A&P3: HNTorso Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 5 types of bones?
A
Long Short Flat Irregular Sesamoid
2
Q
Define sutural bones
A
Joint between skull bones
3
Q
Characteristics of Long Bones
A
Greater length than width
Contains shaft and extremities
Slightly curved for strength
4
Q
What are examples of Long Bones?
A
Femur Tibia Humerus Ulna Radius
5
Q
Characteristics of Short Bones
A
Equal length and width
6
Q
What are examples of Short Bones?
A
Carpal bones
EXCEPT pisiform- sesamoid
7
Q
Characteristics of Flat Bones
A
Thin, provide protection
Extensive area for muscle attachment
8
Q
What are examples of Flat Bones?
A
Cranial
Sternum
Ribs
Scapulae
9
Q
Characteristics of Sesamoid Bones
A
Develop in tendons w/ friction, tension and stress
Protect tendons, may change direction of pull
Improves mechanical advantage at joints
10
Q
Characteristics of Sutural Bones
A
Classified by location
Commonly found in lamboid suture
11
Q
What are examples of Irregular Bones?
A
Vertebrae
Hip
Calcaneus
12
Q
What are the functions of depressions and openings on bone surfaces?
A
Participate in joints
Passage of soft tissue
13
Q
What are processes?
What is their function?
A
Projections/outgrowths
Form joints, attachment points for CT
14
Q
Define Fossa
A
Shallow depression
15
Q
Define Sulcus
A
Groove
16
Q
Define Meatus
A
Tubelike passage/canal
17
Q
Define Condyle
A
Large, round prominence at end of a bone, part of joint
18
Q
Define Malleolus
A
Bone prominence on each side of ankles
19
Q
Define Facet
A
Smooth flat articular surface
20
Q
Define Crest
A
Prominent ridge or elongated projection
21
Q
Define Trochanter
A
Very large projection
22
Q
Define Tuberosity
Where are they usually found?
A
Large, round, rough projection
On shaft, at base of bones
23
Q
Define Tubercle
Where are they found?
A
Small, round projection
Usually near head of a bone
24
Q
Define Insertion and Origin
A
Origin: Bone that doesn’t move when muscle shortens
Insertion: Moveable bone
25
What is the belly of a muscle?
Fleshy portion in between attachment sites
26
What are the 7 characteristics used to name muscles?
```
Pattern of fascicles
Size
Shape
Action
Number of origins
Location
Sites or Origin/Insertion
```
27
How many different Fascicle Arrangements are there?
```
Parallel
Fusiform
Circular
Triangular
Unipennate- one side of tendon
Bipennate- central tendon
Multipennate- several tendons
```
28
Define Prime Mover
Agonist
| Contracts to cause desired movement
29
Define Antagonist
Stretches and yields to prime mover
30
Define Synergist
Contracts to stabalize
31
Define Fixators
Stabilize the origin of the prime mover
32
Define Hilton's Law
A nerve that innervates a joint also innervates the muscles that move the joint AND the skin that overlies the attachment of the muscles
33
How does Hilton's Law develop/arise?
Embryological development
34
Define Entrapment Neuropathy
Neuralgia
Neuritis
Pinched/trapped nerve
Physical compression/irritation of major nerve trunks and their peripheral nerves
35
S/Sx of Entrapment Neuropathy
Sx: Tingling/pain
Reduced sensation
Numbness
S: weakness, atrophy
36
What are the four branches of the aorta?
Ascending
Arch
Thoracic
Abdominal
37
The close proximity arrangement of veins and arteries provide what two benefits?
Countercurrent heat exchange
| Arteriovenous pump
38
What does Venae Comitantes mean?
Close proximity of vein running near/parallel to artery in small/confined area
39
How many bones are in the skull?
22
40
Define paranasal sinuses
Mucous membrane line cavities within the skull bones
41
What are the only moveable bones in the skull?
Mandible
| Ossicles
42
What are the two parts of the skull?
Neurocranium: cranial vault, brain box
| Facial skeleton: viscerocranium, splanchnocranium
43
What are the components contained within the neurocranium?
Brain
Cranial meninges
CNs
Associated structures
44
What are the components contained within the facial skeleton?
Orbits
Nasal cavities
Maxilla
Mandible
45
What are the parts of the neurocranium?
```
Frontal
Parietal x 2
Temporal x 2
Occipital
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
```
46
Define Calvaria
Skullcap
| Made by superior portions of frontal, occipital, parietal bones
47
Define Basicranium
Cranial Base
| Floor of the cranium
48
What does the Basicranium comprise of?
