Micro Block 5 Flashcards by brandon lovin

Define Tegument

Protective covering or cuticle found in helminths

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What are the attachment structures of helminths?

Hooks
Suckers
Teeth
Plates

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Helminths include what sub-phylums?

Platyhelminths- flat worms
Cestodes- tapeworms
Trematodes

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What are the segments of a tapeworms body called?

Proglottids

Strobila- chain of proglottids

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Define Scolex

Head of Cestodes

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Define Rostellum

Pointed end of scolex w/ points of attachment

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How do tapeworms eat and reproduce?

Absorption

Hermaphroditic

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Most Cestode eggs are ____ and contain ____?

What is the exception?

Nonperculated, hexacanth embryo

Exception- Diphyllobothrium Latum, unemyoneated operculated eggs

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Define Oncosphere

Six-hooked larval form released when Cestode eggs hatch

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What is the life cycle of Taenia?

1- eggs/gravid proglottids in feces passed to environment
2- cattle/pigs infected from eating
3- oncospheres penetrate intestine wall->muscles
4- cysticerci develops in muscle
5- humans infected by eating raw/under cooked meat
6- scolex attaches to intesetine and matures to adult

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Which Taenia species gets bigger?

Saginata- 5m or less

Solium- 2-7m

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Where are Taenia found?

Worldwide distribution

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How does Taenia Saginata persist within the US?

Where is Taenia solium more prevalent?

Larva ingested with eating raw/rare steak

Communities w/ close relations w/ pigs/under cooked pork

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Where is Taenia Asiatic predominantly found?

Asia
Korea
China
Indonesia
Thailand

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How does Taenia Saginata present clinically?

Mild abdominal symptoms
Passing ACTIVE proglottids
Appendicitis/cholangitis

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How does Taenia Solium present clincally?

Passage of proglottid

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What is the most important feature of Taenia Solium?

Risk of developing cysticercosis

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How are Taenia Saginata diagnosed in the lab?

Eggs and proglottids in feces
Not possible within first 3mon of infection before adult is formed
Count # of primary uterine branches (Solium= 7-13, Saginata= 15-30)
Gravid proglottid longer than wide

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How long for Taenia Saginata to mature and lifespan?

2-3mon to mature

Lifespan- 5 years

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What do the scolices of Taenia Saginata look like?

4 muscular cup suckers

No crown of hooklets on restellum

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Can Ab detection methods detect Taenia infections?

Yes, especially in early stages when adult form is growing

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How long after Taenia treatment are samples collected?

3 days after treatment

Repeat @ 1 and 3 mon

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What is different/unique about the Taenia Solium life cycle and infection ability?

Larva infect humans and pigs

Infection by ingestion of contaminant or autoinfection

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What is the intermediate host for Taenia Solium?

Pigs

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How is human cysticercosis acquired?

Ingesting T. Solium eggs from feces of a human carrying T. Solium adult tapeworm Acquired in populations w/out interaction/consumption of pork

What is the greatest concern about Cysticercosis?

Cerebral or Neural | Causes seizures, mental disturbances, space-occupying lesions

Extracerebral cysticercosis can cause lesions in what 3 areas?

Ocular Cardiac Spine

How would asymptomatic cysticercosis be seen?

Subcutaneous nodules | Calcified intramuscular nodules

Taenia Solium eggs and proglottids in feces diagnosis ____ but not _____

Taeniasis | Cysticercosis

Why do people with Taenia Solium eggs/proglottids found in feces need to be evaluated seriologically?

Autoinfection resulting in cysticercosis can occur

What kind of scolex branches would be seen with Cysticercosis infection?

4 muscle-cup suckers and crown of hooklets

What is the immunodiagnostic test of choice for confirming clinical/radiographic presumptions of Neurocysticercosis?

Immunoblot assay with purified T. Solium Ags

Can PCR tests detect T. Solium infections?

Yes, detects DNA in CSF

What is the Fish or Broad Tapeworm?

Diphyllobothrium Latum

What is the largest human tapeworm?

