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IPAP > Micro Study Guide > Flashcards

Micro Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Define Immune Response

A

Overall actions and interactions of the immune system to provide immunity beginning w/ host/foreign encounter and leading to cellular/chemical defensive actions.

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2
Q

How much of blood is RBCs?

How much of blood is WBCs?

A

4-6mill/mcL

4500-11000/mcL

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3
Q

Basophils respond to ? and make up __%
Eosinophils respond to ? and make up __%
Neutrophils respond to ? and make up __%

A

B- inflammatory .5-1%
E- allergic 1-5
N- inflammatory 45-75%

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4
Q

How fast do neutrophils mature?
How long do they circulate?
Where do the adhere to and wait?

A

10^10/day
circ for 6-10hrs
adhere to endothelium

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5
Q

Monocytes mature into ? 2 cells?
What signals do they respond to?
What % of blood do they make up?

A

macrophages and dendritic
inflammatory
2-8%

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6
Q

What are the 3 types of lymphocytes?
How fast do they mature?
How long do they circulate before adhering and waiting?

A

T B NKC
10^9
Completes cycle in 1-2 days
1% circulate, the rest adhere to blood/lymph vessels

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7
Q

What is the largest of the phagocytic cells?

A

Macrophages- monocyte->macrophage (10x bigger)
major phagocytic role, lower numbers
Broad specificity allows major line of defense against microbes or abnormal host cells

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8
Q

What is the function of the lymph nodes?

A

Lymph fluid carrying Ags and APCs through nodes and encounter/activate pre-committed lymphocytes
Respond to local and regional infections

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9
Q

What is the function of the spleen?

A

Blood-borne antigens and APCs travel through organ where they encounter/activate pre-committed lymphocytes.
Responds to systemic infections.

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10
Q

What are the MHC complexes?

A

Proteins on surface of blood/tissue cells that identify cells as belonging to a specific individual.
Recognition of self vs non-self

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11
Q

What are the two classes of MHC complexes?

A

1- one aa chain, on almost every cell in body

II- two aa chains, only on certain cells of immune system. Particularly dendritic, macrophage and B cells

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12
Q

How do MHC complexes recognize cells?

A

Antigens recognized by T cells when presented to MHC molecules

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13
Q

What are the main characteristics of the dendritic cells?

A

Specialized cells predominantly located in tissues exposed to external environment and participate in initiating antigen recognition and immune responses

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14
Q

List 6 places where dendritic cells can be found and the names of those cells

A 
Langerhans- skin
Intestine- various
Alveolar macrophage- lung
Kupffer cells- liver
Microglial cells- brain
interdigitating- lymph nodes/spleen
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15
Q

Major characteristics of antigens?
What is their chemical nature?
What are their typical minimal size?

A

foreign substance which stimulates an immune response when introduced to the body and reacts/ binds with antibodies or T cell receptors.
Protein w/ complex 3D configuration
Molecular weight usually greater than 10,000

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16
Q

What is an epitope?

What determines their quality?

A

Specific part of immunogen that determines the exact antibody to produce.
Portion of Ag that binds w/ antibody or TCR
Different epitopes ( even on same Ag) will produce different antibodies
Quality determined by exposure and 3D shape

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17
Q

Define antibody

Characteristics of antibody

A

immunoglobulin, 20% of plasma proteins
antigen-specific glycoprotein
Y shaped w/ Fab and Fc sites
A D E G M

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18
Q

What is the role of the Fab site?

A

antigen specific
specific site attachment assists w/ inactivation
“lock and key” specificity for specific antigen

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19
Q

How many Fab sites per immunoglobulin molecule?

How many Fc sites?

A

2 Fab per monomeric molecule

1 Fc- binds to phagocyte

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20
Q

Major characteristics and differences of Innate and Adaptive responses?

A

Innate: non-specific, general recognition, inflammatory
Adaptive: specific response w/ chemicals and cellular actions

Innate: physical and chemical barriers, phagocytosis
Adaptive: T cells, B cells, memory

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21
Q

Describe phagocytosis

A

antigenic substance is engulfed and digested by WBC
macrophage or neutrophil
chemotaxis- C5a
Adhere, Ingest, Digest

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22
Q

What are the significant surface molecules on T cells and what are their roles?

