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IPAP > A&P2 Respiratory > Flashcards

A&P2 Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What are the extra duties of the respiratory system?

A 
Regulate blood pH
Smell receptors
Filter air
Produce sounds
Expel heat/water
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2
Q

What are the components of the respiratory system?

A 
Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
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3
Q

Respiratory system can be categorized into what two categories?

A

Structural

Functional

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4
Q

What does the structural category contain?

A

URT; nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, associate structures

LRT; larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

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5
Q

What does the functional category contain?

A

Conducting zone- filtration, warming and moistening of air

Respiratory zone: tube/tissue in lung that exchanges gas

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6
Q

What structures does the Conducting Zone contain?

A 
Nose
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles
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7
Q

What structures does the Respiratory zone contain?

A

Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
Alveoli

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8
Q

What are the three components that make up the nasal cartilaginous and framework?
What do they provide?

A

Septal nasal
Lateral nasal
Alar cartilage
External nose flexibility

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9
Q

Where is the nasal cavity located?

A

Inferior to nasal bone

Superior to maxilla

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10
Q

What does the nasal cavity merge with anteriorly/posteriorly?

A

Ant- External nose

Post- internal nares->pharynx

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11
Q

What two areas drain into the nasal cavity?

A

Paranasal sinuses

Nasolacrimal ducts

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12
Q

What makes up the roof, floor and lateral walls of the nasal cavity?

A

Roof: ethmoid
Floor: Palatine/maxillae processes
Lateral: ethmoid, maxillae, lacrimal, palatine, inferior nasal concha

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13
Q

Where/what is the nasal vestibule?

A

Anterior portion of nasal cavity in side of nostrils

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14
Q

What makes the nasal septum?

A

Hyaline cartilage

Ethmoid perpendicular plate, vomer

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15
Q

What are the purposes of the sinus cavities?

A

Produce/drain mucus
Voice resonation
Facial structure

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16
Q

Which way do turbinates face?

A

Lateral to medial

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17
Q

What are the spaces between the turbinates called?

A

Meatuses

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18
Q

What structures of the nose help catch water on exhalation to help prevent dehydration?

A

Mucus membranes lining conchae

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19
Q

3 functions of the turnbinates?

A

Warm incoming air
Moisten air
Trap dust

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20
Q

Where does the pharynx start and end?

A

Internal nares

Level of cricoid cartilage

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21
Q

What type of muscle make sup the wall of the pharynx?

A

Skeletal
Inner- longitudinal
Outer- circular

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22
Q

Relaxation of pharynx muscles aid with ____ while contraction aids with _____

A 
Relax= patentcy
Contract= deglutition
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23
Q

What are the 3 anatomical regions of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngo/Hypopharynx

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24
Q

What are the 5 openings in the nasopharynx?

A

Two internal nares
Two eustacian tubes
One oropharynx

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25
Q

Where are the adenoids located?

A

Nasopharynx

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26
Q

What part of the respiratory tract exchanges air with the eustacian tubes to equalize pressure?

A

Nasopharynx

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27
Q

Where does the oropharynx start/end?

A

Soft palate
Upper border of epiglottis
Level of inferior hyoid bone

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28
Q

Define Fauces and it’s location

A

Opening of the mouth

Oropharynx

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29
Q

What tonsils are found in the Oropharynx?

A

Palatine
Lingual
3 total

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30
Q

Where does the Laryngo/hypopharynx start and end?

A

Inferior hyoid
Esophagus (posterior)
Larynx (anterior)

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31
Q

What connects the laryngopharynx with the trachea?

A

Larynx

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32
Q

Where does the larynx begin and end?

A

Begin- hyoid/base of tongue

Ends- just after vocal cords

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33
Q

Larynx is anteriorly located to which cervical vertebrae?

A

4-6

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34
Q

What are the 3 functions of the larynx?

A

When open- breath
Partial open- phonation
Closed- protection from deglutition

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35
Q

How many pieces of cartilage are in the larynx?

A

9

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36
Q

What are the 3 singular and 3 paired pieces of cartilage in the larynx?

A

Three singular:
Thyroid
Epiglottis
Cricoid

Paired: Arytenoid
Corniculate
Cuneiform

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37
Q

What gives the larynx a triangular shape?

What give the point to this area?

