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IPAP > A&P 2: Endocrine > Flashcards

A&P 2: Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What are the mediators that are neurotransmitters and hormones?

A

Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
Oxytocin- Neuro: released throughout brain and expressed by neurons. Horm: released from pituitary gland to blood, acts on breast and uterine tissue

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2
Q

Difference between Endo and Exo

A

Endo: within; secretes hormones to interstitial fluid and blood (TSH)

Exo: secrete products to ducts that are released into cavities/organ lumen or skin surface (sweat,, oil, salivary, mammary, ceruminous, lacrimal)

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3
Q

Receptors are made of what?

Where are they located?

A

Cellular proteins

Cell surface or located inside cell

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4
Q

Define receptor down-regulation

A

Too much hormone is present

Receptor reduction = decreased sensitivity

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5
Q

Define receptor up-regulation

A

Not enough hormone is present/circulating

Increased receptors = increased sensitivity

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6
Q

Define endocrine action

A

Hormone distributed by blood to distant target cells (anterior pituitary releases TSH)

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7
Q

Define circulatory hormones

How long do they last?

A

(majority) pass from secretory cells to interstitial fluid into blood stream
Minutes to hours

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8
Q

Define local hormones

How long do they last?

A

Act on neighboring cells or same cell WITHOUT entering blood stream
Paracrine- act on neighboring cell
Autocrine- act on same cell

Quick/sudden onset

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9
Q

Lipid soluble hormones use what molecule for transport?

A

Transport proteins that were synthesized in liver

Makes hormone temporarily water soluble, retards passage of smaller molecules through kidney filter to urine

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10
Q

Why are lipid soluble hormones longevity important?

A

Provides reserve of hormone in blood stream

Free fraction- percentage of hormone not bound to transport protein and can bind w/ receptors immediatley

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11
Q

How is control of hormone secretion regulated?

A

NS
Chemical changes
Other hormones

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12
Q

What regulates the release of epinephrine?

A

NS impulses to adrenal medullae

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13
Q

What regulates the release of parathyroid hormone?

A

Blood Ca2+

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14
Q

What regulates the release of cortisol?

A

ACTH from anterior pituitary stimulates cortisol release from adrenal cortex

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15
Q

What are the 3 major groups of hormones?

A

Grouped based on chemical structure
Protein/polypeptide
Steroid
Tyrosine derivative

CAN be classified by solubility, gland and function

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16
Q

Majority of hormones fall into what chemical structure of hormones?

A

Protein and polypeptide

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17
Q

Structure and types of protein/polypeptide hormones?

A

Protein- more than 100 aa joined together

Polypeptides: 3-99 joined aa

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18
Q

What type of solubility do protein and polypeptide hormones have?

A

Water soluble
Can travel unbound in blood
Receptors on cell membranes

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19
Q

What two hormones are released from the posterior pituitary?

A

ADH- increases water reabsorption by kidneys

Oxytocin- stimulates uterine contraction and milk production

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20
Q

What protein hormone does the thyroid secrete?

A

Calcitonin- decreases serum Ca levels, deposits Ca into bones

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21
Q

What two hormones does the pancreas secrete?

A

Insulin- promotes glucose-> cell movement

Glucagon- synthesis and secretion of glucose from liver

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22
Q

What hormone does the parathyroid gland secrete

A

PTH- increases Ca absorption in gut and kidneys, breaks down bone matrix to increase serum Ca levels

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23
Q

What two hormones does the placenta secrete?

A

HCG- promotes growth of corpus luteum and secretion of estrogen/progesterone
Human somat: promotes fetal tissue development

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24
Q

What three hormones does the kidney secrete?

A

Renin: angiotensinogen to angiotensin
EPO- increases RBC production
Calcitriol- increase intestinal absorption of calcium

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25
Q

What 2 hormones does the heart secrete?

A

ANP- increases Na excretion by kidney to reduce BP

BNP- reduces BP when heart is stretched too far

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26
Q

What hormone does the stomach secrete?

