body?

A

Venules of small intestine

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118
Q

What is the intermediate host of Schistosoma Japonicum?

A

Fresh water snail

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119
Q

What is the reservoir host for Schistosoma Japonicum?

A

Mammals exposed to contaminated water

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120
Q

Which Schistosoma is called the Vesical Blood Fluke?

A

Schistosoma Haematobium

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121
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Schistosoma Haematobium?

A

Urogenital tract
Bladder obstruction
hematuria

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122
Q

Where is Schistosoma Haematobium found geographically?

A

Africa

Parts of Middle East

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123
Q

Where does Schistosoma Haematobium live inside the human body?

A

Venules of bladder

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124
Q

What is the intermediate host of Schistosoma Haematobium?

A

Fresh water snail (Bulinus)

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125
Q

Which Schistosoma is the Manson’s Blood Fluke?

A

Schistosoma Mansoni

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126
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Schistosoma Mansoni?

A 
Ab pain/cramps
Diarrhea
Bloody stool
Hepatospenomegaly
Portal Hypertension
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127
Q

Where are Schistosoma Mansoni found geographically?

A

S/C America
Cuba
Africa

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128
Q

Where do Schistosoma Mansoni live in the human body?

A

Venules of Large Intestine w/ lateral spine

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129
Q

What is the intermediate host of Schistosoma Mansoni?

A

Primate
Insectivore
Rodents

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130
Q

How do Schistosom eggs cause disease?

A

Obstruction
Ag secretion
Modulate immune response to Th2

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131
Q

How are Schistosoma infections diagnosed?

A

Eggs in Feces or Urine

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132
Q

What parasite is called the Small Intestinal Fluke?

A

Metagonimus Yokogawai / Heterophyes Heterophyes

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133
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Metagonimus Yokogawai / Heterophyes Heterophyes infections?

A

Intestinal upset

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134
Q

Where are Metagonimus Yokogawai / Heterophyes Heterophyes found geographically?

A

Far east
Israel
Russia
Spain

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135
Q

Where does Metagonimus Yokogawai / Heterophyes Heterophyes live in the human body?

A

Small intestine

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136
Q

What are the intermediate hosts of Metagonimus Yokogawai / Heterophyes Heterophyes?

A

Snail

Fish

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137
Q

What is the reservoir host of Metagonimus Yokogawai / Heterophyes Heterophyes?

A

Piscivores and Birds

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138
Q

What social setting is Metagonimus Yokogawai / Heterophyes Heterophyes commonly found?

A

Fish markets

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139
Q

How is Metagonimus Yokogawai / Heterophyes Heterophyes spread to different aquatic environments?

A

Human feces as fertilizer

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140
Q

What is the common name of intestinal nematodes?

A

Roundworms

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141
Q

What is the usual environment for roundworms?

A

Free living plant/animal parasites

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142
Q

What the shapes of Roundworms?

A

Cylinder
Tapered x both ends
Unsegmented

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143
Q

What is the cuticle of a Roundworms?

A

Outer impermeable protective covering that’s shed during molting

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144
Q

What are the 5 types of Intestinal Nematodes?

A 
Ascaris lumbricoides
Enterobius Vermicularis
Hookworm
Strongyloides Stercoralis
Trichuris Trichiura
145
Q

What parasite has the common name of the Giant Intestinal Roundworm?

A

Ascaris Lumbricoides

146
Q

How many Ascaris Lumbricoides worms per host?

A

1,500

147
Q

What are S/Sx of a Ascaris Lumbricoides infection?

A

Intestinal lumen blockage
Hemorrhage/edema
Ascarid pneumonitis
Visceral larval migrans- ectopic foci sites other than usual habitat

148
Q

What is unique about the Ascaris Lumbricoides life cycle?

A

Hatches in intestine
Travels to heart/lungs
Coughed/swallowed
Mature and mate in intestine where female lays eggs

149
Q

Where do Ascaris Lumbricoides live in the human body?

A

Small Intestines

150
Q

What is the reservoir host of Ascaris Lumbricoides?