```
Occipital
Sphenoid
Temporal (petrous portion)
Vomer
Palatine
Parts of maxillae
```
49
There are _ cranial bones
| There are _ facial bones
8
| 14
50
Function of the Frontal Bone
Forehead, roof of orbits, anterior cranial floor
| Frontal Sinus
51
Define metopic suture
Frontal suture that is not gone by age 6
52
Function of Parietal Bone
Side and roof of cranial cavity
53
Function of Temporal Bone
```
Zygomatic process
External auditory meatus
Mastoid/styloid process
Stylomastoid foramen CN7
Mandibular foss TMJ
Petrous portion CN8
Carotid/jugular foramen
```
54
Function of the Occipital Bone
Foramen Magnum
Occipital condyles
Occipital protuberance- attachment for ligamentum nuchae
Superior/inferior nuchal lines
55
Function of Sphenoid Bone
Keystone bone- articulates with all cranial bones
| Pterygoid process- attachment site for jaw muscles
56
What do the greater and lesser wings of the Sphenoid bone make?
Greater: Anterolateral floor of cranium and lateral skull
Lesser: Posterior orbit of eye and part of cranium floor
57
Define Superior Orbital Fissure
Passageway for CN 3 4 6 and V1
58
What foramen does CN V2 pass through?
Foramen Rotundum
59
What foramen doe CN V3 pass through?
Foramen Ovale
60
What skull bone does the Foremen Rotundum and Foramen Ovale pass through?
Sphenoid
61
What is the Mnemonic for Trigeminal Nerve Foramina?
Standing Room Only
Superior Orbital V1
F. Rotundum V2
Ovale V3
62
What does the Sella Turcica hold?
| What are the parts of this structure?
Pituitary Gland
Anterior= tuberculum sellae
Central= hypophyseal fossa
Posterior= dorsum sellae
63
What does the Ethmoid Bone make?
Anterior cranial floor
Medial wall of orbits
Superior nasal septum
Superior walls of nasal cavity
64
What is a major superior supporting structure of the nasal cavity?
Ethmoid bone
65
What foramina passes through the Ethmoid Bone?
Olfactory Foramina for CN1 to pass
66
The Falx Cerebri connects to what structure in the ethmoid bone?
Crista galli
67
Lateral Masses of the Ethmoid bone contains what?
Ethmoid sinuses
68
What is the Perpendicular Plate?
Upper part of nasal septum
69
What are the Superior and Middle Nasal Conchae?
Turbinates
Superior- smell, olfactory receptors
Increases SA to warm air
Filters air by causing inhaled air to swirl and impact mucus
70
The are 14 facial bones, what are the names and quantity of each?
```
Nasal- 2
Mandible
Inferior nasal conchae- 2
Maxillae- 2
Lacrimal-2
Vomer
Zygomatic-2
Palatine- 2
```
71
The sockets in the Maxilla and Mandible are called what?
Alveoli
72
What does the Maxillary Bones make up?
Orbit floor
Nasal cavity floor
Hard palate
Maxillary sinus
73
What causes a Cleft Palate?
Lack of union of maxillary bones
74
What two bones make up the lateral wall of the orbit?
Sphenoid
| Zygomatic
75
What two bones make up the zygomatic arch?
Zygomatic bones
| Temporal
76
Where are the lacrimal sacs located?
Lacrimal Fossa
77
Inferior nasal concha is aka?
Turbinate
78
What nerve passes through the mandibular foramen?
Inferior alveolar nerve
79
What are the three parts, two processes and two foramens of the mandible?
Body Angle Ramie
Condylar and Coronoid
Mandibular and Mental
80
What makes up the posterior part of the nasal septum?
Vomer
81
What facial bone looks like two Ls back to back?
| What do the two Ls make up?
Palatine
Back of hard palate
Part of orbit
82
What bones make up the nasal septum?
Vomer
Perpendicular plate
Ethmoid bone
Septal cartilage
83
Each orbit has five important foramina, what are they
```
Optic
Superior orbital fissure
Inferior orbital fissure
Supraorbital
Lacrimal fossa
```
84
Parts of seven bones make up the orbits, what are the seven bones?
```
Maxillary- floor, medial
Frontal- roof
Zygomatic- lateral, floor
Ethmoid- medial
Lacrimal- medial
Sphenoid- roof/lateral/medial
Palatine- floor
```
85
What are the sutures of importance in the skull?
