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IPAP > Micro Block 5 > Flashcards

Micro Block 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Tegument

A

Protective covering or cuticle found in helminths

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2
Q

What are the attachment structures of helminths?

A

Hooks
Suckers
Teeth
Plates

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3
Q

Helminths include what sub-phylums?

A

Platyhelminths- flat worms
Cestodes- tapeworms
Trematodes

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4
Q

What are the segments of a tapeworms body called?

A

Proglottids

Strobila- chain of proglottids

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5
Q

Define Scolex

A

Head of Cestodes

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6
Q

Define Rostellum

A

Pointed end of scolex w/ points of attachment

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7
Q

How do tapeworms eat and reproduce?

A

Absorption

Hermaphroditic

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8
Q

Most Cestode eggs are ____ and contain ____?

What is the exception?

A

Nonperculated, hexacanth embryo

Exception- Diphyllobothrium Latum, unemyoneated operculated eggs

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9
Q

Define Oncosphere

A

Six-hooked larval form released when Cestode eggs hatch

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10
Q

What is the life cycle of Taenia?

A

1- eggs/gravid proglottids in feces passed to environment
2- cattle/pigs infected from eating
3- oncospheres penetrate intestine wall->muscles
4- cysticerci develops in muscle
5- humans infected by eating raw/under cooked meat
6- scolex attaches to intesetine and matures to adult

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11
Q

Which Taenia species gets bigger?

A

Saginata- 5m or less

Solium- 2-7m

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12
Q

Where are Taenia found?

A

Worldwide distribution

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13
Q

How does Taenia Saginata persist within the US?

Where is Taenia solium more prevalent?

A

Larva ingested with eating raw/rare steak

Communities w/ close relations w/ pigs/under cooked pork

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14
Q

Where is Taenia Asiatic predominantly found?

A 
Asia
Korea
China
Indonesia
Thailand
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15
Q

How does Taenia Saginata present clinically?

A

Mild abdominal symptoms
Passing ACTIVE proglottids
Appendicitis/cholangitis

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16
Q

How does Taenia Solium present clincally?

A

Passage of proglottid

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17
Q

What is the most important feature of Taenia Solium?

A

Risk of developing cysticercosis

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18
Q

How are Taenia Saginata diagnosed in the lab?

A

Eggs and proglottids in feces
Not possible within first 3mon of infection before adult is formed
Count # of primary uterine branches (Solium= 7-13, Saginata= 15-30)
Gravid proglottid longer than wide

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19
Q

How long for Taenia Saginata to mature and lifespan?

A

2-3mon to mature

Lifespan- 5 years

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20
Q

What do the scolices of Taenia Saginata look like?

A

4 muscular cup suckers

No crown of hooklets on restellum

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21
Q

Can Ab detection methods detect Taenia infections?

A

Yes, especially in early stages when adult form is growing

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22
Q

How long after Taenia treatment are samples collected?

A

3 days after treatment

Repeat @ 1 and 3 mon

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23
Q

What is different/unique about the Taenia Solium life cycle and infection ability?

A

Larva infect humans and pigs

Infection by ingestion of contaminant or autoinfection

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24
Q

What is the intermediate host for Taenia Solium?

A

Pigs

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25
Q

How is human cysticercosis acquired?

A

Ingesting T. Solium eggs from feces of a human carrying T. Solium adult tapeworm
Acquired in populations w/out interaction/consumption of pork

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26
Q

What is the greatest concern about Cysticercosis?

A

Cerebral or Neural

Causes seizures, mental disturbances, space-occupying lesions

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27
Q

Extracerebral cysticercosis can cause lesions in what 3 areas?

A

Ocular
Cardiac
Spine

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28
Q

How would asymptomatic cysticercosis be seen?

A

Subcutaneous nodules

Calcified intramuscular nodules

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29
Q

Taenia Solium eggs and proglottids in feces diagnosis ____ but not _____

A

Taeniasis

Cysticercosis

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30
Q

Why do people with Taenia Solium eggs/proglottids found in feces need to be evaluated seriologically?

A

Autoinfection resulting in cysticercosis can occur

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31
Q

What kind of scolex branches would be seen with Cysticercosis infection?

A

4 muscle-cup suckers and crown of hooklets

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32
Q

What is the immunodiagnostic test of choice for confirming clinical/radiographic presumptions of Neurocysticercosis?

A

Immunoblot assay with purified T. Solium Ags

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33
Q

Can PCR tests detect T. Solium infections?

A

Yes, detects DNA in CSF

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34
Q

What is the Fish or Broad Tapeworm?

A

Diphyllobothrium Latum

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35
Q

What is the largest human tapeworm?

A

Diphyllobothrum latum

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36
Q

What are the two intermediate hosts of Diphyllobothrium?