A

Swine

151
Q

What is the pathology of a Ascaris Lumbricoides infection?

A

Most PTs asymptomatic
Some pulmonary S/Sx during lung migration phase
Mild abdominal discomfort
Nauseau

152
Q

Ascaris Lumbricoides affects what 3 areas of growth/development?

A

Intellectual
Cognitive
Physical growth

153
Q

Ascaris Lumbricoides secrete molecules that modulate what two processes?

A

Lymphocyte proliferation

Cytokine production

154
Q

What is different about Ascaris Lumbricoides S/Sx in children compared to adults?

A

Depresses appetite

Interferes with absorption of protein/fat/lactose/Vit A/Iodine

155
Q

How are Ascaris Lumbricoides infections diagnosed?

A

Passed adult worms

Stool w/ eggs

156
Q

What is the most prevalent helminth infection?

A

Ascaris Lumbricoides

157
Q

If adult Ascaris Lumbricoides perforates out of intestines, where do they go?

A

Liver

158
Q

What is Loefflers?

A

Eosinophilic pneumonitis with Ascaris Lumbricoides infection

159
Q

What parasite is called the Pinworm or Seatworm?

A

Enterobius Vermicularis

160
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Enterobius Vermicularis?

A

Perianal/vaginal itching
Occasional appendicitis
Anxiety/insomnia

161
Q

Where do Enterobius Vermicularis live within the human body?

A

Large intestine

Cecum

162
Q

What is the infective form of Enterobius Vermicularis?

A

Embryonated egg

Rhabditiform larva

163
Q

What is the life cycle of Enterobius Vermicularis?

A 
Eggs laid in peranal fold
Spread to mouth
Eggs hatch
Infective larva in small intestine, molt, travel to large intestine to mate
Female becomes gravid
164
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Enterobius Vermicularis?

A

Easily spread among children/school/family

165
Q

What is the specimen of choice to diagnose Enterobius Vermicularis?

A

Pinworm paddle

Scotch tape prep

166
Q

What are Acylostoma Duodenale and Nector Americanus?

A

Hookworms

167
Q

What parasite is called the Old World Hookworm?

A

Acylostoma Duodenale

168
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Acylostoma Duodenale?

A

Ground itch

Pulmonary phase

169
Q

Where is Acylostoma Duodenale found geographically?

A

Europe
Asia
Easily transmitted by host

170
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Acylostoma Duodenale infections?

A

Inestinal phase= anemia, desquamination, malnutrition

Sequelae= secondary bacteria infection

171
Q

What are the S/Sx of a Acylostoma Duodenale infection?

A

Creeping eruption
Pruritis
Fe deficiency

172
Q

What are the S/Sx of a Acylostoma Duodenale infection in a child?

A

Reduced growth (physical/cognitive/intellectual)

173
Q

What is unique about Acylostoma Duodenale after it leaves the human body?

A

Anticoagulants cause host to continue bleeding

174
Q

Define Pruritic Maculopapular Rash

A

Ground itch

Acylostoma Duodenale

175
Q

What parasite causes Transient Pneumonitis during migration?

A

Acylostoma Duodenale

176
Q

What parasite is the New World Hookworm?

A

Necator Americanus

177
Q

Where is Necator Americanus geographically?

A

West Hemisphere
C/S America
Pacific Islands

178
Q

What prevention steps can be taken to reduce/prevent Necator Americanus?

A 
Safe drinking water
Proper cooking/prep of food
Handwashing
Shoes
Not sleeping on exposed ground
179
Q

What parasite is called the Threadworm?

A

Strongyloides Stercoralis

180
Q

What it the life cycle of Strongyloides Stercoralis?

A

Eggs hatch in mucosa and burrow into intestinal lumen to be passed in feces
Infective filariform larvae follow blood-lung-intestine route

181
Q

How do Strongyloides Stercoralis infections differ from Hookworm infections?

A

Autoinfection frequent

Rhabditiform larva molt into filariform larva in intestine, enter blood stream causing further infections

182
Q

Pathology of Strongyloides Stercoralis infection?