Coronal
Sagital
Lambdoidal
Squamous
86
Which sutures unite parietal and occipital bones?
Which sutures unit the two parietal bones?
Lambdoid- p/o
| Sagittal- parietal
87
What does the coronal suture join?
What does the squamous suture join?
```
C= frontal and parietal
S= parietal and temporal
```
88
What are the major fontanels during infancy?
Anterior
Posterior
Anterolaterals
Posterolaterals
89
What are the two functions of the fontanels?
Allows skull to move during birth
| Allows rapid brain growth
90
What are paranasal sinuses and what are their functions?
Cavities in skull that communicate with nasal cavitiy
Lighten skull weight
Resonate chamber for speech
91
Which cranial bones have paranasal sinuses?
Frontal
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
Maxillae
92
What are the 3 mastication muscles?
| What movements do the allow?
Masseter- bites
Temporalis- retracts, bites
Pterygoids
Protraction, elevation and retraction
93
What movements does the pterygoid muscle provide?
Lateral- protraction and depresses (opens)
Medial- elevates and protracts
Together= side to side grinding
94
What are the 4 muscles that insert into the tongue? Which one is paralyzed during anesthesia?
Genioglossus- surgery concern
Styloglossus
Palatoglossus
Hyoglossus
95
Define Bell's Palsy
Facial paralysis
Idiopathic
Cold temperatures
96
What is the Mnemonic for facial nerve branches?
```
To
Zanzibar
By
Motor
Car
```
97
Where do the terminal branches of CN7 arise from?
Parotid plexus, emerge from glands, radiate anteriorly
98
What muscle closes the eye?
Orbicularis oculi
99
What muscle puckers the mouth?
Orbicularis oris
100
What muscle assists with whistling, blowing, sucking and chewing?
Buccinator
101
What muscle of the face is NOT considered a muscle of facial expression
Levator palpebrae superioris- opens eye
102
Dermatome of the face?
CN5
103
Dermatome of CN2
Occipital tuberance
104
Dermatome of CN3
Gentlemens collar
105
What are the layer of the scalp?
| Which parts are intimately connected?
```
Skin
CT
Aponeurosis- epicranial aponeurosis
Loose CT- Danger space
Pericranium
SCA are connected
```
106
What is the Danger Area of the scalp and why?
Loose CT
| Pus, blood and infections can spread easily
107
What does the pericranium form?
Dense irregular CT forms the external periosteum of calvaria
108
What are the three parts of the hyoid bone?
Body
| Lesser/Greater horns
109
Function of the Hyoid Bone?
Supports tongue
| Attachment for tongue, neck and pharyngeal muscles
110
Where does the SCM arise and insert?
Arise- sternum
| Insert- mastoid process of temporal bone
111
Which CN innervates the trapezius and SCMs?
CN11
112
Putting your chin to your chest contracts what muscle?
SCM
| Also extends head, chin thrust
113
Define the Suboccipital Region and what muscles it includes
Upper back of neck, inferior to occipital region
Rectus capitis posterior, major/minor
Obliquus capitis inferior/superior
114
The muscles within the suboccipital region have what primary purpose?
Postural muscles
| Some flexion/extension/lateral bending and rotation at atlanto-occipital/atlanto-axial joints
115
Flexion/extension of the atlanto-occipital joint creates what head movements?
Nodding yes
116
What are the two muscle groups of the ANTERIOR neck and what do they form?
Suprahyoid
Infrahyoid
Create base for tongue to move on
117
What are the Suprahyoid muscles?
| As a group, what do they do?
```
Digastric
Stylohyoid
Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid
Elevate hyoid bone, oral cavity floor, elevate tongue during swallowing
```
118
What are the infrahyoid muscles?
| As a group, what do they do?
```
Omohyoid
Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid
Thyrohyoid
Depress hyoid bone, move larynx during swallow/speech
```
119
What is the function of the scalene muscle group?
Attach cervical vertebrae to upper ribs
Flex and rotate head
Forceful inspiration
Innervated by C3-C8
120
What does the thoracic aorta supply blood to?
```
Pericardium
Esophagus
Bronchi
Diaphragm
Intercostal/chest muscles
Mammary glands
Vertebrae/spine
```
121
What are the paired arteries that supply blood to the head?
Vertebral
| Internal carotid
122
Vertebral arteries branch off of what artery?
Subclavian
Pass through transverse foramina of cervical vert.
