Mass Cards Review Flashcards
What is the difference between a Serous and Mucous Membrane
What is the name of the top and bottom horizontal lines dividing the abdomen into 9 regions
Serous- cavity lining not open to exterior
Mucous- cavity lining open to exterior
Top: subcostal
Bottom: transtubercular
Define Anatomy/Physiology
Define Embryology
Define Cell Biology
Define Gross Anatomy
A: science of structures
P: science of function
First 8wks of after fertilization
Study of cellular structure/function
Study of structures w/out microscope
8 levels of structural organization
What are the two phases of metabolism
Chemical Molecular Cellular Tissue Organ System Organism
Catabolism- breaking down complex substances
Anabolism- building complex substances from simple components
Homeostasis is maintained and corrected by what two bodily systems
What are the three components of a feedback system
Nervous, Endocrine via negative feedback (MC type)
Receptors- send input
Control center- receives
Effector- causes change
Retroperitoneal organs
SAD PUCKER:
Suprarenal glands
Aorta/IVC
Duodenum (2/3 segments)
Pancreas Ureters Colon (A/De-scend) Kidneys Esophagus Rectum
Heart beats ? times per day
Heart pumps blood through ? miles of vessels
Heart pumps ? gallons of blood per day
100K
75K
3600
Apex of the heart is formed by the ? while the base is formed by the ?
Define Dextrocardia
Define Situs Inversus Totalis
Inferiorlateral LV; LA > RA
Apex points to right
Transposition of organs
Layers of the Pericardium
Fibrous- superficial layer preventing over stretching fused to great vessels/central tendon of diaphragm
Serous Pericardium- parietal layer (fused w/ fibrous pericardium) and visceral layer (AKA epicardium) to heart surface
Define Pericardial Cavity
What are the 3 layers of the heart
Cavity between visceral and parietal layer of serous pericardium filled w/ pericardial fluid
Epi/Myo/Endo-cardium
Vessels and lymphatics that supply all three layers of the heart rest/start in ? layer
This same layer also provides / protective purpose to other structures
Epicardium
Adipose deposits collected for vessel protection
When in the heart, the inner most layer is called ? but changes to ? when in vessels
What are the names of the atrial appendages
Endocardium, Endothelium
Auricles- anterior surface of atria to increase collecting/pumping capacity
What is the external structure that separates atria from ventricles
What is the external structure that separates right/left ventricles
Coronary sulcus
Interventricular sulcus
What are the two special features that are unique to the atrias
Pectinate muscles: special ridges in anterior RA and both auricles
Crista terminalis- dividing line between smooth posterior and rough anterior surfaces
What are the three special features of the ventricles
Trabeculae carneae: raised bundles of muscle fibers
Papillary muscle: cone shapes trabeculae carneae attaches to chordae
Chordae tendineae: tendon-like cords connected to papillary muscles connected to tri/bicuscpid valves
Intraventricular septum is mostly made up of ? structure
This septum is the only normal pathway for ?
LV
Electricity to pass from atria to ventricles
What dense connective tissue is found in the heart
What are the two fetal cardiac structures
Fibrous skeleton- collagen/elastic fibers making an electrical insulator in muscle/around valves keeping signals contained w/in heart
Foramen Ovale- bypasses lungs/ventricles
Ductus arteriosus- shunt from pulm artery to aorta arch, bypasses lungs
After birth, Foramen Ovale becomes ?
After birth, Ductus Arteriosus becomes ?
What causes AV valves to open
Fossa ovalis
Ligamentum arteriosium
High volume/Increased weight
Left Coronary Artery creates ? coronary arteries and supplies ? parts of the heart
RCA creates ? arteries and supplies ? parts of the heart
LAD: LV, Septum
LCX: lateral wall of LV, LA
Posterior: post/inf LV wall
Marginal: RV
De-oxygenated blood from coronary vessels return to the heart via ?
