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Micro Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Define Immune Response

A

Overall actions and interactions of the immune system to provide immunity beginning w/ host/foreign encounter and leading to cellular/chemical defensive actions.

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2
Q

How much of blood is RBCs?

How much of blood is WBCs?

A

4-6mill/mcL

4500-11000/mcL

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3
Q

Basophils respond to ? and make up __%
Eosinophils respond to ? and make up __%
Neutrophils respond to ? and make up __%

A

B- inflammatory .5-1%
E- allergic 1-5
N- inflammatory 45-75%

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4
Q

How fast do neutrophils mature?
How long do they circulate?
Where do the adhere to and wait?

A

10^10/day
circ for 6-10hrs
adhere to endothelium

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5
Q

Monocytes mature into ? 2 cells?
What signals do they respond to?
What % of blood do they make up?

A

macrophages and dendritic
inflammatory
2-8%

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6
Q

What are the 3 types of lymphocytes?
How fast do they mature?
How long do they circulate before adhering and waiting?

A

T B NKC
10^9
Completes cycle in 1-2 days
1% circulate, the rest adhere to blood/lymph vessels

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7
Q

What is the largest of the phagocytic cells?

A

Macrophages- monocyte->macrophage (10x bigger)
major phagocytic role, lower numbers
Broad specificity allows major line of defense against microbes or abnormal host cells

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8
Q

What is the function of the lymph nodes?

A

Lymph fluid carrying Ags and APCs through nodes and encounter/activate pre-committed lymphocytes
Respond to local and regional infections

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9
Q

What is the function of the spleen?

A

Blood-borne antigens and APCs travel through organ where they encounter/activate pre-committed lymphocytes.
Responds to systemic infections.

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10
Q

What are the MHC complexes?

A

Proteins on surface of blood/tissue cells that identify cells as belonging to a specific individual.
Recognition of self vs non-self

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11
Q

What are the two classes of MHC complexes?

A

1- one aa chain, on almost every cell in body

II- two aa chains, only on certain cells of immune system. Particularly dendritic, macrophage and B cells

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12
Q

How do MHC complexes recognize cells?

A

Antigens recognized by T cells when presented to MHC molecules

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13
Q

What are the main characteristics of the dendritic cells?

A

Specialized cells predominantly located in tissues exposed to external environment and participate in initiating antigen recognition and immune responses

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14
Q

List 6 places where dendritic cells can be found and the names of those cells

A 
Langerhans- skin
Intestine- various
Alveolar macrophage- lung
Kupffer cells- liver
Microglial cells- brain
interdigitating- lymph nodes/spleen
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15
Q

Major characteristics of antigens?
What is their chemical nature?
What are their typical minimal size?

A

foreign substance which stimulates an immune response when introduced to the body and reacts/ binds with antibodies or T cell receptors.
Protein w/ complex 3D configuration
Molecular weight usually greater than 10,000

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16
Q

What is an epitope?

What determines their quality?

A

Specific part of immunogen that determines the exact antibody to produce.
Portion of Ag that binds w/ antibody or TCR
Different epitopes ( even on same Ag) will produce different antibodies
Quality determined by exposure and 3D shape

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17
Q

Define antibody

Characteristics of antibody

A

immunoglobulin, 20% of plasma proteins
antigen-specific glycoprotein
Y shaped w/ Fab and Fc sites
A D E G M

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18
Q

What is the role of the Fab site?

A

antigen specific
specific site attachment assists w/ inactivation
“lock and key” specificity for specific antigen

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19
Q

How many Fab sites per immunoglobulin molecule?

How many Fc sites?

A

2 Fab per monomeric molecule

1 Fc- binds to phagocyte

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20
Q

Major characteristics and differences of Innate and Adaptive responses?

