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IPAP > Mass Cards Review > Flashcards

Mass Cards Review Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between a Serous and Mucous Membrane

What is the name of the top and bottom horizontal lines dividing the abdomen into 9 regions

A

Serous- cavity lining not open to exterior
Mucous- cavity lining open to exterior

Top: subcostal
Bottom: transtubercular

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2
Q

Define Anatomy/Physiology

Define Embryology

Define Cell Biology

Define Gross Anatomy

A

A: science of structures
P: science of function

First 8wks of after fertilization

Study of cellular structure/function

Study of structures w/out microscope

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3
Q

8 levels of structural organization

What are the two phases of metabolism

A 
Chemical
Molecular
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
System
Organism

Catabolism- breaking down complex substances
Anabolism- building complex substances from simple components

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4
Q

Homeostasis is maintained and corrected by what two bodily systems

What are the three components of a feedback system

A

Nervous, Endocrine via negative feedback (MC type)

Receptors- send input
Control center- receives
Effector- causes change

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5
Q

Retroperitoneal organs

A

SAD PUCKER:
Suprarenal glands
Aorta/IVC
Duodenum (2/3 segments)

Pancreas
Ureters
Colon (A/De-scend)
Kidneys
Esophagus
Rectum
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6
Q

Heart beats ? times per day

Heart pumps blood through ? miles of vessels

Heart pumps ? gallons of blood per day

A

100K

75K

3600

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7
Q

Apex of the heart is formed by the ? while the base is formed by the ?

Define Dextrocardia

Define Situs Inversus Totalis

A

Inferiorlateral LV; LA > RA

Apex points to right

Transposition of organs

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8
Q

Layers of the Pericardium

A

Fibrous- superficial layer preventing over stretching fused to great vessels/central tendon of diaphragm

Serous Pericardium- parietal layer (fused w/ fibrous pericardium) and visceral layer (AKA epicardium) to heart surface

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9
Q

Define Pericardial Cavity

What are the 3 layers of the heart

A

Cavity between visceral and parietal layer of serous pericardium filled w/ pericardial fluid

Epi/Myo/Endo-cardium

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10
Q

Vessels and lymphatics that supply all three layers of the heart rest/start in ? layer

This same layer also provides / protective purpose to other structures

A

Epicardium

Adipose deposits collected for vessel protection

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11
Q

When in the heart, the inner most layer is called ? but changes to ? when in vessels

What are the names of the atrial appendages

A

Endocardium, Endothelium

Auricles- anterior surface of atria to increase collecting/pumping capacity

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12
Q

What is the external structure that separates atria from ventricles

What is the external structure that separates right/left ventricles

A

Coronary sulcus

Interventricular sulcus

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13
Q

What are the two special features that are unique to the atrias

A

Pectinate muscles: special ridges in anterior RA and both auricles

Crista terminalis- dividing line between smooth posterior and rough anterior surfaces

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14
Q

What are the three special features of the ventricles

A

Trabeculae carneae: raised bundles of muscle fibers

Papillary muscle: cone shapes trabeculae carneae attaches to chordae

Chordae tendineae: tendon-like cords connected to papillary muscles connected to tri/bicuscpid valves

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15
Q

Intraventricular septum is mostly made up of ? structure

This septum is the only normal pathway for ?

A

LV

Electricity to pass from atria to ventricles

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16
Q

What dense connective tissue is found in the heart

What are the two fetal cardiac structures

A

Fibrous skeleton- collagen/elastic fibers making an electrical insulator in muscle/around valves keeping signals contained w/in heart

Foramen Ovale- bypasses lungs/ventricles
Ductus arteriosus- shunt from pulm artery to aorta arch, bypasses lungs

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17
Q

After birth, Foramen Ovale becomes ?

After birth, Ductus Arteriosus becomes ?

What causes AV valves to open

A

Fossa ovalis

Ligamentum arteriosium

High volume/Increased weight

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18
Q

Left Coronary Artery creates ? coronary arteries and supplies ? parts of the heart

RCA creates ? arteries and supplies ? parts of the heart

A

LAD: LV, Septum
LCX: lateral wall of LV, LA

Posterior: post/inf LV wall
Marginal: RV

19
Q

De-oxygenated blood from coronary vessels return to the heart via ?