A 
Thyroid cartilage (Adam's apple)
Laryngeal prominence
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38
Q

Why is the thyroid cartilage in males larger?

Why are vocal cords in females smaller?

A

Testosterone

Androgen

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39
Q

How is the epiglottis attached to the trachea?

A

Base of epiglottis connects to posterior surface of thyroid cartilage by thyroepiglottic ligament

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40
Q

Which way (anterior/posterior) does the epiglottis close?

A

Folds posteriorly to cover trachea

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41
Q

What reflex occurs when debris/liquid/food enters the trachea?

A

Cough

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42
Q

What is the only “true” ring of cartilage in the respiratory tract?

A

Cricoid cartilage- hyaline cartilage forming inferior wall of larynx

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43
Q

Where/how is the cricoid cartilage attached to the body?

A

Attached to 1st ring of trachea by cricotracheal ligament

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44
Q

How do the Cricoid and Thyroid cartilage attach?

A

Cricothyroid ligament and inferior thyroid cartilage horns

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45
Q

What is the Cricoid cartilage’s role in a cricothyroidotomy?

A

Incision made above cartilage (below thyroid cartilage) into cricothyroid membrane

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46
Q

Where is the Arytenoid Cartilage located?

A

Posterior and superior border of cricoid cartilage

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47
Q

What is the function of the Arytenoid Cartilage?

A

Gives us vocal ligaments

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48
Q

What are the “true” vocal cords?

A

Arytenoid cartilage

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49
Q

What type of joint with the cricoid cartilage gives the area it’s mobility?
What does this mobility offer?

A

Synovial

Position/tension to change vocal cords

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50
Q

Where is the Corniculate cartilage located?

What is it’s function?

A

Sits above arytenoid cartilage

Vestibular/ventricular ligaments (false vocal cords)

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51
Q

Where is the Cuneiform Cartilage?

What is it’s function?

A

Non-articulating cartilage located anteriolaterally/superior to corniculate cartilage
Supports corniculate and arytenoid during movement

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52
Q

Where is there ciliated tissue within the respiratory tract?

What types of cells are located here?

A

Inferior to larynx
Ciliated columnar- trap/move particles for expulsion
Goblet- mucus
Basal- structure/strength

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53
Q

What are the two folds/pairs of vocal cords?

A

Vestibular/ventricular- superior/false

Vocal- inferior/true

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54
Q

What fold are used for normal speech and what pairs are used for growling?

A

Normal- vocal (inferior/true)

Growl- vestibular/ventricular (superior/false)

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55
Q

What pairs/folds are used for holding pressure against the thoracic cavity?

A

Vestibular/ventricular (superior/false)

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56
Q

For voice production, the elastic ligaments are stretched between which two cartilages?

A

Thyroid and arytenoid

Laryngeal muscles contract, pull elastic ligaments which stretch vocal cords (adduct) narrowing the rima glottidis

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57
Q

Greater the air pressure passing over the cords causes what type of changes to voice/noise?

A

Greater pressure=louder the sound

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58
Q

Cords pulled tight = ? noise

Cords are relaxed = ? noise

A 
Tight= rapid vibration, higher pitch
Relax= less rapid vibration, lower pitch
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59
Q

What happens during whispering?

A

All but posterior portion of rima glottidis is closed

No vibration occurs, no pitch is present

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60
Q

How is intelligible speech formed?

A

Changing shape of oral cavity as we enunciate

As size of oral cavity changes, resonance quality changes

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61
Q

What parts of the respiratory system whelp with voice production by acting as resonating chambers?

A

Pharynx
Mouth
Nasal cavity
Paranasal sinuses

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62
Q

How are vowel sounds made?
How are consonant sounds made?
What structure help with forming both?

A

Vowel- constricting/relaxing muscles in wall of pharynx
Consonant- movement of mouth
Both- face, lips, tongue

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63
Q

Male vocal cords are ___ and __ when compared to females vocal cord
What do these characteristics cause?

A

Males- thicker and longer which cause slower vibration and lower pitch

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64
Q

Where does the trachea start and end?

A

Larynx->T5

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65
Q

What are the 4 layers of the trachea?

A 
External to interior
Adventitia
Hyaline cartilage
Submucosa
Mucosa
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66
Q

How many cartilage rings are within the trachea?