A

Innate: non-specific, general recognition, inflammatory
Adaptive: specific response w/ chemicals and cellular actions

Innate: physical and chemical barriers, phagocytosis
Adaptive: T cells, B cells, memory

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21
Q

Describe phagocytosis

A

antigenic substance is engulfed and digested by WBC
macrophage or neutrophil
chemotaxis- C5a
Adhere, Ingest, Digest

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22
Q

What are the significant surface molecules on T cells and what are their roles?

A

CD3- identifies mature cell
CD28- receives activation signal
CD40 receptor
LFA-1- adhesion mol of T cells

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23
Q

What are the significant surface molecules of B cells and what are their roles?

A

CD40- binds w/ receptor on T cell
CD19,20,21- identification
CD80/86- when acting as an APC

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24
Q

Where do T cells mature and concentrate?

Where do B cells mature and concentrate?

A

T- Thymus->nodes

B- marrow-> peripheral lymph tissues (spleen, MALT, nodes, marrow)

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25
Define APC | What do they produce?
Cell that binds antigen to specific receptors on surface Places some digested antigen on MHC-II Presents it to Helper T Cells Produce IL-1 and IL-12
26
What are the 3 types of APCs Where are they found? What are their surface proteins? What are their roles/activities?
macrophage- blood/lymph vessel, MHC-II, captures WHOLE microbes w/ phagocytosis, digests and presents dendrite- MHC-II, captures material, processes and presents B cell- CD40, CD19,20,21 and CD80/86, captures "digested" material via antigen specific BCRs and presents
27
What are the primary cells of cell mediated immunity response?
APC- macrophage, dendritic T Cells- Cytotoxic and Helper NKCs
28
What are the primary cells of humoral immunity?
APCs- Dendritic, macrophage or B Cells Activated Helper T Cells B Cells activated -> Ig production
29
What is the key composition and activities of the helper T Cells?
``` CD3 and CD4 Recognizes Ag on MHC-II of APC TCR->epitope on APC MHC-II ICAM-1 w/ LFA-1 CD28 w/ CD80/86 IL-1 initiates growth of T Cells ```
30
List the characteristics of TH1?
antigen specific local inflammatory response amplifies CTL response Promotes macrophage/neutrophil phagocytosis Down regulates further TH2 cells
31
List the characteristics of TH2?
Antigen specific immunoglobulin response Recruit/activate B Cells Enhances mast/baso/eosinophils attack Down regulates further TH1 development
32
Describe the composition and activities of CTLs?
CD8 and LFA-1 surface proteins Req's IL-2 from activated helper T Cell Recognizes Ag bound to MHC-1 of host target cell (virus, intracellular bacteria, parasites, cancer, transplanted tissues) Reqs LFA-1 and ICAM-1 contact CD8 not fully activated until "immunological synapse" is formed Destroys w/: Serglycin, perforin, granzymes
33
Describe passive immunity
Results from transfer of pre-formed Igs or cells from a donor to the host Host immune system does NOT participate short lived No memory cells produces
34
Describe active immunity
Direct stimulation of host's immune system Long lasting effects Memory cells produces
35
Describe events and speed of secondary response?
Rapid and highly specific by hosts immune system that has been previously encountered (Memory T or B Cells) Ig attach and neutralize/opsonize Ag (phagocytosis) APCs present Ag to T/B memory cells CD4 activate B cells CD8 inhibit/kill Ag CD4 activate B cells->plasma cells-> IgG Some non-memory T cells are activated and repeat primary response
36
Describe events and speed of primary response?
events in host immune system during a first time exposure Innate tries, APCs present, no recognition T cells activated, CD4 activate B cells/CD8 cells B cells differentiate->plasma cells and produce IgM Memory T and B cells formed
37
Which Ig can cross the placenta?
IgG
38
Which Ig's activate complement?
M and G
39