Unite to form unpaired basilar artery on ventral surface of the pons
123
Internal carotids branch off of what artery?
Common carotid
Enter skull through carotid canal/foramina
Inferrer anterior surface of the brain
124
What doe the external and internal carotid arteries supply?
External- structures external to skull (maxillary and superficial temporal branches)
Internal- contribute to Circle of Willis, supplies eyes and parts of brain
125
What is the function of the Circle of Willis?
Connect post/ant blood supplies to the brain by interconnecting basilar artery w/ branches of internal carotid arteries
126
What is the importance of the Circle of Willis?
Controlling blood supply when pressure is higher unilaterally
Provides alternate source of blood if occlusion occurs
127
What veins of the head/neck drain blood and where to?
Ex/internal jugular veins drain head/neck to superior vena cava
Dural venous sinuses empty to internal jugular vein
128
Where does the thoracic duct drain lymph back into circulation?
Where does the right lymphatic duct drain lymph back into circulation?
TD: L internal jugular and L subclavian junction
RLD: R internal jugular and R subclavian junction
129
Ventral rami are formed from what vertebraes?
C1-C5
130
What does the cervical plexus supply nerves to?
Head
Neck
Upper shoulders
C3-C5 phrenic nerve innervates diaphragm
131
What does the Lesser Occipital Nerve do?
Skin of the neck and scalp posterosuperior to auricle
132
What does the Great Auricular nerve do?
Skin over parotid gland
Mastoid process
Auricle
Mandible angle to mastoid process (posteriorinferior part of face and inferior part of auricle)
133
What is the difference of origin between the greater and lesser occipital nerves?
Greater occipital is not a branch of cervical plexus
134
Where does the Greater Occipital nerve arise from and travel to?
Between C1 and C2, beneath obliquus capitis inferior muscle, through semispinalis capitis and tapezius muscles
Supplies skin along posterior scalp to vertex
135
What causes Occipital Neuralgias?
Greater Occipital nerve gets trapped by obliquus capitis inferior muscle
136
What is TMJ syndrome?
Dysfunction of TMJ
137
What are the muscles of the TMJ?
Temporal
Masseter
Lateral pterygoid
Medial pterygoid
138
What is the Occipital Triangle?
Occipital artery at its apex
Accessory nerve crosses here
Contains cervical plexus nerves
139
What is the Subclavian Triangle?
Contains subclavian artery/vein
140
What is the Submandibular Triangle?
Digastric triangle, nearly filled by submandibular gland
| Facial artery and vein are here
141
What are the components of the Carotid Triangle?
```
Common carotid artery
Internal/external carotid
Internal jugular vein
Vagus nerve
Thyroid gland
Larynx
```
142
What is in the Muscular Triangle?
```
Infrahyoid muscle
Neck viscera
Para/thyroid glands
Trachea
Larynx
```
143
What are the transient nerves?
Vagus
| Phrenic
144
What makes up the trunk of the skeleton?
Vertebral column (26 bones)
Sternum
Ribs
145
What are the 4 normal curves of the vertebral column?
Cervical/lumbar- ant convex
| Thoracic/sacral- ant concave
146
What are the Primary and Secondary Curves?
Primary- thoracic/sacral during fetal development w/ single anterior concave curve
Secondary- cervical formed when infant raises head at 4mon, lumbar forms when infant sits/walks at 1yo
147
Define Dowagers Hump
Wedge formation in older women thoracic area resulting from osteoporosis
148
How is Kyphosis characterized?
How is Lordosis (sway back) characterized?
How is scoliosis characterized?
K=Abnormal increase in thoracic curvature
L=Ant. rotation of pelvis due to weakened trunk muscles
S= abnormal lateral curvature, spinal processes turn toward cavity of abnormal curvature causing ribs to protrude when PT bends over
149
What can cause lordosis?
Pregnancy
| Obesity
150
What are the parts of a typical vertebrae?
```
Body
Vertebral arch
Vertebral foramen
Precesses x 7
Vertebral notches
```
151
What are the 7 vertebral processes?
2 transverse
1 spinous
4 articular
152
Which spinous processes are often bifid?
C2-C6
153
What is the function of the transverse foramina?
Transmit the vertebral arteries
154
What are the two craniovertebral joints?
| What type of joints are they?
Atlanto-occipital- between atlas and occipital bone
Atlanto-axial- between atlas and axis
Synovial
155
Craniovertebral joints involve what 3 things?