A

Epigastric pain
Fluctuating eosinophilia
Maculopapular rash on butt/perineum/thighs

183
Q

How are Strongyloides Stercoralis infections diagnosed?

A

Rhabditiform larva in stool

184
Q

Strongyloides Stercoralis uses _____ while in parasitic mode

A

Parthenogenesis

185
Q

What parasite is called the Whipworm?

A

Trichuris Trichiura

186
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Trichuris Trichiura?

A

Asymptomatic
Localized inflammation/bleeding
Anemia w/ heavy infection
Secondary bacteria infection

187
Q

Where do Trichuris Trichiura live in the human body?

A

Large intestine

Cecum

188
Q

How/why are Trichuris Trichiura infections asymptomatic?

A

Secretes proteins to form pores in lipid bilayer to allow embedding

189
Q

What is the major diagnostic sign of a Trichuris Trichiura infection?

A

Prolapsed rectum

190
Q

What S/Sx can a heavy Trichuris Trichiura infection cause?

A

Destruction/inflammation of intestine
Malnutrition
Fe deficiency
Growth/retardation

191
Q

What intestinal nematode is best know for its ability to autoinfect its host?

A

Strongyloides Stercoralis

192
Q

What are the 5 tissue nematodes?

A 
Trichinella Spiralis
Dracunculus Medinensis
Filariasis
Loa Loa
Onchocerciasis
193
Q

What parasite is commonly called the Trichina Worm?

A

Trichinella Spiralis

194
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Trichinella Spiralis infections?

A

Adults in intestines= diarrhea

Larval migration causes high eosinophilia

195
Q

Where do Trichinella Spiralis larva primarily encyst?

A

Infective 3rd stage in striated muscle causing rheumatoid pain

196
Q

What is some pathology that would be found with a Trichinella Spiralis infection?

A

Vilous atrophy
Mucus infiltration with neutro/eosinophil and macrophages
Edema/basophilic degeneration in skeletal muscle

197
Q

Consider a Trichinella Spiralis diagnosis in PTs presenting with what S/Sx?

A 
Myositis
Eosinophilia 40-50% in differential
Fever 
Elevated creatine phosphokinase
Elevated lactate dehydrogenase
198
Q

What is the specimen of choice for diagnosing Trichinella Spiralis infections?

A

Muscle biopsy

199
Q

Where is Trichinella Spiralis found geographically?

A

Worldwide

Pork eating countries

200
Q

What parasite is related to the constant bear meat reference?

A

Trichinella Spiralis

201
Q

Where are adult Trichinella Spiralis found in the body?

A

Small Intestine

202
Q

What parasite can survive as a Nurse Cell for up to six years?

A

Trichinella Spiralis

203
Q

What parasite is called the Guinea Worm?

A

Dracunculus Medinensis

204
Q

How are Dracunculus Medinensis specimens processe?

A

Removing adult by two stick method

205
Q

What is the treatment preference for Dracunculus Medinensis?

A

Surgical removal

Twist-stick method

206
Q

Where is Dracunculus Medinensis found geographically?

A

Africa

India

207
Q

How are Dracunculus Medinensis worms coaxed out of their lesion?

A

Cold water immersion

208
Q

What is the life cycle of Dracunculus Medinensis?

A

Penetrates skin and mates in CT
Migrate to Sub-Q tissue
Maturity take up to a year

209
Q

How is Wuchereria Bancrofti and Brugia Malayi infections acquired?

A

Mosquito bite deposits larva

210
Q

Where does Wuchereria Bancrofti and Brugia Malayi live in the human body?

A

Adults- Lymph system

Microfilariae- vessels around lungs

211
Q

What is the intermediate host of Wuchereria Bancrofti and Brugia Malay?

A

Mosquitos

212
Q

What is the infective form of Wuchereria Bancrofti and Brugia Malayi?

A

Filariform larva

213
Q

What is the mode of infection for Wuchereria Bancrofti and Brugia Malayi?