Diphyllobothrum latum

What are the two intermediate hosts of Diphyllobothrium?

Crustaceans/copepod | Freshwater fish

What is the life cycle of Diphyllobothrium?

1- unembryonated eggs pass in feces 2- eggs embryonate in water 3- coracidia hatch from eggs and ingested by crustaceans 4- procercoid larva in crustacean 5- infected crustacean eaten by fish, precercoid larva->plerocercoid larva 6- predator fish eats smaller fish 7- human eats infected fish 8- adult lives in small intestine, proglottids release immature eggs

Where is diphyllobothrisasis located geographically?

Northern Hemisphere and South America

What kind of food is diphyllobothriasis infections associated with?

Ceviche

How long do diphyllobothriasis infections last?

Decades | Most are asymptomatic

What are the S/Sx of diphyllobothriasis infections?

``` Abdominal discomfort Diarrhea, vomiting Weight Loss B12 deficiency w/ pernicious anemia Massive infections cause obstructions ```

How are Diphyllobothriasis infections confirmed diagnostically?

Eggs or proglottids in stool | Eggs are operculated

What does the scolex of Diphyllobothriasis look like?

Lance shaped, two leaf shaped with bothria (lateral groobes for attachment)

What do Diphyllobothriasis proglottids look like microscopically?

Wider than long | Central uterine structure resembling a rosette

How are Diphyllobothriasis infections acquired?

Eating under cooked/raw fresh water fish with pleurocercoi larvae

Diphyllobothriasis infections are often asymptomatic unless?

Proglottids migrate to gall bladder/bile ducts

What causes Human Echinococcosis?

Hydatid Disease | Ingestion of larval Echinococcus cestodes

What is the most frequently encountered Echinococcosis? | Where is it found?

Echinococcus granulosus causing Cystic Echinococcosis | Worldwide, but predominantly where dogs eat infected animal parts

What does E. Multiocularis cause? | Where is it found?

Alveolar Echinococcosis | Northern Hemisphere

What does E. Vogeli cause? | Where is it found?

Polycystic echinococcosis | Central and South America

What does E. Oligarthrus cause? | Where is it found?

Rarest form of human echinococcosis 3 cases Central and South America

What are the definitive and intermediate hosts in the Echococcus life cycle?

Definitive- Dogs/canidae, | Intermediate- sheep, goats, swine

What form of Echinococcus do the definitive and intermediate hosts ingest?

Dogs/canidae: Cysts | Goat/sheep/swine: Eggs

Humans infected with Echinococcus ingested the microbe in what form?

Embryonated egg in feces

What is the diagnostic stage of Echinococcus life cycle?

Hydatid cyst in liver/lungs

What is the infective and diagnostic stage of the Diaphyllobothrium life cycle?

I: infected crustacean eaten by fish D: Unembryonated egg in feces

What does the scolex of Echinococcus look like?

Scolex has 4 sucking discs and double row of hooklets | Strobila has 3 proglottids: one mature, one immature, one gravid

Define Hydatid cyst

Larval form of Echinococcus that slowly grows tumor-like in humans with a unilocular membrane

Define Brood Capsule

Structures on wall of membrane in hydatid cyst

Define Protoscolices

Tapeworm head that develops in brood capsules

Define Hydatid sand

Formed when daughter cysts and brood capsules disintegrate and liberate protoscolices

How do Echinococcus granulosus infections present S/Sx?

Silent for years or decades before enlarged cysts cause symptoms

What happens if a Echinoccus cyst ruptures within a patient?

Fever Urticaria Eosinophilia Anaphylactic shock

Which form of Echinocccus infects the liver as a slow growing/invasively destructive tumor?

Multiocularis- destructive tumor | Vogeli- slow growing tumor

How is Echinococcus diagnosed clinically?

Radiological examination

What is key when dealing with Echinococcosis?

Prevention Washing hands/utensils Keeping dogs clear of infected organs

Hymenolepsis nana is AKA ?

Dwarf tapeworm

What is the egg appearance of Hymenolepsis?

6 hooked embryo | Polar filaments

What is the scolex appearance of Hymenolepsis?

Four muscular suckers | Crown of hooklets

What is the infective stage of Hymenolepis nana?

Embryonated egg eaten by human from contaminated food/water/hands

What is the diagnostic stage of Hymenolepis nana?

Embryonated egg in feces

What larvae can develop in human intestines as a cysticercus?

Hymenolepis nana

Where is Hymenolepis nana predominantly found?

20mill infections worldwide, mostly children or institutionalized peoples

What are the infectious and diagnostic stages of Hymenolepis diminuta?