A

16-20

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67
Q

Which direction do the hyaline cartilage rings open?

A

Posterior, facing esophagus

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68
Q

What tissue spans the opening of the hyaline cartilages in the trachea?

A

Fibromuscular membrane

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69
Q

Define Trachealis Muscle

A

Transverse smooth muscle inside of the fibromusclar membrane at the opening of the trachea cartilage rings

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70
Q

What layer of the trachea contains the sermucous glands and ducts?

A

Submucosa

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71
Q

What layer of the trachea provides protection from inhaled foreign particles?

A

Mucosa

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72
Q

Trachea branches at T5 within what area of the chest?

A

Mediastinum

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73
Q

Right bronchus characteristics

A

Shorter
More vertical
Wider

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74
Q

What is the most sensitive area of the cough reflex?

A

Carina

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75
Q

What areas of the respiratory tract contain pseudostratified ciliated columnar epitherlium?

A

Trachea
Nasal cavity
Bronchi

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76
Q

How many primary/main bronchus?
How many secondary/lobar bronchus?
How many tertiary/segmental bronchus?

A

Primary- two
Secondary- five
Tertiary- twenty

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77
Q

What marks the transition from the bronchi to bronchioles?

A

Lumen is less than 1mm thick

No cartilage in airway walls

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78
Q

What is the last part of the conducting zone AND last macroscopic airway?

A

Terminal bronchioles

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79
Q

What is the first part of the respiratory zone AND first microscopic airway?

A

Respiratory bronchioles

80
Q

As bronchi transition into smaller branches, the rings of cartilage are replaced with what?

A

Plates of cartilage

81
Q

What characteristics/lack of characteristics identifies a bronchiole?

A

Complete smooth muscle with NO cartilage

82
Q

Terminal bronchioles have an ____ function

How do the complete this function

A

Exocrine

Club cells- formerly Clara cells

83
Q

What are the functions of Club Cells?

A

Non-ciliated cells along epitherlial cells
Protects from toxins/carcinogens
Produces/secretes surfactant
Function as stem cells

84
Q

Surfactant within bronchioles is used for what function?

A

Prevents bronchiole lumen from collapsing/remaining closed after exhalation

85
Q

What impact does the ANS have on bronchioles?

A

Norepi binds to beta-adrenergic receptors in airway causing brachodilation and increased cilia beat frequency

86
Q

What impact does the PNS have on bronchioles?

A

Ach binds to muscarinic receptors causing slight constriction and increased mucus production

87
Q

Are there more cholinergic or adrenergic receptors in pulmonary smooth muscles?

A

Cholinergic

88
Q

What is the membrane that encloses and protects the lungs?

A

Pleural membrane
Parietal pleura- thoracic wall
Visceral pleura- covers lungs

89
Q

Where is pleural fluid made/secreted?

A

100mL/hour made at parietal layer and drains to visceral/lymphatics

90
Q

Presence of pleural fluid keeping pleural layers adhere together is called what?

A

Surface tension

Fluid is on luminal surface

91
Q

Air trapped where causes tension pneumo?

A

Pleural cavity

92
Q

What are the lobes/segments of each lung?

A

Right- 3 lobes
superior- 3 segments
middle- 2 segments
inferior- 5 segments

Left- 2 lobes
superior- 5 segments
inferior- 5 segments

93
Q

Where do lungs extend from superior/inferior?

A

Supraclavicular->diaphragm

94
Q

What/where is the only place you can palpate lungs?

A

Supraclavicular space

95
Q

R lung is ___ and ___ but shorter than left

A

Thicker

Broader

96
Q

Why is the L lung usually 10% smaller than the right lung?

A

Cardiac notch, apex of the heart

97
Q

Define lingula

A

Medial projection of inferior aspect of superior L lobe

Inferior aspect of cardiac notch

98
Q

Define costal surface
Define Mediastinal surface
Define diaphragmatic surface

A

Costal- anterior surface
Media- medial of both lungs
Diaphragm- inferior aspect/base fitting convexity of diaphragm

99
Q

Define Hilus

A

Bronchi, vessel, nerve and lymph entrance/exit to lungs

100
Q

What structure separates the two lobes of the left lung?

A

Oblique/major fissure

101
Q

What structure separates the three lobes of the right lung?