A

Inoculation

214
Q

What is Wuchereria Bancrofti and Brugia Malayi commonly called?

A

Elephantiasis worm

215
Q

If blood draws are taken to diagnose Wuchereria Bancrofti, what time of day must they be drawn at?

A

Night

216
Q

What parasite is called the Eyeworm?

A

Loa Loa

217
Q

What are the pathogenesis of a Loa Loa infection?

A

Calabar swelling
Urticaria
Fever

218
Q

Where do Loa Loa live in the human body?

A

Subcutaneous tissue
Deep CT
Adults- eye

219
Q

What is the intermediate host of Loa Loa?

A

Tabanid fly

Chrysops

220
Q

What is the reservoir host of Loa Loa?

A

Monkeys

221
Q

What is the infective form and method of infection of Loa Loa?

A

Filariform larva

Incoluation

222
Q

What microbe causes Blinding Filariasis or River Blindness?

A

Ochocerca Volvulus

223
Q

Where do Ochocerca Volvulus live in the human body?

A

Cutaneou and sub-cutaneous tissue

224
Q

What is the intermediate host for Ochocerca Volvulus?

A

Black flies (buffalo gnats)

225
Q

What is the infective form and mode of transportation of Ochocerca Volvulus?

A

Filariform larva

Inoculation

226
Q

Where do adult Ochocerca Volvulus live in the human body?

A

Subcutaneous nodules

227
Q

What parasite causes hanging groin?

A

Ochocerca Volvulus

228
Q

What is the preferred specimen for Ochocerca Volvulus? diangoses?

A

Skin biopsies

229
Q

What is the preferred specimen for Loa Loa diagnosis?

A

Blood

230
Q

What is the specimen of choice for Brugia Malayi diagnosis?

A

Blood

231
Q

What provides a definitive diagnosis of Onchocerca volvulus infections?

A

Microfilariae in skin/eye

Adult worms in nodules

232
Q

Where are Onchocerca volvulus found geographically?

A

South America

Africa

233
Q

What parasite causes PT to develop “leopard skin” appearance?

A

Onchocerca volvulus

234
Q

What two parasites cause visceral larval migrans?

A

Toxocara canis

Toxocara cati

235
Q

What are the S/Sx of a Toxocara infection in humans?

A

Cough/fever

Hepatomegaly

236
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Toxocara?

A

Larval form leaves focal site and migrates to new tissue to mature

237
Q

How are Toxocara infections diagnosed?

A

Finding larva in affected tissue

238
Q

What are the S/Sx of a Cutaneous Larval Migran infection?

A

Inflammation
Damage
Pruritic skin lesion

239
Q

Why would a PT with filariasis be treated with Doxy?

A

Eliminates symbiont Wolbachia

240
Q

What do protozoa use for locomotion?

A

Flagella
Kinetoplast
Cilia

241
Q

What are the common life stages of protozoas?

A

Trophozoite

Cyst

242
Q

What diseases does Entamoeba Histolytica cause?

A

Amebic dysentery

Non-dysentery colitis

243
Q

What organs does estra-intestinal Entamoeba Histolytica invade?

A 
Pulmonary
Brain
Hepatic (right lobe)
Spleen
Kidney
244
Q

What parasite causes flask shaped lesions?

A

Entamoeba Histolytica

245
Q

Non-pathogenic forms of Entamoeba Histolytica will be named what?

A

E. Dispar

246
Q

Where is Entamoeba Histolytica located geographically?

A

Cosmopolitan
Tropics/subtropics
Poor sanitation/hygiene

247
Q

What are the specimens of choice for Entamoeba Histolytica diagnosis?

A

Feces

Biopsies

248
Q

What parasite is often confused with Entamoeba Histolytica but is nonpathogenic?

A

Entamoeba Coli

249
Q

Mature cysts of Entamoeba coli usually have how many nuclei?

A

8

250
Q

Entamoeba Coli cysts will have how many nuclei?

A

5 or more with eccentric endosome

251
Q

Giardia lamblia infections will cause malabsorption and mainly blocks which vitamin uptake?