A

CD3- identifies mature cell
CD28- receives activation signal
CD40 receptor
LFA-1- adhesion mol of T cells

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23
Q

What are the significant surface molecules of B cells and what are their roles?

A

CD40- binds w/ receptor on T cell
CD19,20,21- identification
CD80/86- when acting as an APC

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24
Q

Where do T cells mature and concentrate?

Where do B cells mature and concentrate?

A

T- Thymus->nodes

B- marrow-> peripheral lymph tissues (spleen, MALT, nodes, marrow)

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25
Q

Define APC

What do they produce?

A

Cell that binds antigen to specific receptors on surface
Places some digested antigen on MHC-II
Presents it to Helper T Cells
Produce IL-1 and IL-12

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26
Q

What are the 3 types of APCs
Where are they found?
What are their surface proteins?
What are their roles/activities?

A

macrophage- blood/lymph vessel, MHC-II, captures WHOLE microbes w/ phagocytosis, digests and presents
dendrite- MHC-II, captures material, processes and presents
B cell- CD40, CD19,20,21 and CD80/86, captures “digested” material via antigen specific BCRs and presents

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27
Q

What are the primary cells of cell mediated immunity response?

A

APC- macrophage, dendritic
T Cells- Cytotoxic and Helper
NKCs

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28
Q

What are the primary cells of humoral immunity?

A

APCs- Dendritic, macrophage or B Cells
Activated Helper T Cells
B Cells activated -> Ig production

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29
Q

What is the key composition and activities of the helper T Cells?

A 
CD3 and CD4
Recognizes Ag on MHC-II of APC
TCR->epitope on APC MHC-II
ICAM-1 w/ LFA-1
CD28 w/ CD80/86
IL-1 initiates growth of T Cells
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30
Q

List the characteristics of TH1?

A

antigen specific local inflammatory response
amplifies CTL response
Promotes macrophage/neutrophil phagocytosis
Down regulates further TH2 cells

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31
Q

List the characteristics of TH2?

A

Antigen specific immunoglobulin response
Recruit/activate B Cells
Enhances mast/baso/eosinophils attack
Down regulates further TH1 development

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32
Q

Describe the composition and activities of CTLs?

A

CD8 and LFA-1 surface proteins
Req’s IL-2 from activated helper T Cell
Recognizes Ag bound to MHC-1 of host target cell
(virus, intracellular bacteria, parasites, cancer, transplanted tissues)
Reqs LFA-1 and ICAM-1 contact
CD8 not fully activated until “immunological synapse” is formed
Destroys w/: Serglycin, perforin, granzymes

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33
Q

Describe passive immunity

A

Results from transfer of pre-formed Igs or cells from a donor to the host
Host immune system does NOT participate
short lived
No memory cells produces

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34
Q

Describe active immunity

A

Direct stimulation of host’s immune system
Long lasting effects
Memory cells produces

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35
Q

Describe events and speed of secondary response?

A

Rapid and highly specific by hosts immune system that has been previously encountered (Memory T or B Cells)
Ig attach and neutralize/opsonize Ag (phagocytosis)
APCs present Ag to T/B memory cells
CD4 activate B cells
CD8 inhibit/kill Ag
CD4 activate B cells->plasma cells-> IgG
Some non-memory T cells are activated and repeat primary response

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36
Q

Describe events and speed of primary response?

A

events in host immune system during a first time exposure
Innate tries, APCs present, no recognition
T cells activated, CD4 activate B cells/CD8 cells
B cells differentiate->plasma cells and produce IgM
Memory T and B cells formed

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37
Q

Which Ig can cross the placenta?

A

IgG

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38
Q

Which Ig’s activate complement?

A

M and G

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39
Q

What Ig’s have a potential opsonizing effect?

How do they accomplish this?

A

M- enhances ingestion of target cells by phagocytes

G- enhances phagocytic effectiveness

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40
Q

What Ig provides protection for mucosal areas?

A

IgA

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41
Q

Which Ig is elicited by parasitic infections?

A

IgE

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42
Q

Which Ig is produced in the greatest concentration?

A

IgG- 80-85% 1000mg/dL

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43
Q

Which Ig is produced in first sequence from plasma cells?

A

IgM

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44
Q

Which Ig provides major protection during primary response?

During secondary?

A

IgM

IgG

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45
Q

Describe IgE’s function on a mast cell during allergic responses?