What is the exception to the return path
Coronary sinus back to RA
Anterior Cardiac vein- drainage from RV return to RA
What are the 4 tributaries of cardiac venous blood
Great Cardiac Vein: drains both ventricles and LA
Middle Cardiac Vein: drains posterior aspect of both ventricles
Small Cardiac Vein: drains part of RV/RA
Anterior Cardiac Vein: superior RV, return directly to RA
Sequence of structures off of aorta
Body as a whole tends to be electrically neutral w/ ? areas being more Pos and others being more Neg
Coronary arteries Ascending aorta Brachiocephalic: RSA, RCCA Common Carotid, Left Subclavian, Left
Intracellular: -90mV
Extra: +10mV
What are four types of Ion Channels in cell membranes
Leakage: always open
Voltage: activated by electrical thresholds
Mechanical: physical distortion (temp/pressure)
Ligand: neurotransmitter binding and opening gate
Define Depolarization
Define Repolarization
Membrane potential changed to more pos/less neg
Return of potential to more neg/less pos
How are cardiac fibers connected to each other
What two structures are found here
Intercalated disc: thicker sarcolemma
Desmosome: physically hold fibers together
Gap junction: allow AP to pass for contraction to occur as single unit
What are the two types of cardiac fibers
Conductive: autorhythmic, excitatory w/out contraction or rest periods
Muscle: contractile fibers stimulated by AP allowing for rest period in between
What are the four phases of AP generation
At rest, SA node is slowed by ? and increased during movement by ?
1: impulse formation
2: transmission
3: activation (depol)
4: recovery (repol)
Acetylcholine, Epi
Slow depolarization of cardiac fibers is achieved by ? while rapid depolarization is achieved with ?
Negative state is achieved by ?
What pathway allows for signal to stimulate both atrias
Slow: Na Fast: Ca
Rapid efflux of K+
Bachmanns Bundle from Anterior Internodal pathway
Inherent rates of SA, AV and Purkinje Fibers
SA: 60-100
AB: 40-60
PF: 20-40
Phases of AP through Contractile Fibers
0 (Depol): rapid influx of Na causes depolarization, cell is +
1 (Brief Repol): Na influx peaks and stops (peak + charge), slow Ca channels open to allow transition to
Phase 2
2 (Plateau): Ca influx balances w/ K efflux
Ca influx activates troponin/myosin causing contraction, start of contraction
3 (Repol): rapid K efflux= rapid repolarization, completion of contraction
4 (Resting Potential): once K efflux if complete and equal intra/extra-cellularly
Define Absolute Refractory Period
Inability of cardiac contractile fibers to stack action potentials like skeletal muscles; action potential muscle be completed before starting another
What do P-waves show
What does the QRS complex show
What does the T-wave show
Atrial depolarization
Ventricular depolarization
Ventricular repolarization
Define P-Q interval
Define ST segment
Define QT interval
Beginning of atrial excitation to beginning of ventricular excitation
Ventricular depolarization during plateau phase
Beginning of ventricular depolarization to end of repolarization
Define Stroke Volume
Equation for Stroke Volume
Ventricles can hold how much blood before being full
Volume ejected per beat from each ventricle
SV= EDV - ESV
130mL
Aortic and Pulm valves open at ? pressure
Aortic valve closes at ? pressure
80mmHG/20mmHg
100mmHg
Define Isovolumetric Relaxation
Define S1, S2, S3, S4
Period of time when all four heart valves are closed
1: Lubb, closure of AV valves after ventricular systole begins (louder/longer than S2)
2: Dupp, closure of SL valves at beginning of ventricular diastole
3: rapid ventricular filling
4: atrial systole
Define Cardiac Output
Cardiac Output equation
Volume ejected from R/LV into vasculature
CO= SV x HR SV= volume ejected by ventricle during contraction HR= bpm
What are the 3 factors that regulate Stroke Volume
Preload: degree of stretch before contraction (proportional to EDV)
Contractility: force of contraction
Afterload: pressure needed to eject blood from ventricles
Define Frank-Starling Law
Two factors determining EDV
More filing during diastole, more force of contraction to equalize output
Duration of ventricular diastole
Venous return
Define Pos/Neg Inotrope
Inotrope: alters the force of contraction
Pos: inc contraction by increasing SV (inc Ca influx, stimulated autonomic NS)
Neg: dec contractility (CCBs, dec autonomic NS, anoxia, acidosis)
Define Afterload
Increased afterload has ? affect on stroke volume
? conditions increase afterload
Pressure that muse be overcome before SV can open
Dec, more blood remains in ventricles
HTN, Atherosclerosis
Autonomic regulation of the heart is controlled by ?
What effect does NorEpi have on the heart
Medulla oblongata
Cardiac accelerator nerves from thoracic region- NorEpi
Inc conduction of AP through SA/AP nodes
Inc Ca entry into contractile fivers to inc contractility
How does the Parasympathetic system reach the heart
At rest, HR is controlled by ?
R/L vagus nerves terminating in SA/AV nodes and atria
Acetylcholine
What effect to cations have on HR
Na: dec HR/contractility by blocking Ca inflow
K: dec HR/contractility by blocking AP generation
Ca: inc HR/contractility