A

Vitamin A

252
Q

Where is Giardia lamblia located geographically?

A

US
Europe
Russia

253
Q

Where does Giardia lamblia live in the human body?

A

Small intestine

254
Q

What are the reservoir hosts of Giardia lamblia?

A

Beavers
Small mammals
Herbivores

255
Q

What is the infective form of Giardia lamblia ?

A

Quadrinucleated cyst

256
Q

What is the specimen of choice for a Giardia lamblia infection?

A

Feces

Duodenal contents- enterotest capsule

257
Q

Why must several stool samples be acquired for a Giardia lamblia diagnosis?

A

Cysts passed in cycles

258
Q

What parasite has a microscopic appearance of a “wry little face”?

A

Giardia lamblia

259
Q

What populations is Giardia lamblia common in?

A

Day care

Institutionalized

260
Q

What kind of damage does Giardia lamblia do to intestines?

A

Blunts villi leading to malabsorption

261
Q

What are the S/Sx of a Giardia lamblia infection?

A

Persistant diarrhea
Gas
Greasy stools

262
Q

What does Trichomonas Vaginalis cause in men and women?

A

Men- urethritis, prostatovesiculitis

Women- vaginitis, pruritus, strawberry cervix

263
Q

Where does a Trichomonas Vaginalis infection live in the human body?

A

Genitourinary tract

264
Q

What are the preferred specimens for Trichomonas Vaginalis diagnoses?

A

Vaginal/urethral discharge

Prostatic exudates

265
Q

What PT population is Pentatrichomonas hominis common in?

A

Homosexual

266
Q

Where does Pentatrichomonas hominis life in the human body?

A

Colon

267
Q

How are Pentatrichomonas hominis infections acquired?

A

Contaminated food/water/hands/fomites with trophozoites

Direct sexual contact

268
Q

Where is Trichomonas Tenax considered to be nonpathogenic and pathogenic?

A 
Non= mouth
Path= thoracic abscesses, respiratory infection
269
Q

Where does Trichomonas Tenax live in the human body?

A

Mouth

270
Q

How are Trichomonas Tenax infections acquired?

A

Direct Contact

271
Q

What is the preferred specimen for Trichomonas Tenax diagnosis?

A

Gingival scrapings

272
Q

What is the physical appearance of Trichomonas microbes?

A

4 anterior flagella dn half body undulating membrane

273
Q

What parasite causes Balantidiasis?

A

Balantidium coli

274
Q

What is the pathogenesis of a Balantidium coli infection?

A

Damage by mechanical action

Damage by hyaluronidase

275
Q

What is unqie about Balantidium coli?

A

Only pathogenic ciliate

276
Q

Where is Balantidium coli found geographically?

A

Cosmopolitan

More common in swine communities

277
Q

Where does Balantidium coli live in the human body?

A

Cecum

278
Q

What is the reservoir host of Balantidium coli?

A

Swine

279
Q

Where is Balantidium coli endemic?

A

Japan
S. Africa
C/S America
New Guinea

280
Q

What parasite causes ulcers in large intestine but rarely travels to other organs?

A

Balantidium coli

281
Q

What disease does Naegleria Fowleri cause?

A

Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis

282
Q

Where is Naegleria Fowleri geographically found?

A 
Australia
New Zealand
S. America
Africa 
Europe
283
Q

Where does Naegleria Fowleri live within the human body?

A

Meninges

284
Q

What is the infective form of Naegleria Fowleri?

A

Amoebiod trophozoite

285
Q

What is the preferred sample for Naegleria Fowleri diagnosis?

A

CSF with amoebae

286
Q

When/where are Naegleria Fowleri infections increased?

A

Water above 37*

July/August/Sept

287
Q

Why is rapid diagnosis needed for Naegleria Fowleri treatment?

A

Death within 5 days

288
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Acanthamoeba species?

A

Terramebiasis
Meningoencephalitis
Keratitis

289
Q

Where is Acanthamoeba found geographically?