A

IgE binds tightly w/ surface receptors on mast cell

antigen reacts w/ IgE causing cell to dump histamines/chemical mediators

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46
Q

Describe composition and activity of NKCs

What enhances them?

A

CD16 and CD56, NO CD3
Does not require MHC-I or II presentaiton
Binds to surface proteins and carbohydrates on Fc of Ig
Kills virus infected host and tumor cells
Enhanced by IL-2 and IF

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47
Q

Define opsonization

What are the opsonization molecules?

A

attachment of Ig molecules to surface of antigen to mark for rapid phagocytosis and increasing phagocytic adherence
IgG IgM C3b

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48
Q 
IgM size
Fab sites
Timing of production
Lifespan
Concentration
Function
A 
Largest 970kD
10 binding sites
First to appear after initial exposure
5 days
120mg/dL (5-10%)
Major product of primary response
Enhances phagocytic ingestion
Bloodstream defender
Activates compliment
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49
Q 
IgG size
Fab sites
Timing of production
Lifespan
Concentration
Function
A

Smallest 150kD
4 subclasses
Several days after Primary/very soon during Secondary Re
Longest- 23 days
1000mg/dL 80-85%
Major protection secondary response
High Ag concentration before IgG formation
Protects against circulating viruses and bacteria, neutralizes toxins
Protects fetus
Activates complement

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50
Q 
IgA size
Fab sites
Timing of production
Lifespan
Concentration
Function
A

Medium- dimer 400kD
dimer
soon after stimulation, serum levels increase w/ delay
6 days
200mg/dL 15%
Secretory IgA defense through secretions, doesn’t activate complement due to poor Fc binding
May enhance nonspecific defenses (inflammation and phagocytosis)

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51
Q 
IgD size
Fab sites
Timing of production
Lifespan
Concentration
Function
A

small 180 kD
monomer
Surface receptor on B Cells- initiates immune response
NOT synthesized by plasma cells, directly as surface molecules

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52
Q 
IgE size
Fab sites
Timing of production
Lifespan
Concentration
Function
A 
medium
monomer
produced at first encounter of antigen
shortest, 1.5-2 days
lowest 0.05mg/dL
Major Ig of allergic reactions, increased w/ parasitic infections
Binds w/ mast cells, immediate contact hypersensitivity
No complement activation
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53
Q

In humoral response, ____-lymphocytes are activated to differentiate into ____ and produce ____

A

B-> plasma cells-> IgM/IgG

54
Q

What is the overall role of Cell Mediated Immunity

A

antigen specific protection against intracellular viruses/bacteria, parasites, fungi, tumors and transplanted organs through killing function of T and NK lymphocytes

55
Q

What are memory cells?

A

B lymphocytes that remember antigen exposures for quick response upon future encounters

56
Q

How are Cytotoxic T Cells activated?
What connections are required?
How do they protect the body from invaders?

A

IL-2 from activated Helper T cell
Reqs contact between MHC-1 and TCR/ LFA-1 and ICAM-1 forming immunological synapse
Destroys invaders by GPS method

57
Q

What is meant by antigenic group and how are they distinguished?

A

organisms w/ major antigen that may be common to more than one species of the genus
Designated by capital letters

58
Q

What is meant by antigenic type?

A

organisms w/ common specific antigen to limited/related organisms (membranes of an antigenic group)
Designated by numbers

59
Q

Describe the major shapes and arrangements of bacteria cells

A

Coccus
Bacillus- coccobacillus, coryneform/diaphtheroid, pleomorphic
Spirochete

60
Q

What are the major cell arrangements?

A 
single- no arrangement
pairs- one plane, daughter cells
chains- one plane, end-to-end
clusters- 3 planes, grapes
palisades- picket fence, bacilli only
61
Q

What are the major components of bacterial cytoplasm?

What is the overall function of the components?

A

comp: cell sap and genetic material
function: metabolism and reproduction

62
Q

What are the major components of bacterial cytoplasm membrane and what are the overall functions?

A

8-10% of cell’s dry weight
phopholipid bilayer- affect movement through membrane
proteins- porins and enzymes

63
Q

What is the overall function of the bacteria cell wall?