A

Gastrin- stimulates HCl secretion by parietal cells and growth of gastric mucous
Secreted by G cells
Stimulated by: protein ingestion, digestion, vagal stimulation

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27
Q

What two hormones does the small intestine secrete?

A

Secretin- stimulates pancreas to release bicarbonate

Cholecystokinin- stimulates gallbladder to release pancreatic enzymes

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28
Q

What hormones does the adipocytes secrete?

A

Leptin- inhibits appetite, stimulates thermogenesis

Adiponectin- reduces insulin release

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29
Q

What are steroid hormones derived from?

A

Cholesterol

Hence, lipid soluble

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30
Q

How do steroid hormones travel/bind to receptors?

A

Bound to transport proteins while in blood
Freely pass through cell membranes
Binds to receptors inside of cell

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31
Q

What two hormones do the adrenal cortex secrete?

A

Zona glomerulosa
Cortisol: control metabolism and anti-inflammatory
Aldosterone: Increases renal Na absorption, promotes K and H loss

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32
Q

What hormone do the testes secrete?

A

testosterone- secondary sex characteristics

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33
Q

Examples of Tyrosine Derivative Hormones

A

Thyroid hormones- T3, T4
Adrenal medullary hormones- (catecholamines), epi, norepi
Prolactin Inhib Hormone- aka Dopamine

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34
Q

Tyrosine hormones from the hypothalamus

A

Prolactin inhibiting hormones

Water soluble

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35
Q

What part of the brain controls the Autonomic NS

A

Hypothalamus, through neural and hormonal

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36
Q

How does the hypothalamus connect to the pituitary gland?

A

Connected to POSTERIOR Pituitary by infundibular stalk

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37
Q

What two structures combine to make the infundibulum

A

Pars tuberalis- sheath from anterior pituitary

Infundibular stalk

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38
Q

Every hormone synthesized in the hypothalamus is transported to where?

A

Pituitary for storage or other hormone synthesis

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39
Q

Hypothalamus + pituitary gland have control over what 4 processes?

A

Growth regulation
Development
Metabolism
Homeostasis

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40
Q

What signals does the hypothalamus respond to?

A

Signals from internal and external environment

Temp
Hunger
Satiety- feeling of being full/content
BP
Hormones
Stress
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41
Q

What 3 daily rhythms does the hypothalamus control?

A

Melatonin secretion from pineal gland
Cortisol secretion
Body temp

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42
Q

Where is melatonin secreted from?

A

Pineal gland

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43
Q

Hypothalamic hormones have action where? What action do they have?

A

Anterior pituitary

Cause other hormones to by synthesized in ant. pit.

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44
Q

Function of hypothalamic releasing hormones

A

Stimulate release of Anterior Pituitary hormones

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45
Q

What are the 5 Hypothalamic Releasing Hormones

A 
GHRH- growth hormone
TRH- thyrotropin releasing
CRH- corticotropin releasing
GnRH- gonadotropin releasing
PRH- prolactin releasing
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46
Q

What are the 2 Hypothalamic inhibiting hormones

A

Inhibit release of hormones from Ant. Pit.
GHIH- growth hormone inhib.
PIH- prolactin inhib

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47
Q

Growth hormone inhibiting hormones AKA

Prolactin inhibiting hormone AKA

A

GHIH- somatostatin

PIH- dopamine

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48
Q

How are hormones synthesized in hypothalamus sent to Anterior Pituitary?

A

Pituitary portal system (capillaries)

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49
Q

How are hormones synthesized in hypothalamus sent to Posterior Pituitary?

A

From hypothalamus to post. pit. to the infundibular stalk via AXONS

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50
Q

What are the 2 hormones synthesized in hypothalamus but stored in posterior pituitary?

A

Oxytocin

ADH

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51
Q

Where is the pituitary located?

A

Sella turcica of sphenoid bone

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52
Q

Anterior pituitary gland AKA

Posterior pituitary gland AKA

A 
Ant= adenohypophysis, pars distalis
Post= neurohypophysis, pars nervosa
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53
Q

What are the two parts of the Anterior Pituitary gland?