A

Cosmopolitan US

290
Q

Where does Acanthamoeba live within the human body?

A

Skin
CNS
Cornea

291
Q

What is the reservoir host of Acanthamoeba?

A

Mammals

Invertebrates

292
Q

What is the preferred specimen for Acanthamoeba diagnosis?

A

Exudate
Tissue secretions
CSF

293
Q

Diagnosis of Acanthamoeba requires differentiation from waht?

A

N. Fowleri

294
Q

What parasite can enter the body through contaminated contact solution?

A

Acanthamoeba

295
Q

What parasite causes Granulomatous Amoebic Encephalitis?

A

Acanthamoeba

296
Q

What are the 3 types of Leishmania?

A

Visceral
Cutaneous
Mucocutaneous

297
Q

What causes visceral Leishmania?

A

L. Donovani comples

298
Q

What are the common names of Leishmania Donovani?

A

Kala azar- black poison darkening of skin

Dum Dum fever

299
Q

Where is Leishmania geographically located?

A

S/C America
Mediterranean
Africa
India

300
Q

What causes cutaneous Leishmania?

A

L. Tropica

301
Q

What is the common name of Leishmania Tropica?

A

Oriental Sore

302
Q

Where is Leishmania Tropica found geographically?

A

Mediterranean
Latin America
East/Central Africa
Middle East

303
Q

What kind of Leishmania causes the Baghdad boil?

A

Leishmania major

304
Q

Where is Leishmania major found geographically?

A

Middle east
North Africa
China
India

305
Q

What kind of Leishmania causes mucocutaneous Leishmania?

A

Brazil/Panama

306
Q

What are the common names of Leishmania Brazill/Panama?

A

Espundia
Uta
Chiclero ulcer

307
Q

What form of Leishmania is not usually fatal?

A

Cutaneous Leishmania

308
Q

Where does Leishmania live in the body?

A

Phagocytic macrophages of reticuloendothelial system

309
Q

What is the intermediate host of Leishmania?

A

Sandfly of Phlebotemus

310
Q

What is the reservoir host of Leishmania?

A

Cat
Dog
Mammal

311
Q

When trying to diagnose a Leishmania infection, what is looked for?

A

Amastigotes- phagocytized promastigotes

312
Q

What are the S/Sx of a Leishmania infection?

A

Fever 2x per day
Splenomegaly
Nodules->ulcers

313
Q

What is the preferred sample for Leishmania diagnosis?

A

Tissue from edge of ulcer

314
Q

What disease does Trypanosoma cause?

A

Sleeping Sickness

315
Q

What are the two types of Trypanosoma?

A

Gambiense- West African S. S.

Rhodesiense- East African S.S.

316
Q

Which type of Trypanosoma affect humans and animals more often?

A

Gambiense- humans

Rhodesiense- animals

317
Q

How are Trypanosoma spread?

A

Gambiense- riverine Tse Tse fly

Rhodesiense- Savanna-Woodland TseTse fly

318
Q

What are the S/Sx of a Trypanosoma infection?

A

Inflammation at entry site
Winterbottom sign
CNS

319
Q

How long do Trypanosoma infections last?

A

Gambiense- chronic, several years

Rhodesiense- acute, 12-18 mon

320
Q

What is the geographical difference between Trypanosoma carriers?

A

Gambiense- shady, moist riverine areas, domestic animals in West/Central Africa

Rhodesiense- dry, open country, game animals in East/Central Africa

321
Q

Where do Trypanosoma infections live in the human body?

A

CNS
Lymph nodes
Spleen

322
Q

What is the preferred specimen for Trypanosoma diagnosis?

A

Blood

CSF

323
Q

What parasite causes Chagas Disease?

A

Trypanosoma Cruzi

324
Q

What are the S/Sx of a Trypanosoma Cruzi infection?

A

Chagoma
Periorbital swelling
Romana sign

325
Q

What other diseases can Trypanosoma Cruzi cause?

A

Mega disease- enlargement of visceral organs

326
Q

Where is Trypanosoma Cruzi found geographically?