A

Crustaceans/copepod

Freshwater fish

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37
Q

What is the life cycle of Diphyllobothrium?

A

1- unembryonated eggs pass in feces
2- eggs embryonate in water
3- coracidia hatch from eggs and ingested by crustaceans
4- procercoid larva in crustacean
5- infected crustacean eaten by fish, precercoid larva->plerocercoid larva
6- predator fish eats smaller fish
7- human eats infected fish
8- adult lives in small intestine, proglottids release immature eggs

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38
Q

Where is diphyllobothrisasis located geographically?

A

Northern Hemisphere and South America

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39
Q

What kind of food is diphyllobothriasis infections associated with?

A

Ceviche

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40
Q

How long do diphyllobothriasis infections last?

A

Decades

Most are asymptomatic

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41
Q

What are the S/Sx of diphyllobothriasis infections?

A 
Abdominal discomfort
Diarrhea, vomiting
Weight Loss
B12 deficiency w/ pernicious anemia
Massive infections cause obstructions
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42
Q

How are Diphyllobothriasis infections confirmed diagnostically?

A

Eggs or proglottids in stool

Eggs are operculated

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43
Q

What does the scolex of Diphyllobothriasis look like?

A

Lance shaped, two leaf shaped with bothria (lateral groobes for attachment)

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44
Q

What do Diphyllobothriasis proglottids look like microscopically?

A

Wider than long

Central uterine structure resembling a rosette

45
Q

How are Diphyllobothriasis infections acquired?

A

Eating under cooked/raw fresh water fish with pleurocercoi larvae

46
Q

Diphyllobothriasis infections are often asymptomatic unless?

A

Proglottids migrate to gall bladder/bile ducts

47
Q

What causes Human Echinococcosis?

A

Hydatid Disease

Ingestion of larval Echinococcus cestodes

48
Q

What is the most frequently encountered Echinococcosis?

Where is it found?

A

Echinococcus granulosus causing Cystic Echinococcosis

Worldwide, but predominantly where dogs eat infected animal parts

49
Q

What does E. Multiocularis cause?

Where is it found?

A

Alveolar Echinococcosis

Northern Hemisphere

50
Q

What does E. Vogeli cause?

Where is it found?

A

Polycystic echinococcosis

Central and South America

51
Q

What does E. Oligarthrus cause?

Where is it found?

A

Rarest form of human echinococcosis
3 cases
Central and South America

52
Q

What are the definitive and intermediate hosts in the Echococcus life cycle?

A

Definitive- Dogs/canidae,

Intermediate- sheep, goats, swine

53
Q

What form of Echinococcus do the definitive and intermediate hosts ingest?

A

Dogs/canidae: Cysts

Goat/sheep/swine: Eggs

54
Q

Humans infected with Echinococcus ingested the microbe in what form?

A

Embryonated egg in feces

55
Q

What is the diagnostic stage of Echinococcus life cycle?

A

Hydatid cyst in liver/lungs

56
Q

What is the infective and diagnostic stage of the Diaphyllobothrium life cycle?

A

I: infected crustacean eaten by fish
D: Unembryonated egg in feces

57
Q

What does the scolex of Echinococcus look like?

A

Scolex has 4 sucking discs and double row of hooklets

Strobila has 3 proglottids: one mature, one immature, one gravid

58
Q

Define Hydatid cyst

A

Larval form of Echinococcus that slowly grows tumor-like in humans with a unilocular membrane

59
Q

Define Brood Capsule

A

Structures on wall of membrane in hydatid cyst

60
Q

Define Protoscolices

A

Tapeworm head that develops in brood capsules

61
Q

Define Hydatid sand

A

Formed when daughter cysts and brood capsules disintegrate and liberate protoscolices

62
Q

How do Echinococcus granulosus infections present S/Sx?

A

Silent for years or decades before enlarged cysts cause symptoms

63
Q

What happens if a Echinoccus cyst ruptures within a patient?

A

Fever
Urticaria
Eosinophilia
Anaphylactic shock

64
Q

Which form of Echinocccus infects the liver as a slow growing/invasively destructive tumor?

A

Multiocularis- destructive tumor

Vogeli- slow growing tumor

65
Q

How is Echinococcus diagnosed clinically?

A

Radiological examination

66
Q

What is key when dealing with Echinococcosis?

A

Prevention
Washing hands/utensils
Keeping dogs clear of infected organs

67
Q

Hymenolepsis nana is AKA ?

A

Dwarf tapeworm

68
Q

What is the egg appearance of Hymenolepsis?

A

6 hooked embryo

Polar filaments

69
Q

What is the scolex appearance of Hymenolepsis?