A

Pars distalis- glandular tissue

Pars tuberalis- partial coverage of infundibulum

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54
Q

What kind of hormones does the Anterior Pituitary make? Where do they effect?

A

Tropic hormones from 5 specific cell types

4 of 5 effect other endocrine glands, exception: HGH, effects almost all tissues in body, no glands

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55
Q

What happens to hormones once they are synthesized in the anterior pituitary?

A

Released into venous circulation

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56
Q

What are the 5 tissue types of the Anterior Pituitary?

What hormones do they secrete?

A 
Somatotrophs: HGH
Thyrotrophs: TSH
Gonadotrophs: FHS, LH
Lactotrophs: PRL
Corticotrophs: ACTH (corticotropin), MSH (melanocyte)
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57
Q

HGH from Ant. Pit. AKA

A

Somatotropin

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58
Q

Characteristics of Somatotropin

A

Most abundant Ant. Pit. hormone from somatotrophic cells (most abundant cell)
Secreted in bursts, predominantly in first 2hrs of deep sleep

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59
Q

What is the main function of HGH

A

Promote synthesis and secretion of small protein hormones called Insulin-like Growth Factors (somatomedins)

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60
Q

Where are IGFs synthesized and secreted from?

A

Liver
Skeletal muscle
Cartilage
Bones

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61
Q

Changes of development within the body are believed to be due to the effects of what hormones?

A

Insulin-like Growth Factors, not HGH

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62
Q

Function of IGFs

A 
Increase protein synthesis (uptake of aa into cells)
Decrease protein catabolism
Childhood growth (muscle and bones)
Enhance lipolysis (increases fatty acid use instead of glucose use so neurons can use glucose)
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63
Q

What is the most basic carbohydrate?

A

Glucose

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64
Q

What are IGFs role during hypoglycemia

A

Stimulates liver to release glucose via glycogenolysis (glycogen->glucose)

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65
Q

When will IGFs be predominantly produced and secreted?

A

Low blood sugar situations

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66
Q

What does hypoglycemia stimulate the release of and inhibit the release of?

A

Stim: GHRH
Inhib: GHIH

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67
Q

What does hyperglycemia stimulate the release of and inhibit the release of?

A

Stim: GHIGH
Inhib: GHRH

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68
Q

What happens to blood glucose regulation during hypoglycemia?

A

GHRH release stim
GHIGH release inhib (hypothalamus)

Ant. Pit: secretes hGH causing increased IGF concentration
Carbohydrate metabolism and liver glycogenolysis increase blood sugar levels

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69
Q

What factors stimulate hGH secretion?

A 
Hypoglycemia
Sympathetic NS (stress, exercise)
Deep sleep
Decreased serum Fatty acids
Increased serum aa
Starvation/fasting
Protein deficiency
Increased levels of testosterone, estrogen or Ghrelin
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70
Q

What is Ghrelin?

A

Hormone released by stomach before eating

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71
Q

What factors inhibit hGH secretion?

A 
Hyperglycemia
Increased serum fatty acids
Decreased serum aa
Emotional deprivation
Obesity
Low T3/T4
hGH (neg feedback)
GHIH
Aging
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72
Q

What stimulates release of ACTH?

A

CRH from hypothalamus
Stress
Hypoglycemia
Trauma

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73
Q

What does ACTH control?

A

Cortisol production
Glucocorticoids
Androgens produced in adrenal gland CORTEX

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74
Q

What controls the secretion of prolactin

A 
PRH
PIH (dopamine)
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75
Q

Prolactin itself is weak, so what does it work with for what end result?

A 
Estrogen
Progesterone
Glucocorticoids
HGH
T4
Insulin
Milk production in pregnancy
76
Q

What causes the EJECTION of milk during pregnancy?

A

Oxytocin from posterior pit.

77
Q

What happens to PRL levels during menstruation cycle?