A

shape/rigidity
protection
attachment to tissues
antibody attachment site

64
Q

Endospores are found in the cytoplasm of Gram-______ bacteria

A

Pos

65
Q

What is the “mucoid” slimy layer surrounding bacterial cell walls?
What is it’s function

A

capsule
Resist phagocytosis
Hide surface antigens
Assist w/ attachment (dental plaque)

66
Q

What are the thread like structures on the exterior of bacteria?
What is their composition and function?

A

Flagellum
Proteins
Motility towards FAVORABLE conditions

67
Q

Describe components and structure of a Gram-Pos cell wall

A

Peptidoglycan layer (60-80%)- N-acetylgucosamine and N-acetylemuramic acid, cross linked w/ peptide chains
Teichoic acid- glycerol/ribitol w/ phospholipid bridges
Protein inclusions- less frequent in Gram Neg

68
Q

Describe the components and structure of Gram-Neg cell wall

A

peptidoglycan- 10-20%
lipoprotein- creates periplasmic space
Outer membrane

69
Q

What makes up the outer membrane of a Gram-Neg cell all?

A

Phospholipid bilayer
Pore proteins
lipopolysaccharides- O antigen and site of Lipid A

70
Q

define colony

A

clump of few million bacteria from same origin

71
Q

Most medically significant bacteria will reproduce ever ___-___ min

A

30-60min
15-30hrs for some
Rapidly growing bacteria can produce millions w/in 18-24hrs

72
Q

Describe the types of O2 utilization?

A

aerobic- 21%
microaerophilic- reduced O2 5-10%
anaerobic- no O2
facultative- either will do

73
Q

What are the optimal temps, pH, humidty and CO2 ranges for growth of typical medically significant bacteria?

A

34*C
6.8-7.4pH
60-80% humidity
most don’t require increased CO2, some need 5-7% CO2

74
Q

Major characteristics of “atypical” bacteria?

Why are these significant in lab diagnosis?

A

Metabolically limited
modified cell wall
complicated/modified reproduction

Reqs living host or highly enriched media

75
Q

Mold cells are __-cellular and a mass is called _____.

Reproductive forms grow on what structures?

A

multi-cellular
mycelium
Spores on reproductive hyphae

76
Q

____ growth reqs a media similar to bacteria but with ABX to inhibit bacteria

A

Fungi

77
Q

What type of organism is a virus?
Size?
Reproduction?

A

Obligate, intracellular parasite
18-300 nm (0.018-0.3um), some 14,000nm in length
Reqs host metabolic processes

78
Q

What is the inner most structure of a virus?
What is it composed of?
What is it’s function?

A

Core
DNA or RNA
Genetic info

79
Q

What is structure found on exterior of only some viruses?

What is it’s composition and function?

A

Envelope
lipid bilayer and glycoprotein spikes
protection, attachment, antigens during infection, site for antibody attachment

80
Q

Describe the major steps of the virus infection

A 
Attachment
Penetration/uncoating
Eclipse/synthesis
Maturation
Release
81
Q

What are the growth conditions and time required for virus replication?

A

living cell required

isolation time: 2-28 days

82
Q

what are the means of locomotion for protozoa

A

amoebae- pseudopdia (false feet)
flagellates- flagella
ciliates- cilia
apicocomplexans (sporozoans) non-motile when mature

83
Q

what are the characteristics of the major morphological stags of protozoa?

A

Pleomorphic
trophozoite- active and pathogenic
cystic- dormant and benign

84
Q

what are the two protozoa reproduction types?

A

schizogony

conjugation

85
Q

characteristics of trematodes

A 
flukes- leaf shaped
one body part, non-segmented
500um-60mm
partial alimentary 
monoecious
86
Q

characteristics of cestodes

A 
tapeworms
multiple body parts, segmented
2mm-12m
no alimentary
monoecious
87
Q

characteristics of aschelminthes

A 
nematodes (true roundworms)
unsegmented and cylinder
300um-1m
complete alimentary
dioecious
88
Q

List the differences between TH1 and TH2 activation?

What products are secreted for each and the event at the end of each cascade?

A

TH1- inflammation response, enhances CTL, enhances phagocytosis, inhibits TH2 (IL-2, IFN, TNF)

TH2- immunoglobulin response, activates B cells, increases BEM response, inhibits TH2 (IL-4,5,6,10)

89
Q

What is the location of Lipid A and the O Antigen?

A

Gram Neg cell wall

O antigen= cell wall antigen

90
Q

what structure do macrophages grow/use to engulf microbes?