A

West Hemisphere

Latin/South America

327
Q

Where do Trypanosoma Cruzi live in the human body?

A

CirculatoryEndothelial systems
Heart muscle
Bone Marrow

328
Q

What is teh Trypanosoma Cruzi intermediate host?

A

Reduviid bug (kissing bug)

329
Q

What is the infective stage and mode of infection for Trypanosoma Cruzi?

A

Metacyclic trypomastigote

Infected bug feces in bite wound

330
Q

What is unique about Trypanosoma Cruzi transmissability?

A

Organ transplants

Transfusions

331
Q

What is the preferred specimen for Trypanosoma Cruzi diagnosis?

A

Blood

Tissue biopsy

332
Q

What type of tissue would Entamoeba histolytica most likely infect?

A

Liver

333
Q

What species of Plasmodium infect humans?

A 
Faciparum
Vivax
Ovale
Malariae
Knowlesi
334
Q

What do each forms of Plasmodium that infect humans cuase?

A 
Faciparum- malignant tertian malaria
Vivax- benign tertian malaria
Ovale- other/less frequent cause of benign tertian malaria
Malariae- benign quartan malaria
Knowlesi- quotidian malaria
335
Q

How are Plasmodium infections acquired?

A

Mosquito drinks blood, injecting sporozoites into blood

336
Q

Where are Plasmodium infections typically found geographically?

A

Sub/tropicals in lower latitudes
South America
Sub-saharan Africa
SE Asia

337
Q

What is the deadliest form of malaria?

Where is it found geographically?

A

P. Falciparum

West/Sub Saharan Africa

338
Q

Where does P. Ovale live geographically?

A

Sub Saharan Africa

339
Q

Where is P. Vivax found geographically?

A

S America
India
SE Asia

340
Q

Which form of malaria is is considered zoonotic?

A

P Knowlesi

341
Q

What is the most common species of malaria?

A

P Vivax

342
Q

What are the most common S/Sx of a malaria infection?

A 
Fever/chills
Headache
Myalgias
Arthralgia
Weakness
Vomit
Diarrhea
343
Q

Complications of P Vivax include what?

A

Splenobegal w/ possible rupture

344
Q

Complications of P Malariae include what?

A

Nephrotic syndrome

345
Q

What are the 3 phases of a malaria infection?

A

Cold- intense cold w/ vigorous shivering (15-60m)
Hot- intense heat w/ dry skin, headache, (2-6hrs)
Sweating- sweating w/ declining temp, exhaustion (2-4hrs)

346
Q

What is the preferred method to diagnose malaria infections?

A

Microscopy
Thick smear- presence
Thin smear- species

347
Q

Lateral flow assays for diagnosing malaria infections only detect for what 2 species?

A

Vivax

Falciparum

348
Q

What oocyst can survive for years ina garden then cross a placenta?

A

Toxoplasma gondii

349
Q

What is the definitive host for Toxoplasma gondii?

A

Cats

350
Q

What are the intermediate hosts for Toxoplasma gondii?

A

Mice
Pigs
Sheep
Mammals

351
Q

What has been proven to be one of the most common human infections in the world?

A

Toxoplasma gondii

352
Q

What is the routine method for diagnosing Toxoplasma gondii infections?

A

Serologic testing for IgM and IgG

353
Q

What are the most prevelant species of disease causing parasites in humans?

A

Cryptosporidium

354
Q

What is unique about Cryptosporidium virulence?

A

Resistant to chlorination

355
Q

What are S/Sx of a Cryptosporidium infection?

A 
Watery diarrhea
Dehydration
N/V
Weigh loss
Ab pain
356
Q

How are Cryptosporidium diagnosed?

A

Acid fast staining of stool

357
Q

What is the infective stage for transmitting toxoplasmosis?

A

Sporulated Oocyst

358
Q

What species of parasite causes Visceral Larval Migrans?

A

Toxocara

359
Q

What species of parasite causes Cutaneous Larval Migrans?

A

Ascaris

IPAP (212 decks)

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