A

Low estrogen and progesterone prior to menstruration INHIBITS PIH and STIMS prolactin secretion (breast tenderness)

Rest of cycle, as estrogen increases, PIH increases, prolactin decreases

78
Q

What stimulates release of FSH

A

GnRH from hypothalamus stimulates Ant. Pit. to secrete FSH

79
Q

What effect does FSH have on female body?

A

Initiates follicle production

Ovarian follicular cell estrogen production

80
Q

What effect does FSH have on male body?

A

Stimulates sperm cell production

81
Q

How is FSH secretion inhibited?

A 
Increased estrogen (females)
Increased testosterone (males)
82
Q

What stimulates for LH secretion?

A

GnRH from hypothalamus stimulates Ant. Pit. to release LH

83
Q

What effect does LH have on female body?

A

Ovulation
Formation of corpus luteum
Secretion of progesterone from corpus luteum
FSH + LH= Estrogen secretion by ovarian follicular cells

84
Q

What effect does LH have on male body?

A

Production and secretion of testosterone

85
Q

Define melanocyte stimulating hormones

A

Peptide hormones produced in skin, ant pituitary and parts of brain

86
Q

What inhibits release of Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone?

A

Dopamine inhibits MSH release from Ant. Pit.

87
Q

What does MSH do within human body?

A

Pigmentation of skin cells

Suppression of appetite

88
Q

What stimulates the release of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone?

A

TRH from hypothalamus stimulates TSH release from Ant. Pit.

89
Q

What inhibits release of TRH?

A

Increased T3/T4

Inhibs TSH production too

90
Q

Reduction of TRH and TSH causes suppression of what synthesis?

91
Q

What are the two parts of the posterior pituitary?

A

Pars Nervosa- bulbar part

Infundibular stalk- connects to pituitary gland

92
Q

What hormones does the posterior pituitary make?

A

None, storage only

Stores ADH and Oxytocin

93
Q

What is normal urine output w/ ADH?

A

1-2L

w/out- 20L/day

94
Q

What effect does ADH have on BP?

A

Increases BP by vasoconstriction of arterioles

95
Q

ADH secreted depends on what 2 factors?

A

Blood osmotic pressure

Blood volume

96
Q

4 causes of high osmotic pressure

A

Dehydration
Hemorrhage
Diarrhea
Excessive sweating

97
Q

Define osmotic pressure

Define osmoreceptor

A

Press: pressure solutes are causing in plasma
Receptor: baroreceptor in hypothalamus for measuring osmotic pressure

98
Q

What are the 3 action sites for ADH?

A

Kidneys
Sudoriferous glands
Vascular smooth muscle

99
Q

What factors alter ADH secretion?

A

Pain
Stress
Trauma
Anxiety

Morphine
Tranquilizers
Anesthetics
Nicotine

100
Q

Suspected role of Oxytocin outside of pregnancy/milk ejection?

A

Ability to emotionally/socially bond w/ others

101
Q

What stimulates TSH secretion?

A

TRH from hypthalamus

102
Q

What causes synthesis of thyroid hormone?

A

TSH presence

103
Q

What causes inhibition of TSH

A

Negative feedback to hypothalamus to stop/slow TRH which tells Ant. Pit. to slow TSH release

104
Q

Anything that increases cellular energy demand with cause an increase in production of _____

105
Q

What is the largest “pure” endocrine gland?

106
Q

How do the wings of the thyroid gland connect?

A

Isthmus, anterior to trachea

107
Q

What is the 3rd lobe of the thyroid called that’s found in 50% of people?

A

Pyramidal lobe

108
Q

What are the functional units of the thyroid?

A

Follicles

Inside of follicle is called a colloid

109
Q

What do parafollicular cells create?