Occipital condyles
Atlas
Axis
156
What make up the body of the Axis?
Dens or Odontoid process of the Atlas
157
Nodding movement moves what joint?
| Shaking movements moves what joint?
Atlanto-occipital
| Atlanto-axial
158
What is the function of the transverse ligaments?
Strong band extending from R/L tubercles of C1 which holds the dens of C2 against anterior arch of C1
This forms the posterior wall of of a socket for the dens
159
What is the tectorial membrane?
Superior continuation of posterior longitudinal ligament across atlantoaxial joint through foramen magnum to floor of cranial cavity
160
What is a Hangman's Fracture?
Fracture of both pedicles of C2 axis from hyperextension of head
161
Which vertebrae have facets for tubercle of ribs?
T1-10
162
Tubercle articulates with ______
| Head articulates with _____
```
T= transverse process
H= vertebral bodies
```
163
What is the auricular surface of the sacrum?
Synovial part of sacroiliac joint
164
What is the neural component of the sacrum?
Sacral canal is continuation of vertebral canal of sacrum containing nerve roots of cauda equina
165
Median/medial/lateral sacral crest represents ?
Median: Fused rudimentary spinous processes
Medial: fused articular processes (intermediate)
Lateral: tips of transverse processes of fused sacral vertebrae
166
Spinous processes are not present in what parts of the sacrum?
S5, sometimes S4
| This causes large sacral hiatus due to lack of processes and associated laminae
167
What doe the sacral cornu provide landmarks for?
Inferior articular of S5
| Location of sacral hiatus
168
What is the coccygeal cornua?
Rudimentary articular processes of the coccyx
169
Where is an epidural block performed?
Sacral canal at sacral hiatus, numbs from waist to knees
| Sacral and coccygeal cornu or landmarks for this injection
170
Flexion of vertebral column pushes the nucleus pulposus in what direction?
Posteriorly towards thinnest part of anulus fibrosus
171
If degeneration of posterior longitudinal ligament and wearing of anulus have occurred, what will happen?
Nucleus pulposus herniates into vertebral canal and compresses spinal cord or nerve roots of cauda equina
172
When an intervertebral disc protrudes, it may compress the nerve roots numbered in which direction?
Inferior to disc
173
What are the most commonly ruptured intervertebral discs?
C5/6 and C6/7
| Compresses roots of C6 and C7
174
Hyperextension of the neck can stretch/tear which ligament?
| How does this commonly happen?
Anterior longitudinal
| Rear end car crashes
175
What are the Zygapophysial joint?
Joints of the vertebral arches
| Plane synovial joints to allow gliding between superior/inferior articular processes of adjacent vertebrae
176
Accessory ligaments of the zygapoplysial joints unite what?
Laminae, transverse processes and spinous processes to help stabilize joints
177
What happens when there's injury/disease at the zygopophysial joints?
Pain along dermatomes
| Spasm in muscles from associated myotomes
178
What is Foraminal Stenosis and where does it most commonly occur?
Narrowing of one of more spinal foramina
C5/6/7
L3/4/5/S1
179
What are symptoms of foraminal stenosis?
Sciatica
| Brachialgia
180
Where does the anterior longitudinal ligament start and end?
What does it cover?
What does it protect from?
Atlas to sacrum
Anterior aspects of vertebral bodies and intervetebral discs
Stability between vertebral bodies and prevent hyperextension of vertebral column
181
What does the posterior ligament cover and protect from?
Posterior aspect of vertebral bodies
Prevents hyperflexion of vertebral column
Herniation/posterior protrusion of discs
182
What is the ligamenta flava?
Elastic fibrous tissue that joins laminae of adjacent vertebral arches
Prevent separation of vertebral lamina, stop sudden flexion of vertebral column and prevent injury to intervertebral discs
183
Where does the supraspinous ligament run from and to?
Spinous processes from C7 to sacrum
184
What is the ligamentum nuchae
Thickening of supraspinous ligament in neck that extends from C7 to occipital protuberance
185
Define Segmental Artery
Related around and supplies vertebrae
186
Define basivertebral veins
| Define intervertebral veins
```
Basi= large, tortuous in substance of vert. bodies
Inter= accompany spinal nerves through foramina and receive blood from spinal cord and vertebral plexuses
```
187
Why is the physiology of the vertebral venous plexuses unique?
Valveless, allows cancer to metastases to travel
188
What are externally visible features of the thoracic wall?
Serratus anterior
Costal margin
Pec major
189
Bony thorax produces what type of marrow?