A

Oblique/major- separates inferior/middle, lateral aspect of superior/inferior lobes
Horizontal/minor- separates superior and middle lobes

102
Q

Define bronchopulmonary segments

A

Lung tissue segment supplied by one tertiary bronchus

103
Q

Bronchopulmonary segments are further broken down into what?

A

Lobules

104
Q

What does each lobule of a lung contain?

A

Lymph vessel
Arteriole
Venule
Branch of terminal bronchiole

105
Q

Terminal bronchioles branch inside ____ into respiratory bronchioles

A

Lobules

106
Q

Where do alveoli begin appearing?

A

Respiratory bronchioles

107
Q

What structure/feature connects alveoli together and helps equalize pressure throught an alveolar sac?

A

Pores

108
Q

What are the two types of cells found in the walls of alveoli?

A

Type 1- alveolar; main site for gas exchange

Type 2- septal; in between Type 1 cells, secrete alveolar fluids

109
Q

What are the functions of the alveolar fluid?

A

Keeps cell/air moist

Contains surfactant

110
Q

What cells are found in alveoli but are not embedded within the walls?

A 
Alveolar macrophages (dust cells)
Monocytes (fibroblast-like cells)
111
Q

What doe the monocytes in alveolar tissue produce?

A

Reticular and elastic fibers

112
Q

What molecules make up alveolar fluid?

A

Phospholipids
Lipoproteins
Surfactant- lowers surface tension of alveolar fluid, reduces alveoli from collapsing and maintain patency

113
Q

Where is high or low surface tension wanted/needed?

A

High- pleural cavity to keep parietal and visceral layers together
Low- alveoli, keep layers apart during exhalation

114
Q

What forms the respiratory membrane?

How do gases cross this membrane?

A

Alveolar and capillary walls

Diffusion

115
Q

How do the muscular walls of the bronchi receive oxygenated blood?

A

Bronchial arteries

116
Q

What are the 3 steps of respiration?

A

Pulmonary ventilation- breathing, inhalation/exhalation of air and exchange between atmosphere and alveoli

External respiration- external respiration, exchanges gases between alveoli and blood in pulmonary capillaries (gain O2, lose CO2)

Internal Respiration- gas exchange between systemic capillaries and tissue cells (blood loses O2 and gains CO2)

117
Q

Define Cellular Respiration and what phase of respiration does it occur?

A

Metabolic reaction consuming O2 and releasing CO2

Internal Respiration

118
Q

3 things that influence rate of airflow?

A

Alveolar surface tension (surfactant)
Compliance of lungs (fibrosis)
Airway resistance (asthma)

119
Q

When/how does air enter the lungs?

When/how does air exit the lungs?

A

Pressure is greater in atmosphere/environment

Pressure is less in atmosphere/environment

120
Q

Define pulmonary ventilation

A

Breathing

121
Q

Define External (pulmonary) Breathing

A

Gas exchange between alveoli and blood

122
Q

Define Internal (tissue) Respiration

A

Gas exchange between systemic capillaries and tissue cells

123
Q

Define Atmospheric Pressure

A

Pressure of air outside of body’s airway

124
Q

Define Intrapleural (intrathoracic) pressure

A

Fluid pressure between visceral and parietal layers of pleura

125
Q

Define Alveolar (intraplumonic) Pressure

A

Pressure inside of lungs, specifically inside alveoli

126
Q

When is the pressure in lungs equal to atmospheric pressure?

A

Just before start of inhalation

127
Q

What must first occur within the lungs for airflow to occur?

How does this happen?

A

Pressure in alveoli must be lower than atmosphere

Increasing lung size and thoracic cavity

128
Q

Define Boyles Law

A

Pressure of a gas in a closed container is inversely proportional to volume of the container
Volume inc- press dec
Volume dec- press inc

129
Q

What are the main muscles of inhalation?

A

Diaphragm

External Intercostals

130
Q

How does the diaphragm move during inhalation and what is the effect of this movement?

A

Contracts, flattens

Increases vertical diameter of thoracic cavity

131
Q

What movement is responsible for drawing 3/4s of the air into the lungs?