What Ig's have a potential opsonizing effect? | How do they accomplish this?
M- enhances ingestion of target cells by phagocytes | G- enhances phagocytic effectiveness
40
What Ig provides protection for mucosal areas?
IgA
41
Which Ig is elicited by parasitic infections?
IgE
42
Which Ig is produced in the greatest concentration?
IgG- 80-85% 1000mg/dL
43
Which Ig is produced in first sequence from plasma cells?
IgM
44
Which Ig provides major protection during primary response? | During secondary?
IgM | IgG
45
Describe IgE's function on a mast cell during allergic responses?
IgE binds tightly w/ surface receptors on mast cell | antigen reacts w/ IgE causing cell to dump histamines/chemical mediators
46
Describe composition and activity of NKCs | What enhances them?
CD16 and CD56, NO CD3 Does not require MHC-I or II presentaiton Binds to surface proteins and carbohydrates on Fc of Ig Kills virus infected host and tumor cells Enhanced by IL-2 and IF
47
Define opsonization | What are the opsonization molecules?
attachment of Ig molecules to surface of antigen to mark for rapid phagocytosis and increasing phagocytic adherence IgG IgM C3b
48
``` IgM size Fab sites Timing of production Lifespan Concentration Function ```
``` Largest 970kD 10 binding sites First to appear after initial exposure 5 days 120mg/dL (5-10%) Major product of primary response Enhances phagocytic ingestion Bloodstream defender Activates compliment ```
49
``` IgG size Fab sites Timing of production Lifespan Concentration Function ```
Smallest 150kD 4 subclasses Several days after Primary/very soon during Secondary Re Longest- 23 days 1000mg/dL 80-85% Major protection secondary response High Ag concentration before IgG formation Protects against circulating viruses and bacteria, neutralizes toxins Protects fetus Activates complement
50
``` IgA size Fab sites Timing of production Lifespan Concentration Function ```
Medium- dimer 400kD dimer soon after stimulation, serum levels increase w/ delay 6 days 200mg/dL 15% Secretory IgA defense through secretions, doesn't activate complement due to poor Fc binding May enhance nonspecific defenses (inflammation and phagocytosis)
51
``` IgD size Fab sites Timing of production Lifespan Concentration Function ```
small 180 kD monomer Surface receptor on B Cells- initiates immune response NOT synthesized by plasma cells, directly as surface molecules
52
``` IgE size Fab sites Timing of production Lifespan Concentration Function ```
``` medium monomer produced at first encounter of antigen shortest, 1.5-2 days lowest 0.05mg/dL Major Ig of allergic reactions, increased w/ parasitic infections Binds w/ mast cells, immediate contact hypersensitivity No complement activation ```
53
In humoral response, ____-lymphocytes are activated to differentiate into ____ and produce ____
B-> plasma cells-> IgM/IgG
54
What is the overall role of Cell Mediated Immunity
antigen specific protection against intracellular viruses/bacteria, parasites, fungi, tumors and transplanted organs through killing function of T and NK lymphocytes
55
What are memory cells?
B lymphocytes that remember antigen exposures for quick response upon future encounters
56
How are Cytotoxic T Cells activated? What connections are required? How do they protect the body from invaders?
IL-2 from activated Helper T cell Reqs contact between MHC-1 and TCR/ LFA-1 and ICAM-1 forming immunological synapse Destroys invaders by GPS method
57
What is meant by antigenic group and how are they distinguished?
organisms w/ major antigen that may be common to more than one species of the genus Designated by capital letters
58
What is meant by antigenic type?
organisms w/ common specific antigen to limited/related organisms (membranes of an antigenic group) Designated by numbers
59
Describe the major shapes and arrangements of bacteria cells
Coccus Bacillus- coccobacillus, coryneform/diaphtheroid, pleomorphic Spirochete
60
What are the major cell arrangements?
``` single- no arrangement pairs- one plane, daughter cells chains- one plane, end-to-end clusters- 3 planes, grapes palisades- picket fence, bacilli only ```