A

Four muscular suckers

Crown of hooklets

70
Q

What is the infective stage of Hymenolepis nana?

A

Embryonated egg eaten by human from contaminated food/water/hands

71
Q

What is the diagnostic stage of Hymenolepis nana?

A

Embryonated egg in feces

72
Q

What larvae can develop in human intestines as a cysticercus?

A

Hymenolepis nana

73
Q

Where is Hymenolepis nana predominantly found?

A

20mill infections worldwide, mostly children or institutionalized peoples

74
Q

What are the infectious and diagnostic stages of Hymenolepis diminuta?

A 
I= Cysticerci in body of insect ingested by human/rodent
D= Eggs in feces
75
Q

What is the most common cause of all cestode infections worldwide?

A

Hymenolepis nana

76
Q

Hymenolepis Nana and Diminuta usually present ? clinically?

A

Asymptomatic

77
Q

Heavy infections of Hymenolepis Nana can present clinically with ? S/Sx?

A

Headache
Anorexia
Abdominal pain
Diarrhea

78
Q

What does Hymenoleps Diminuta require in order to reach infective cysticercoid stage?

A

Larval insect mealworms

79
Q

What is the pumpkin seed tapeworm?

A

Dipylidium caninum

80
Q

How many eggs are in each Pumpkin Seed packet of the Dipylidium Caninum?

A

25 eggs/packet

81
Q

What are the infective and diagnostic stages of Dipylidium caninum?

A

I- adult flea carries infectious cysticercoid

D= Proglottids w/ eggs in feces

82
Q

Where are Dipylidium Caninum infections reported?

A

Worldwide

Europe, PI, China, Japan, Argentina, US

83
Q

How do infections of Dipylidium caninum present in humans and in animals?

A

Humans- asymptomatic

Animals- Anal pruritis

84
Q

What is the most striking feature/sign of Dipylidium infections in humans/animals?

A

Passing proglottids

Motile when passed, resemble maggots

85
Q

How do humans acquire Dipylidium infections?

A

Accidental ingestion of flea from dog/cat

86
Q

What are the diagnostic and infectious stages of Spirometra species?

A 
I= infected crustacean ingested by second intermediate host
D= unembronated eggs in feces
87
Q

Where are Spirometra infections reported?

A

Worldwide but predominantly in Southeast Asia

Endemic to animals in North America

88
Q

What type of infection causes painful inflammatory tissues reactions, nodules and periorbital edema?

A

Sparganosis from spirometra

89
Q

How does Spirometra ocular diseases get introduced?

A

Frog/snake flex as covering for wound near eye

90
Q

How are Sparganum infections diagnosed?

A

Recovery of sparganum from infected tissue

91
Q

How is Sparganum infections acquired?

A

Eating/drinking infected copepod, undercooked meat, tissue exposure

92
Q

Stopped on

A

Trematoda digestive systems

93
Q

What do the digestive systems of Trematodas include?

A

Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Ceca- blind sac intestines

94
Q

What are the 3 types of reproductive systems Trematods have?

A

Monoecious- male and female in one organism
Dioecious- separate male/femal organisms
Fertilization- cross or self

95
Q

Most trematodes require two intermediate hosts, what are the ones called that only use one?

A

Schistosome

96
Q

What are the 4 shapes of intestinal ceca in trematodes?

A

Straight
Undulating
Branches
Rejoined

97
Q

What are the 3 testicular positions of trematodes?

A

Para
Oblique
Tandem

98
Q

What is the name of the Lung Fluke?

A

Paragonimus Westermani

99
Q

What are the two intermediate hosts of Paragonimus Westermani?
What is it’s reservoir host?

A

Snail then Crab/crayfish

Piscivores (fish eating animals)

100
Q

What is the infective form of Paragonimus Westermani?

A

Metacercaria

101
Q

What is the mode of ingestion of Paragonimus Westermani?

A

Ingestion of undercooked crustaceans carrying metcercaria

102
Q

What is the specimen of choice for laboratory diagnosis of Paragonimus Westermani?

A

Sputum or Feces with eggs in it

103
Q

What is the name of the Sheep Liver Fluke?

A

Fasciola Hepatica

104
Q

How does Fasciola Hepatica cause infections in the body?

A

Eating metacercaria on leafy greens plants

Watercress

105
Q

Where are adult forms of Fasciola Hepatica found in the body?

A

Bile ducts

Liver tissue

106
Q

How is Fasciola Haptica diagnosed?

A

Eggs in feces
CT scan
ELISA

107
Q

What is the name of the Giant Intestinal Fluke

A

Fasciolopsis Buski

108
Q

Where is Fasciolopsis Buski found geographically?

A

SE Asia
India
China

109
Q

Stopped On

A

Slide 41 F Buski

IPAP (212 decks)

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