A

Calcitonin

Made in thyroid, not A thyroid hormone

110
Q

Characteristics of T4

A

Inactive thyroid hormone

More abundant, less potent

111
Q

Characteristics of T3

A

Active form of thyroid hormone

Less abundant, more potent

112
Q

Synthesis of T3 and T4

A

Watch and learn

113
Q

Difference between TGB and TBG

A

TGB: thryoglobulin, glue that binds MIT, DIT, T3 and T4

TBG: thyroxine binding globulin, transport protein that carries T3/T4 to target cell after synthesis

114
Q

What are the actions of T3/T4

A 
Increase basal metabolic rate
Stimulates synthesis of Na/K pumps
Regulate metabolism (protein synth)
Enhance catecholamine action
Work w/ hGH and insulin to accelerate body growth (nervous/skeletal)
115
Q

Increased basal metabolic rate causes metabolism of what 3 things?

A

carbs
proteins
lipids

116
Q

Increased number of Na/K pumps has what end result?

A

Increased ATP production and consumption

Heat is byproduct and used by body

117
Q

What effect do T3/T4 have on epi/norepi?

A

T3/4 upregulate beta adrenergic receptors

Explains why hyperthyroid PTs are tachy and hypertension

118
Q

T3/T4 deficiency during childhood has what consequences?

A

Mental retardation

Stunted bone growth

119
Q

Location of Parafollicular cells

A

Outside of follicular cells

Inside thyroid

120
Q

Function of parafollicular cells

A

Synth/secrete calcitonin

121
Q

What stimulates/inhibits release of Calcitonin

A

Stim: high Ca+ and HPO4 serum levels
Inhib: low Ca+ and HPO4 serum levels

122
Q

Define resorption

A

Using/losing a substance

Breakdown of bone matrix by osteoclast to increase plasma Ca+ levels

123
Q

Define absorption/reabsorption

A

Process of gaining something

Osteoblast absorbing Ca+ from blood to build bone matrix

124
Q

How does calcitonin regulate Ca levels?

A

Inhibits osteoclasts
Increases osteoblasts
Decrease Ca absorption in gut
Increase Ca loss in urine

125
Q

How does calcitonin increase Ca+ loss in urine?

A

Prevents cells in distal convoluted tubule from reabsorbing Ca

126
Q

Where are parathyroid glands located?

A

ON thyroid gland

127
Q

How many parathyroid glands are there?

What are their functional components?

A 
4
Principle cells (aka Chief cells)
128
Q

What is the purpose of Principle cells?

A

Secrete PTH

129
Q

What stimulates/inhibits PTH release?

A

Inhib: High serum Ca
Stim: Low serum Ca

130
Q

How does PTH regulate Ca levels?

A

Increase osteoclast
Inhibits osteoblast
Increase Ca absorption in gut
Decrease Ca loss in urine

131
Q

What are the two sections of Adrenal Glands

A

Cortex: large, peripherally located
Medulla: small, centrally located

132
Q

What stimulates Adrenal Cortex to make it’s hormones?

A

Hypothalamus secretes CRH
Ant Pit releases ACTH
Impacts adrenal cortex

133
Q

What 3 hormones are made in what zones of the adrenal cortex?

A

Glomerulus- mineralcorticoids
Fasciculata- glucocorticoids
Reticularis- androgens

134
Q

What is secreted by Zona Glomerulosa and what function

A

Mineralcorticoids- aldosterone

Affects mineral homeostasis

135
Q

Mineralcorticoids from Zona Glomerulosa promotes what two things?

A

Reabsorption of Na in kidneys

Promotes loss of K and H in urine

136
Q

What stimulates the secretion of Aldosterone

A

Elevated K and H levels

Low BP

137
Q

What inhibits secretion of aldosterone

A

Low K and H levels

High BP

138
Q

What system stimulates aldosterone release?

139
Q

Steps of RAAS

A

Low BP sensed by kidneys
Kidneys secrete renin
Renin causes angiotensinogen->angiotensin-I
Angiotensin-I goes to lungs where its split to Angiotensis-II by ACE

140
Q

Where is angiotensinogen made?