A

Diaphragm contraction

External Intercostal- 25%, increase anteroposterior and lateral diameters

132
Q

During normal respiration, intrapleural pressure is always ___ than atmospheric pressure

A

Lower

Intrapleural pressure decreases with thoracic cavity size increase

133
Q

Normally, parietal and visceral pleurae adhere tightly together because of what 2 things?

A

Subatmospheric pressure

Surface tension

134
Q

Thoracic cavity expansion pulls on what membrane which pulls on lungs too to increase size?

A

Parietal pleura pulled outward taking visceral pleura and lungs with it

135
Q

As lung volume increases, alveolar/intrapulmonic pressure ___

A

Reduces

This is the difference between internal and atmospheric pressure

136
Q

What are the accessory muscles for respiration?

A

Sternocleidomastoid- elevate sternum
Scalene- elevate ribs 1-2
Pectoralis- elecates ribs 3-5

137
Q

Inhalation is a ____ process

Exhalation is a ___ process

A

Active

Passive

138
Q

What 3 motions allow exhalation to be passive?

A

Elastic recoil of lungs
Smooth muscle recoil of airways
Surface tension pull in alveoli due to alveolar fluid

139
Q

When does exhalation begin?

A

Inspiratory muscles start to relax

140
Q

What are the muscles of exhalation used during forceful breathing?

A

Abdominals

Internal intercostals

141
Q

What 3 factors contribute to the rate of airflow and ease of pulmonary ventilation?

A

Alveolar fluid surface tension
Lung compliance
Airway resistance

142
Q

When liquid surrounds a gas circumferentialy, what kind of force is produced?

A

Inward direction

143
Q

Surface tension in the lungs causes alveoli to do what?

What does this phenomenon cause?

A

Assume smallest possible diameter

Accounts for 2/3 of elastic recoil during exhalation

144
Q

What is Surfactant’s role?

A

Reduces amount of constant inward pressure that pulls on walls of alveoli together
Prevents alveoli collapse and open w/ less air pressure

145
Q

Define Law of Laplace

What does this law explain?

A

Pressure inside a spherical surface is inversely proportional to radius
Why smaller alveoli have higher pressure

146
Q

Define lung compliance

A

How much effort is required to stretch lungs and chest wall
High- easy expansion
Low- expansion resistance

147
Q

How is compliance determined?

A

Elasticity and surface tension

148
Q

Why do lungs normally have high compliance?

A

Elastic fibers

Surfactant

149
Q

What structure offers resistance to airflow in/out of lungs?

A

Walls of airways, especially bronchioles

150
Q

Define Eupnea

A

Normal pattern for quiet breathing

Can consist of shallow, deep or combined breathing

151
Q

Define Costal Breathing

A

Shallow/chest breathing

Up/Out movement of chest from external intercostal contraction

152
Q

Define Diaphragmatic breathing

A

Deep breathing

Abdomen outward movement caused by diaphragm

153
Q

What device is used to measure volume of air exchanged during breathing and respiratory rate?

A

Spirometer

Respirometer

154
Q

What does in/exhalation look like on a spirogram?

A

In- up
Ex- down
Male- primary
Female- parentheses

155
Q

Define Tidal Volume

A

Volume of one breath

156
Q

Define Minute Volume

A

Total volume of air inhaled and exhaled each minute

RR x TV

157
Q

How much of tidal volume actually reaches the respiratory zone?

A

70%

Rest remains in conducting airways (anatomical dead space)

158
Q

Define Alveolar Vent Rate

A

Volume that actually reaches respiratory zone in one minute

70% resp zone x breath/min

159
Q

Define Inspiratory and Expiratory Reserve Volume

A

Very deep in/forced exhale

ERV- amount over tidal volume exhaled

160
Q

Define Residual Volume

A

Air that cannot be exhaled otherwise alveoli would collapse

Can not be determined by spirometry

161
Q

Equation of inspiratory capacity

A

IC= tidal vol + insp reserve vol

162
Q

Functional residual capacity equation

A

FRC= residual vol + expiratory reserve vol

163
Q

Vital capacity equation

A

VC= insp reserve vol + tidal vol + expir reserve vol

164
Q

Total lung capacity equation

A

TLC= vital capacity + residual vol

165
Q

Alveolar air is dependent on what factors?

A

Air composition
Alveolar ventilation
Concentration of dissovled gases

166
Q

What is the make up of atmospheric air?