Red
190
What are the two openings in the thorax?
Sup. thoracic aperture
| Inf. thoracic aperture
191
What are the 3 sections of ribs in the thorax?
Vertebrosternal ribs- 1-7, attach to sternum
First rib- sharpest curvature, articulates w/ manubrium
Ribs 3-7- true ribs
192
What ribs are known as true ribs?
1-7
193
Ribs 1-7 are called ____ ribs
| Ribs 8-10 are called ____ ribs
vertebrosternal
| vertebrochondral- false ribs
194
Where do the heads of ribs articulate?
Head- facet w/ corresponding vertebra or 2 facets with demifacets of bodies of adjacent vertebrae and intervertebral disc
195
What is the rib tubercle?
Site of articulation of rib with transverse process of post vertebrae
196
What does the neck of the rib attach to?
head of rib to shaft of rib
197
What is the sternal extremity of a rib?
Site of costochondral articulation of rib to its cartilage
198
What is the costal groove of a rib?
near tubercle on body of rib and provides protection of intercostal nerves/vessels
199
What is the costal angle of a rig?
Abrupt change in curvature of the rib shaft
200
What are the 3 parts of the sternum?
Manubrium
Body- gladiolus
Xiphoid process
201
What are the notches in the sternum
Suprsternal notch
| Sternoclavicular notch
202
What is the sternal angle
Junction of manubrium and sternum body
| Location of cartilaginous articulation of second pair of ribs
203
Each rib articulates posteriorly with the body and ________ of a thoracic vertebrae?
Transverse
204
Posterior articulation of each rib is ____ in position to the anterior articulation
Superior
205
Define the Xiphisternal joint
Articulation between xiphoid process and sternum body
| Synchondrosis
206
As person ages, the xiphisternal join fuses becoming a _____
Synostosis
207
Interchondral joints are between what ribs and are what types of joints?
6-9
| synovial plane
208
Define the Costochondral joint?
| What type of joint is it?
Articulation of lateral costal cartilage w/ sternal end of rib
Cartilaginous joint
209
Define Costochondritis
Inflammation of junctions where ribs meet sternum
210
Function of the Extrinsic Back Muscles
Superficial muscles controlling limb movements
| Intermediate muscles aid respiration
211
Function of Intrinsic Back Muscles
True back muscles
| Act on vertebral column, produces movements and maintains posture
212
What muscles are comprised in the Superficial Back Muscles?
Trapezius
Levator Scapulae
Rhomboidues- minor/major
Latissimus dorsi
213
What muscles are in the Intermediate Back Muscles?
Serratus Posterior group comprises superficial respirator muscle
Superior- underneath scapula
Inferior- deep to lats
Both innervated by intercostal nerves
214
Function of the Serratus Posterior Superior muscles
Respiratory muscles
Deep to rhomboideus muscles
Elevates ribs
Innervated by spinal intercostal
215
Function of Serratus Posterior Inferior muscles
Respiratory Muscles
Leep to lats
Depresses lower 4 ribs- forceful expiration
Innervated by spinal intercostal
216
What are the Intrinsic Muscle Groups?
Erector spinae
| Transversospinal
217
What are the 3 groupings of Erector Spinae Fibers
Spinallis- medial
Longissimus- intermediate
Iliocostalis- lateral
218
What are the muscles that run from transverse processes to dorsal spine of vertebrae and help rotate vertebrae?
Transversospinalis group:
Semispinalis
Multifidis
Rotatores
219
What is the origin and function of the Erector Spinae
Iliac Crest
| Extension of spine, control flexion, lateral bending
220
What is the mnemonic for the Erector Spinae muscles?
Rotate- rotatores
My- multifidus
Spine- semispinalis
221
What are the actions of the Transversospinal muscles
Stabilize vertebrae
Rotation
Extension
Lateral bending
222
Know highlighted part
Slide 205
223
What are the Thoracoappendicular Muscles and their functions
Ant thorax/axial muscles
| Produce and control limb movements
224
What are the muscles of the thorax that alter the size of the thoracic cavity?
Diaphragm
Scalenes
Intercostal
Throcoappendicular
225
What are the Thoracoappendicular muscles
Ant: pect major
pect minor
subclavius
serratus anterior
Post: Lat dorsi
226
What are the layers of the innermost layer of intercostal muscles?
Transversus thoracis- ant
Subcostal muscle
Inner intercostal muscle
227
How are all intercostal muscles innervated?