``` I= Cysticerci in body of insect ingested by human/rodent D= Eggs in feces ```

What is the most common cause of all cestode infections worldwide?

Hymenolepis nana

Hymenolepis Nana and Diminuta usually present ? clinically?

Asymptomatic

Heavy infections of Hymenolepis Nana can present clinically with ? S/Sx?

Headache Anorexia Abdominal pain Diarrhea

What does Hymenoleps Diminuta require in order to reach infective cysticercoid stage?

Larval insect mealworms

What is the pumpkin seed tapeworm?

Dipylidium caninum

How many eggs are in each Pumpkin Seed packet of the Dipylidium Caninum?

25 eggs/packet

What are the infective and diagnostic stages of Dipylidium caninum?

I- adult flea carries infectious cysticercoid | D= Proglottids w/ eggs in feces

Where are Dipylidium Caninum infections reported?

Worldwide | Europe, PI, China, Japan, Argentina, US

How do infections of Dipylidium caninum present in humans and in animals?

Humans- asymptomatic | Animals- Anal pruritis

What is the most striking feature/sign of Dipylidium infections in humans/animals?

Passing proglottids | Motile when passed, resemble maggots

How do humans acquire Dipylidium infections?

Accidental ingestion of flea from dog/cat

What are the diagnostic and infectious stages of Spirometra species?

``` I= infected crustacean ingested by second intermediate host D= unembronated eggs in feces ```

Where are Spirometra infections reported?

Worldwide but predominantly in Southeast Asia | Endemic to animals in North America

What type of infection causes painful inflammatory tissues reactions, nodules and periorbital edema?

Sparganosis from spirometra

How does Spirometra ocular diseases get introduced?

Frog/snake flex as covering for wound near eye

How are Sparganum infections diagnosed?

Recovery of sparganum from infected tissue

How is Sparganum infections acquired?

Eating/drinking infected copepod, undercooked meat, tissue exposure

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Trematoda digestive systems

What do the digestive systems of Trematodas include?

Mouth Pharynx Esophagus Ceca- blind sac intestines

What are the 3 types of reproductive systems Trematods have?

Monoecious- male and female in one organism Dioecious- separate male/femal organisms Fertilization- cross or self

Most trematodes require two intermediate hosts, what are the ones called that only use one?

Schistosome

What are the 4 shapes of intestinal ceca in trematodes?

Straight Undulating Branches Rejoined

What are the 3 testicular positions of trematodes?

Para Oblique Tandem

What is the name of the Lung Fluke?

Paragonimus Westermani

What are the two intermediate hosts of Paragonimus Westermani? What is it's reservoir host?

Snail then Crab/crayfish | Piscivores (fish eating animals)

What is the infective form of Paragonimus Westermani?

Metacercaria

What is the mode of ingestion of Paragonimus Westermani?

Ingestion of undercooked crustaceans carrying metcercaria

What is the specimen of choice for laboratory diagnosis of Paragonimus Westermani?

Sputum or Feces with eggs in it

What is the name of the Sheep Liver Fluke?

Fasciola Hepatica

How does Fasciola Hepatica cause infections in the body?

Eating metacercaria on leafy greens plants | Watercress

Where are adult forms of Fasciola Hepatica found in the body?

Bile ducts | Liver tissue

How is Fasciola Haptica diagnosed?

Eggs in feces CT scan ELISA

What is the name of the Giant Intestinal Fluke

Fasciolopsis Buski

Where is Fasciolopsis Buski found geographically?

SE Asia India China

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Slide 41 F Buski