141
Q

How does Angiotensin-II increase BP

A

Stim aldosterone production
Increases sympathetic NS
Arteriolar constriction
Release of ADH

142
Q

What is secreted from Zona Fasciculata

A

Glucocorticoids-
Cortisol
Corticosterone
Cortisone

143
Q

What effects do gluccocorticoids have on the body?

A

Regain homeostasis after stress event

144
Q

What functions do glucocorticoids have?

A
  • Protein catabolism (all cells except liver)
  • Gluconeogensis (aa->glucose)
  • Lipolysis (shifts body to lipid catabolism)
  • Immune suppression (decreases eosinophils and atrophy of lymphatic tissue, decreases plasma cells)
  • Anti-inflammation(inhibs prostaglandin and leukotriene precursors, inhibs IL-2, proliferation of T cells, inibs release of histamine and serotonin and platelets)
  • Inhibits bone formation (dec Type I collagen, dec osteoblast, dec intestinal reabsorption of Ca)
145
Q

What does the Zona Reticularis secrete?

What are these secretions later turned into?

A

Weak androgens: DHEA and DHT
Testosterone
Estrogen

146
Q

Characteristics of DHEA

A

Weak androgenic effect
Precursor for numerous hormones
Androsternedione, testosterone, DHT, estrogen

147
Q

Characteristics of Androstenedione

A

Weak androgenic effect

Converted to testosterone or estrogen (precursor for estradiol

148
Q

Characteristics of DHT

A

More potent androgen than testosterone
Made from conversion of testosterone
Is active in tissues where testosterone is not

149
Q

What type of cells make up the middle region of the adrenal gland (adrenal medulla)

A

Chromaffin Cells- adrenal medulla functional cells

150
Q

What are the functions of Chromaffin cells?

A

Synthesize and secrete Epi and Norepi

151
Q

What’s more potent, epi or norepi?

A

norepi- precursor to epi

epi- more potent and abundant

152
Q

Chromaffin cells are considered modified cells of what system?

A

Sympathetic ganglion of ANS

153
Q

Sympathetic NS stimulates chromaffin cells through what nerves?

A

Splachnic nerves

154
Q

Effects of catecholamines on the body?

A

Intensify Symapthetic NS
Dilation- heart, brain, lungs, muscle
Constriction- GI, kidneys, skin
Liver and muscle conversion of glycogen to glucose

155
Q

The pancreas is _% endocrine and _% exocrine

A

Endo- 5%

Exo- 95%

156
Q

What part of the intestine does the pancreas rest?

A

Curve of duodenum

157
Q

Where are the endocrine cells within the pancreas?

A

Middle of exocrine acini are the Islets of Langerhans

158
Q

What are the 4 types of Islet cells in the pancreas?

A

A- secrete glucagon
B- secrete insulin
D- secrete somatostatin
F- (aka PP cell) secrete pancreatic polypeptide

159
Q

Function of glucagon

A

raise blood sugar levels
Pancreatic receptor detect hypoglycemia and release glucagon

Stims liver glycogenolysis
Stims liver gluconeogenesis
Stim lipolysis

160
Q

What inhibits release of glucagon?

A

Negative feedback

increased serum glucose levels

161
Q

Function of insulin

A

lowers blood glucose levels

Presence of food in small intestine triggers release of GDIP (aka GIP) which stims insulin release from pancreas

162
Q

What are the 4 functions insulin does?

A

Glucose uptake in cells
Stims glycolysis
Stims gluconeogenesis
Triglyceride/protein synthesis

163
Q

What inhibits release of insulin?

A

Insulin decreases w/ decreased serum glucose levels

164
Q

Function of somatostatin

AKA GHIH

A

Paracrine action inhibiting insulin and glucagon release

Endocrine action inhibiting release of hGH

165
Q

Function of pancreatic polypeptide

A

Inhibits somatostatin release
Inhibits gallbladder contraction
Inhibits bicarb secretion

166
Q

Explain blood sugar during a fasted state

A

Hypoglycemia inhibits release of insulin
Stimulates release of glucagon
Glucagon stims hepatocyte conversion of glycogen->glucose (glycogenolysis)

167
Q

Explain blood sugar during fed state

A

Hyperglycemia inhibits release of glucagon, stim release of insulin
Stims cell uptake of glucose
Speeds glucose->glycogen
Lipogenesis

168
Q

What are the 4 hormones synthesized and secreted by the ovaries?