Segmental Intercostal Nerves
228
How do External Intercostal muscles run and where do the attach?
Down from inferior to superior
| Elevates rib for inspiration
229
How do internal intercostal muscles run and where do they attach?
Originate from superior rib
Insert on inferior rib
Depresses rib cage, expiration
230
Muscles of inhalation
Sternocleidmastoid
Scalenes
External intercostal
Diaphragm
231
Muscles of Exhalation
Internal intercostal
Int/External oblique
Transverse abdominus
Rectus abdominus
232
Where do transverse thoracic muscles originate, insert and do?
Sternum
Cartilage ribs 2-6
Depress ribs
233
Where do subcostal thoracic muscles run and do?
Bridge two intercostal spaces
| Elevate ribs
234
Where do innermost intercostal muscles and do?
Bridge intercostal space
| Expiration
235
What happens to spinal nerves upon leaving the intervertebral foramina?
Divide into Ant/Post Rami
Ant= T1-T11
Post= joints, muscles and skin in thoracic region
236
What nerves supply cutaneous sensation to dermatomes of anterior thorax?
C5, T1-T6
| C5 and T1 also supply upper arm
237
What are the dermatome landmarks for the thorax and abdomen?
```
C5= jugular notch and clavicles
T1= ant arm
T4= nipples
T7= xiphoid process
T10= umbilicus
```
238
What is the most superior dermatome of the back that does not supply the upper limb?
T1
239
Where to posterior intercostal arteries arise from?
Arise from aorta
| Travel to ant thorax, off lateral cutaneous branch
240
Where does the internal thoracic artery arise from?
Subclavian artery
| Rises to anterior intercostal artery, anastamoses with post intercostal artery from aorta
241
Internal thoracic artery gives rise to what branch to supply skin in the area?
Perforating Cutaneous branch
242
Veins of the thoracic wall lie ____ in costal grooves and each side has ____#
Superior
11 posterior
11 anterior
A/P anastamose
243
Anterior intercostal veins are tributaries of what veins?
Internal thoracic
244
Most posterior intercostal veins end in _______?
Azygos/hemiazygos venous system
245
What is the sternal part of the diaphragm?
2 muscle slips attached to xiphoid process
246
What is the costal part of the diaphragm?
Muscular slips that attach to internal inferior 6 costal cartilages
247
Define Crura
Vertebral attachment for the diaphragm arising from superior 3 vertebrae
248
Central diaphragm tendon converges into an ____
Aponeurosis
249
How does the inferior vena cava perforate the diaphragm?
Central tendon at caval foramen
250
What happens if half of the diaphragm is paralyzed?
| What is this type of movement called?
Paralyzed side ascends during inspiration instead of descending
Paradoxical movement
251
What are the 2 subdivisions of the thorax?
Pulmonary cavities
| Mediastinum
252
Where does the mediastinum extend from/to?
From Superior Thoracic aperture to diaphragm
Ant- sternum and costal cartilages
Post- thoracic vertebrae
253
What are the Superior Mediastinum planes?
Glandular- thyroid, thymus, lymph glands
Venous- R/L brachiocephalic vein, Sup vena cava, azygos vein arc
Arterial-nervous- aortic arch, brachiocephalic, L comm carotid, L subclavian art
Nerves- Vagus R/L, phrenic R/L
Visceral-nervous: trachea, esophagus, L recurrent laryngeal nerve
Lymphatic- thoracic duct
254
What is the L recurrent laryngeal nerve?
Branch of vagus
| Innervates larynx, muscles of pharynx, sensory for bronchial tree below vocal cords
255
Why is the L recurrent laryngeal nerve termed recurrent?
Branches from vagus, progresses inferior, loops superiorly
256
Where does the thoracic duct dump lymph back into circulation?
Terminates at junction of L subclavian and jugular veins
257
What is the "blue side" of the mediastinum?
Inferior mediastinum, R side
| Dominated by arch of Azygos vein, Sup vena cava, R atrium
258
What is the "red side" of the mediastinum?
Inferior mediastinum, L side
| Arch of aorta, L Comm carotid and subclavian arteries
259
What is located in the anterior mediastinum?
CT, fat
Blood vessels
Lymph nodes
Lower end of thymus
260
What makes up the middle mediastinum?
Heart
| Pericardium
261
What makes up the posterior mediastinum?