A

pseudopods

91
Q

Which phagocytic microbe will eat until its death resulting in pus?
Which immune response is pus included under?

A

neutrophil

Innate / humoral

92
Q

Why do some bacteria need increased CO2 levels?

A

use CO2 as a pH buffer

93
Q

What 3 cells can become memory cells?

A

B lymphocytes
Helper T Cells
Cytotoxic T Cells

94
Q

What is the lysogenic cycle unique to?

A

dormant cycle of virus w/in a BACTERIA cell

lytic cycle= animal

95
Q

what are the spikes on the outer viral envelope made of?

A

glycoproteins

96
Q

What is the difference of LFA-1 and LFA-3?

Where are they found?

A

LFA-1: T cell binding

LFA-3: binding molecule of CD2

97
Q

Define class switching

A

gene rearrangement leading to expression of new HEAVY chain class (IgM->G or A) without altering specificity (Fab) of the Ig

98
Q

List two examples of obligate intracellular parasites?

A

Atypical bacteria

Viruses

99
Q

What is the most potent activation signal for a B cell?

A

CD40 binding w/ CD40R on T Cell

100
Q

Typical bacteria cell size

A

1-6um length

.5-.8um diameter, most 1-2um

101
Q

Dimensions of staphylococcus
Bacillus
Pasteurella
These bacterias are all examples of what type of bacteria?

A

Staph- 1um
Bacillus- 1 x 1.3um
Pasteurella- 0.2-0.7um
Typical Bacteria

102
Q

Atypical bacteria cell size

A

0.1-0.3

103
Q

Yeast cell size

A

4-15um diameter

104
Q

Mold cell size

Mold spore size

A

cell- 2-15um

spore- 1-10um

105
Q

Virus particle sizes

A

180300nm, some 14000nm length

106
Q

Protozoa size

A

2um - 1mm

107
Q

Helminthes include what organisms

Aschelminthes include what organisms

A

Platyhelminthes (flatworms)- trematodes (flukes) cestodes (tapeworms)

nematodes- true round worms

108
Q

An antigenic determining site may also be known or called ?

A

epitope

109
Q

trematode size

A

500um-60mm

110
Q

cestode size

A

2mm-12m

111
Q

aschelminthes size

A

300um - 1m

112
Q

Lymphocytes are differentiated by ?

A

Clusters of differentiation

113
Q

Viral envelope proteins act in what purpose/function?

A

antigens

114
Q

TRF, IL-4 and IL-6 are involved with what type of immunity?

A

humoral

115
Q

Lymphocyte with immune tolerance leads to ?

A

autoimmunity

116
Q

Phagocytosis belongs to what type of immunity process?

A

innate- humoral

117
Q

What makes IL-12?

A

macrophages

118
Q

What makes IL-10?

A

TH2

119
Q

After presenting Ag to next step, APCs will perform what function?

A

activate lymphocytes

120
Q

Antigens stimulates an immune response when introduced to the body and react/bind with ____ or _____

A

Ab

TCRs

121
Q

MHCs and recognition of self vs non self all rely on the presence/absence of what type of molecule?

A

proteins

122
Q

During phagocytosis foreign material is engulfed and digested within what part of the cell?

A

phagolysosome

123
Q

Immune tolerance is a result of ___ _____?

A

immune tolerance

124
Q

CD80/86 used to be what molecules?

A

B7-1 and B7-2 on B cells

125
Q

what are the key words on how APCs work when defining dendritic, macrophage and B Cell?

A

Dendritic- captures then presents
Macrophage- engulfs
B cell- captures digested material

126
Q

lymphokines are produced by _____

monokines are produced by _____

A

lymphocytes

macrophages

127
Q

Macrophage Attracting Factor comes from what cells?

A

T Cells

128
Q

Superantigen production brings in IF-y, what cell makes it?

A

T cells

129
Q

Common B cell activating agents are ? 3

A

bacteria
virus
foreign RBC proteins

130
Q

What happens if an antigen is T cell independent?

A

B cell is directly activated, causes:
weak CD4 activation
IgM ONLY production
no memory cell formation

131
Q

Opsonization/C3b may also increase dendritic cells located where?

A

kupfer cells in liver

132
Q

Define clonal selection

A

T/B cells engage Ag and are cloned

IPAP (212 decks)

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