What is the exception to the return path

A

Coronary sinus back to RA

Anterior Cardiac vein- drainage from RV return to RA

20
Q

What are the 4 tributaries of cardiac venous blood

A

Great Cardiac Vein: drains both ventricles and LA

Middle Cardiac Vein: drains posterior aspect of both ventricles

Small Cardiac Vein: drains part of RV/RA

Anterior Cardiac Vein: superior RV, return directly to RA

21
Q

Sequence of structures off of aorta

Body as a whole tends to be electrically neutral w/ ? areas being more Pos and others being more Neg

A 
Coronary arteries
Ascending aorta
Brachiocephalic: RSA, RCCA
Common Carotid, Left
Subclavian, Left

Intracellular: -90mV
Extra: +10mV

22
Q

What are four types of Ion Channels in cell membranes

A

Leakage: always open

Voltage: activated by electrical thresholds

Mechanical: physical distortion (temp/pressure)

Ligand: neurotransmitter binding and opening gate

23
Q

Define Depolarization

Define Repolarization

A

Membrane potential changed to more pos/less neg

Return of potential to more neg/less pos

24
Q

How are cardiac fibers connected to each other

What two structures are found here

A

Intercalated disc: thicker sarcolemma

Desmosome: physically hold fibers together
Gap junction: allow AP to pass for contraction to occur as single unit

25
Q

What are the two types of cardiac fibers

A

Conductive: autorhythmic, excitatory w/out contraction or rest periods

Muscle: contractile fibers stimulated by AP allowing for rest period in between

26
Q

What are the four phases of AP generation

At rest, SA node is slowed by ? and increased during movement by ?

A

1: impulse formation
2: transmission
3: activation (depol)
4: recovery (repol)

Acetylcholine, Epi

27
Q

Slow depolarization of cardiac fibers is achieved by ? while rapid depolarization is achieved with ?

Negative state is achieved by ?

What pathway allows for signal to stimulate both atrias

A

Slow: Na Fast: Ca

Rapid efflux of K+

Bachmanns Bundle from Anterior Internodal pathway

28
Q

Inherent rates of SA, AV and Purkinje Fibers

A

SA: 60-100
AB: 40-60
PF: 20-40

29
Q

Phases of AP through Contractile Fibers

A

0 (Depol): rapid influx of Na causes depolarization, cell is +

1 (Brief Repol): Na influx peaks and stops (peak + charge), slow Ca channels open to allow transition to
Phase 2

2 (Plateau): Ca influx balances w/ K efflux
Ca influx activates troponin/myosin causing contraction, start of contraction

3 (Repol): rapid K efflux= rapid repolarization, completion of contraction

4 (Resting Potential): once K efflux if complete and equal intra/extra-cellularly

30
Q

Define Absolute Refractory Period

A

Inability of cardiac contractile fibers to stack action potentials like skeletal muscles; action potential muscle be completed before starting another

31
Q

What do P-waves show

What does the QRS complex show

What does the T-wave show

A

Atrial depolarization

Ventricular depolarization

Ventricular repolarization

32
Q

Define P-Q interval

Define ST segment

Define QT interval

A

Beginning of atrial excitation to beginning of ventricular excitation

Ventricular depolarization during plateau phase

Beginning of ventricular depolarization to end of repolarization

33
Q

Define Stroke Volume

Equation for Stroke Volume

Ventricles can hold how much blood before being full

A

Volume ejected per beat from each ventricle

SV= EDV - ESV

130mL

34
Q

Aortic and Pulm valves open at ? pressure

Aortic valve closes at ? pressure

A

80mmHG/20mmHg

100mmHg

35
Q

Define Isovolumetric Relaxation

Define S1, S2, S3, S4

A

Period of time when all four heart valves are closed

1: Lubb, closure of AV valves after ventricular systole begins (louder/longer than S2)
2: Dupp, closure of SL valves at beginning of ventricular diastole
3: rapid ventricular filling
4: atrial systole

36
Q

Define Cardiac Output

Cardiac Output equation

A

Volume ejected from R/LV into vasculature

CO= SV x HR
SV= volume ejected by ventricle during contraction
HR= bpm
37
Q

What are the 3 factors that regulate Stroke Volume

A

Preload: degree of stretch before contraction (proportional to EDV)

Contractility: force of contraction

Afterload: pressure needed to eject blood from ventricles

38
Q

Define Frank-Starling Law

Two factors determining EDV

A

More filing during diastole, more force of contraction to equalize output

Duration of ventricular diastole
Venous return

39
Q

Define Pos/Neg Inotrope

A

Inotrope: alters the force of contraction
Pos: inc contraction by increasing SV (inc Ca influx, stimulated autonomic NS)

Neg: dec contractility (CCBs, dec autonomic NS, anoxia, acidosis)

40
Q

Define Afterload

Increased afterload has ? affect on stroke volume

? conditions increase afterload

A

Pressure that muse be overcome before SV can open

Dec, more blood remains in ventricles

HTN, Atherosclerosis

41
Q

Autonomic regulation of the heart is controlled by ?

What effect does NorEpi have on the heart

A

Medulla oblongata
Cardiac accelerator nerves from thoracic region- NorEpi

Inc conduction of AP through SA/AP nodes
Inc Ca entry into contractile fivers to inc contractility

42
Q

How does the Parasympathetic system reach the heart

At rest, HR is controlled by ?

A

R/L vagus nerves terminating in SA/AV nodes and atria

Acetylcholine

43
Q

What effect to cations have on HR

A

Na: dec HR/contractility by blocking Ca inflow

K: dec HR/contractility by blocking AP generation

Ca: inc HR/contractility

IPAP (212 decks)

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