```
Thoracic aorta
Thoracic duct
Lymph nodes
Azygos/hemizygos veins
Esophagus
Esophageal plexus
Thoracic symp trunk
Thoracic splanchnic nerves
```
262
What are most of the intestines covered by?
Greater omentum
| Peritoneal fold hanging from stomach
263
What are the 3 flat muscles of the abdominal wall?
| What are the 2 vertical muscles?
Flat: External Oblique
Internal Oblique
Transverse Abdominal
Vertical:
Rectus abdominis
Pyramidalis
264
What abdominal wall muscle flexes and rotates the trunk?
Obliques
265
List the layers of the abdominal wall from Skin to deep
```
Skin
Fat
Scarpas
Fascia
External Oblique
fascia
Internal Oblique
Fascia
Transverse abdominal
Transversalis fascia
Endoabdominal fat
Parietal peritoneum
```
266
Function of the rectus abdominus?
Origin and insertion
Functions
Principal vertical muscle of anterior abdominal wall separated by linea alba
Originates at pubis, inserts at xiphoid and 5-7 costal cartilage.
Flexes trunk, antagonist for expiration
267
Function of the pyramidalis?
Origin and insertion
Functions
Small triangular muscle absent in 20% of peoples
Anterior to inferior part of rectus abdominus
Attaches to anterior surface of pubis and ends in linea alba
Tenses linea alba
268
Function of linea alba
Attachments of oblique and transverse abdominal muscles
| Contains vessels/nerves for skin
269
What artery provides blood to the rectus abdominus and superior anterolateral abdominal wall?
Superior epigastric artery, continuation of internal thoracic
270
What does the inferior epigastric artery supply blood to?
Lower rectus abdominis, arises from external iliac
271
Where do the superior and inferior epigastric arteries anastomosis?
Umbilical region
272
Anterior cutaneous arterial branches derive from where?
Superior/inferior epigastric arteries
273
Inferior epigastric artery is a branch of what artery?
External iliac artery
274
Where does the abdominal aorta begin and end?
Aortic hiatus of diaphragm
| Lumbar vertebra by dividing into R/L iliac artery and visceral/parietal branches
275
Superior suprarenal artery arises from
Inferior phrenic artery
276
Inferior suprarenal arteries arise from
Renal artery
277
What are the unpaired visceral branches of the abdominal aorta?
Celiac trunk
| Superior/inferior mesenteric artery
278
Celiac trunk divides into what three branches?
| What do the branches supply?
L gastric, splenic and common hepatic arteries
Left gastric- stomach and esophagus
Splenic- spleen, pancreas, greater omentum, stomach
Common hepatic- liver, gallbladder, stomach, duodenum, pancreas and greater omentum
279
What does the superior mesenteric artery supply?
```
Pancreas
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
```
280
What does the inferior mesenteric artery supply?
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum
281
How does blood from abdominal viscera, pelvic viscera and abdominal wall return to the heart?
Inferior vena cava
282
What does the hepatic portal vein collect blood from?
```
GI tract
Spleen
Pancreas
Gallbladder
Delivers the blood to the liver
```
283
What forms a portal system?
Venous capillary system coalesces and branches to form another capillary system without the heart in between
284
What are the two portal systems in the body?
Hepatic portal
| Hypphyseal
285
What veins join to form the Sup/Inf mesenteric veins?
Capillaries of intestines
286
What vein systems join to form the hepatic portal vein?
Inf/Sup Mesenteric veins w/ splenic vein
287
Hepatic portal vein goes to the liver to form _______ capillaries
Sinusoidal
288
Where does the portal venous system connect with the systemic venous system?
Esophageal veins that drain to azygos vein, rectal vein, paraumbilical veins
289
Define Caput medusae
Umbilical vein becomes recanalised due to portal hypertenstion
290
If someone has a black eye, what is the blood collecting site called?
Supraorbital margin
291
Thoracic outlet syndrom
Neck entrapment neuropathy
292
Supraclavicular neuritis
Shoulder entrapment neuropathy
293
Ulnar/Medial/Radial neuritis
Elbow entrapment neuropathy
294
Carpal tunnel syndrome and ulnar neuritis are caused by
Wrist entrapment neuropathy
295
Piriformis syndrome is caused by
Hip entrapment neuropathy
296
Compartment syndrome in the lower legs is caused by
Leg entrapment neuropathy
297
Foot entrapment neuropathy can lead to what complications?
Tarsal tunnel syndrom
Medial plantar neuritis
Digital neuritis
Deep fibular neuritis (deep peroneal neuritis)