A 
Estrogen
Progesterone
Inhibin
Relaxin
Inhibin and relaxin only made/secreted in bulk during pregnancy
169
Q

When estrogen, progesterone, LH and FSH combine they regulate what three things

A

Regulate menstrual cycle
Maintain pregnancy
Prepare mammary glands for lactation

170
Q

What are the functions of inhibin and relaxin during pregnancy?

A

Inhibin: Inhibits FSH, deters follicle development
Relaxin: Relaxes cervix and pubic symphysis cartilage to aid in delivery

171
Q

What two hormones do the testes form?

A

Testosterone

Inhibin

172
Q

3 functions of testosterone

A

Stims decent of testes before birth
Regulates production of sperm
Secondary sex characteristics

173
Q

Functions of inhibin in males?

A

Inhibits FSH, spermatogenesis

174
Q

Function and source of production of Cholecalciferol

A

Skin

modified to form Vit D

175
Q

Four specific hormones released by Thymus

A

Thymosin
Thymic humoral factor
Thymic factor
Thymopoietin

176
Q

4 miscellaneous hormones released by liver?

A

IGF-1
Angiotensinogen- inc BP
Thrombopoietin- stims platelet production
Hepcidin- block release of Fe into body fluids

177
Q

Source and function of Cholecystokinin

A

Secreted by I cells of small int.
Stim by: fats and proteins (monoglycerides, fatty acids, small peptides, amino acids)

Causes gallbladder contractions
Slows gastric emptying
Stims secretion of pancreatic enzymes, bicarb, exocrine pancreas and gallbladder growth
Satiety*

178
Q

Source and function of Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Peptide (aka gastric inhibitory peptide)

A

Secreted by K cells of small intestines
Stim by presence of glucose, fatty acids or aa

Stimulates release of insulin
Inhibits H+ ion secretion

179
Q

Source and function of secretin

A

Secreted by S cells of small intestine
Stimulated by presence of fatty acids, acidic contents

Stimulates secretion of BiCarb from pancreas and gallbladder
Inhibits gastrin effects

180
Q

Source and function of Eicosanoids

A

Found in all body cells EXCEPT RBCs
Paracrine/autocrine hormones in response to mechanical/chemical stimuli

Prostaglandins- tons of effects
Leukotrienes- WBC chemotaxis stimulation

181
Q

Source and function of histamine

A

Synth in any tissue w/ mast cells and platelets
Stimulated by trauma and immune response

Contract smooth muscles (lungs, uterus, stomach)
Lowers BP
Stimulates gastric acid release
Increase permeability in capillaries and post-cap venules

182
Q

Source and function of serotonin

A

Synthesized in small intestine, brain and CNS
Platelets will uptake free serotonin for storage

Mood, anxiety, appetite, temp, eating/sex behavior
Body and gastro movement
Can be Vasoconstrictor/dilator

183
Q

What are the two types of stress

A

Eustress

Distress

184
Q

What is the process of the body counteracting stress called

What controls this process?

A

General Adaptation Syndrome

Hypothalamus

185
Q

What are the 3 phases of stress response

A

Alarm
Resistance
Exhaustion

186
Q

Define functional medicine

A

Addresses root cause of disease
Treats whole system
Still considered “alternative medicine”

187
Q

Aging endocrine system has what effects on the body

A

dec hGH= atrophy
dec T3/T4= dec metabolism, inc fat, hypothyroidism
dec insulin, dec receptor sensitivity= hyperglycemia
dec ovary size, dec estrogen= osteoperosis, atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia
dec testes size= same amount of sperm, altered morphology and motility

Inc TRH/TSH
Inc PTH= dec calcitonin, dec calcitriol

IPAP (212 decks)

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