A

79% N
21% O
1% other

167
Q

When does the composition of air begin to change?

A

@ respiratory zone

168
Q

What is Dalton’s Gas law?

A

Each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure as if no other gases were present
Pressure remains constant

169
Q

The partial pressures og gases determine the movement of O and CO2 between what 3 areas?

A

Atmospherre and lungs
Lungs and blood
Blood and tissue cells

170
Q

Dalton’s law says each gas moves from a ___ partial pressure to a ___ partial pressure

A

Higher to lower

Higher the pressure (larger the gradient) faster the gas moves

171
Q

Define Henry’s law

A

Quantity of gas that will dissolve in a liquid ids proportional to the partial pressure of the gas and it’s solubility

172
Q

CO2 is __x more soluble in blood plasma

Why doesn’t N bind w/ Hbg?

A

24x

Low solubility

173
Q

Define Pulmonary Gas Exchange

A

External Respiration
O2 from air in alveoli to blood
CO2 from pulmonary to alveoli
Converts deoxygenated blood to oxygenated blood

174
Q

Define Systematic gas exchange

A

O2 from blood to tissue
CO2 from tissue to blood
Converts oxygenated blood to deoxygenated blood

175
Q

Define PaO2

A

Partial pressure of dissolved/free oxygen in arterial blood

Measured by arterial blood draw

176
Q

Define SaO2

A

Measurement of O that is bound to Hbg in arterial blood

Saturation

177
Q

Define Spo2

A

Measurement of O that is bound to Hbg peripherally

178
Q

How does pulse oximeter measure SpO2?

A

Colorimetric measurement

179
Q

What is the most important factor that determines how much O2 is bound to Hbg?

A

Partial pressure of O

Higher= more O combines w/ partially saturated Hgb

180
Q

As Po2 gets higher, the affinity for O2 to bind to Hgb does ___?

A

Gets higher

181
Q

What 4 factors affect the affinity of O2?

A

pH
PCO2
Temp
2,3 bisphosphoglycerate

182
Q

As pH dec, the affinity for O2 ____ and causes the curve to shift to the _____

A

Dec

Right

183
Q

With a decreased pH and at a higher Po2, the saturation of Hgb is ___ than if the pH were normal

A

Less

184
Q

As pH inc, the affinity for O2 ____ and causes the curve to shift to the _____

A

Inc

Left

185
Q

With a increased pH and at a higher Po2, the saturation of Hgb is ___ than if the pH were normal

A

Higher

186
Q

As temperature increases O2s affinity for Hgb ____

A

Deccreases

187
Q

Where is 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate found?

A

RBCs
Formed during break down of glucose to produce ATP
Inc BPG decreases affinity, more O2 is unloaded from Hgb to tissue

188
Q

What are the 3 ways CO2 is transported in the blood?

A

Dissolved CO2- exhaled from lungs
Carbamino compounds- combined w/ AA/proteins
Bicarbonate ions- dissociates by carbonic anhydrase

189
Q

What are the 3 areas of the Respiratory Center?

A

Medullary rhythmicity- basic rhythm, inspiration/exhalation
Pneumotaxic center- pons, transition between inhalation/exhalation; inhibits inspiratory area before lungs are too full
Apneustic center- pons, transition between inhalation/exhalation; prolongs inhalation/deep inhalation; inhibited by pulmonary stretch receptors and pneumotaxic center

190
Q

What ions stimulate the respiratory center?

A

Inc levels of CO2 and H+

191
Q

What 3 chemicals modulate how quickly and deeply we breath?

A

O2
H+
CO2

192
Q

Where are the chemoreceptors located that monitor blood chemistry?

A

Central- medulla oblongata; respond to H and CO2 only

Peripheral- aortic/carotid bodies; respond to H, CO2 and O2 levels

193
Q

Sudden/severe pain does what to respiration?

Visceral pain does what?

A

Brief apnea

Slow

194
Q

Stretching anal sphincter does what to respiratory rate?

Physical/chemical irritation does what?

A

Inc

Cessation

195
Q

Inc BP does what to respiratory rate?

Dec BP?

A

Inc- lowers

Dec- inc

196
Q

What is the flow of structures as you descend down the bronchial tree?

A 
Lobular bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
Alveolus

IPAP (212 decks)

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