61
What are the major components of bacterial cytoplasm? | What is the overall function of the components?
comp: cell sap and genetic material function: metabolism and reproduction
62
What are the major components of bacterial cytoplasm membrane and what are the overall functions?
8-10% of cell's dry weight phopholipid bilayer- affect movement through membrane proteins- porins and enzymes
63
What is the overall function of the bacteria cell wall?
shape/rigidity protection attachment to tissues antibody attachment site
64
Endospores are found in the cytoplasm of Gram-______ bacteria
Pos
65
What is the "mucoid" slimy layer surrounding bacterial cell walls? What is it's function
capsule Resist phagocytosis Hide surface antigens Assist w/ attachment (dental plaque)
66
What are the thread like structures on the exterior of bacteria? What is their composition and function?
Flagellum Proteins Motility towards FAVORABLE conditions
67
Describe components and structure of a Gram-Pos cell wall
Peptidoglycan layer (60-80%)- N-acetylgucosamine and N-acetylemuramic acid, cross linked w/ peptide chains Teichoic acid- glycerol/ribitol w/ phospholipid bridges Protein inclusions- less frequent in Gram Neg
68
Describe the components and structure of Gram-Neg cell wall
peptidoglycan- 10-20% lipoprotein- creates periplasmic space Outer membrane
69
What makes up the outer membrane of a Gram-Neg cell all?
Phospholipid bilayer Pore proteins lipopolysaccharides- O antigen and site of Lipid A
70
define colony
clump of few million bacteria from same origin
71
Most medically significant bacteria will reproduce ever ___-___ min
30-60min 15-30hrs for some Rapidly growing bacteria can produce millions w/in 18-24hrs
72
Describe the types of O2 utilization?
aerobic- 21% microaerophilic- reduced O2 5-10% anaerobic- no O2 facultative- either will do
73
What are the optimal temps, pH, humidty and CO2 ranges for growth of typical medically significant bacteria?
34*C 6.8-7.4pH 60-80% humidity most don't require increased CO2, some need 5-7% CO2
74
Major characteristics of "atypical" bacteria? | Why are these significant in lab diagnosis?
Metabolically limited modified cell wall complicated/modified reproduction Reqs living host or highly enriched media
75
Mold cells are __-cellular and a mass is called _____. | Reproductive forms grow on what structures?
multi-cellular mycelium Spores on reproductive hyphae
76
____ growth reqs a media similar to bacteria but with ABX to inhibit bacteria
Fungi
77
What type of organism is a virus? Size? Reproduction?
Obligate, intracellular parasite 18-300 nm (0.018-0.3um), some 14,000nm in length Reqs host metabolic processes
78
What is the inner most structure of a virus? What is it composed of? What is it's function?
Core DNA or RNA Genetic info
79
What is structure found on exterior of only some viruses? | What is it's composition and function?
Envelope lipid bilayer and glycoprotein spikes protection, attachment, antigens during infection, site for antibody attachment
80
Describe the major steps of the virus infection
``` Attachment Penetration/uncoating Eclipse/synthesis Maturation Release ```
81
What are the growth conditions and time required for virus replication?
living cell required | isolation time: 2-28 days
82
what are the means of locomotion for protozoa
amoebae- pseudopdia (false feet) flagellates- flagella ciliates- cilia apicocomplexans (sporozoans) non-motile when mature
83
what are the characteristics of the major morphological stags of protozoa?
Pleomorphic trophozoite- active and pathogenic cystic- dormant and benign
84
what are the two protozoa reproduction types?
schizogony | conjugation
85
characteristics of trematodes
``` flukes- leaf shaped one body part, non-segmented 500um-60mm partial alimentary monoecious ```
86
characteristics of cestodes
``` tapeworms multiple body parts, segmented 2mm-12m no alimentary monoecious ```
87
characteristics of aschelminthes
``` nematodes (true roundworms) unsegmented and cylinder 300um-1m complete alimentary dioecious ```
88
List the differences between TH1 and TH2 activation? | What products are secreted for each and the event at the end of each cascade?
TH1- inflammation response, enhances CTL, enhances phagocytosis, inhibits TH2 (IL-2, IFN, TNF) TH2- immunoglobulin response, activates B cells, increases BEM response, inhibits TH2 (IL-4,5,6,10)
89
What is the location of Lipid A and the O Antigen?
Gram Neg cell wall | O antigen= cell wall antigen
90
what structure do macrophages grow/use to engulf microbes?
pseudopods
91
Which phagocytic microbe will eat until its death resulting in pus? Which immune response is pus included under?
neutrophil | Innate / humoral
92
Why do some bacteria need increased CO2 levels?
use CO2 as a pH buffer
93
What 3 cells can become memory cells?
B lymphocytes Helper T Cells Cytotoxic T Cells
94
What is the lysogenic cycle unique to?
dormant cycle of virus w/in a BACTERIA cell | lytic cycle= animal
95
what are the spikes on the outer viral envelope made of?
glycoproteins
96
What is the difference of LFA-1 and LFA-3? | Where are they found?
LFA-1: T cell binding | LFA-3: binding molecule of CD2
97
Define class switching
gene rearrangement leading to expression of new HEAVY chain class (IgM->G or A) without altering specificity (Fab) of the Ig
98
List two examples of obligate intracellular parasites?
Atypical bacteria | Viruses
99
What is the most potent activation signal for a B cell?
CD40 binding w/ CD40R on T Cell
100
Typical bacteria cell size
1-6um length | .5-.8um diameter, most 1-2um
101
Dimensions of staphylococcus Bacillus Pasteurella These bacterias are all examples of what type of bacteria?
Staph- 1um Bacillus- 1 x 1.3um Pasteurella- 0.2-0.7um Typical Bacteria
102
Atypical bacteria cell size
0.1-0.3
103
Yeast cell size
4-15um diameter
104
Mold cell size | Mold spore size
cell- 2-15um | spore- 1-10um
105
Virus particle sizes
180300nm, some 14000nm length
106
Protozoa size
2um - 1mm
107
Helminthes include what organisms | Aschelminthes include what organisms
Platyhelminthes (flatworms)- trematodes (flukes) cestodes (tapeworms) nematodes- true round worms
108
An antigenic determining site may also be known or called ?
epitope
109
trematode size
500um-60mm
110
cestode size
2mm-12m
111
aschelminthes size
300um - 1m
112
Lymphocytes are differentiated by ?
Clusters of differentiation
113
Viral envelope proteins act in what purpose/function?
antigens
114
TRF, IL-4 and IL-6 are involved with what type of immunity?
humoral
115
Lymphocyte with immune tolerance leads to ?
autoimmunity
116
Phagocytosis belongs to what type of immunity process?
innate- humoral
117
What makes IL-12?
macrophages
118
What makes IL-10?
TH2
119
After presenting Ag to next step, APCs will perform what function?
activate lymphocytes
120
Antigens stimulates an immune response when introduced to the body and react/bind with ____ or _____
Ab | TCRs
121
MHCs and recognition of self vs non self all rely on the presence/absence of what type of molecule?
proteins
122
During phagocytosis foreign material is engulfed and digested within what part of the cell?
phagolysosome
123
Immune tolerance is a result of ___ _____?
immune tolerance
124
CD80/86 used to be what molecules?
B7-1 and B7-2 on B cells
125
what are the key words on how APCs work when defining dendritic, macrophage and B Cell?
Dendritic- captures then presents Macrophage- engulfs B cell- captures digested material
126
lymphokines are produced by _____ | monokines are produced by _____
lymphocytes | macrophages
127
Macrophage Attracting Factor comes from what cells?
T Cells
128
Superantigen production brings in IF-y, what cell makes it?
T cells
129
Common B cell activating agents are ? 3
bacteria virus foreign RBC proteins
130
What happens if an antigen is T cell independent?
B cell is directly activated, causes: weak CD4 activation IgM ONLY production no memory cell formation
131
Opsonization/C3b may also increase dendritic cells located where?
kupfer cells in liver
132
Define clonal selection
T/B cells engage Ag and are cloned

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