Micro Block 3 Flashcards
1
Q
Bacteriodes Fragilis has what type of air requirement?
A
Anaerobic, opportunistic
2
Q
What is the most prevalent anaerobic bacteria?
A
Bacterio Fragilis
3
Q
Bacterio Fragilis is a normal microbe found in what areas of the body?
A
Gut
Oropharynx
4
Q
Bacterio fragalis is an etiologic agent of what 4 things?
A
Aspiration pneumonia
Empyema
Lung abscess
Deep wound abscess w/ endogenous material
5
Q
Clostridium tetani causes tetanus due to ____
A
Neurotoxin
6
Q
What microbe is “lockjaw” associated with?
A
Clostridium tetani
7
Q
Clostridium botulinum produces _ types of neurotoxin that have what type of temperature limitation
A
8
A-H
Heatlabile @ 100*C
8
Q
Clostridium botulinum toxin types A B and E cause ______
A
Food poisoning via ingestion
9
Q
Clostridium botulinum is lethal at what dosages?
A
2ng by injection
13ng by inhalation
10
Q
What has been deemed as one of the most toxic substances?
A
Clostridium botulinum
11
Q
Ingestion of Clostridium botulinum will present w/ what S/Sx?
A
Blurred/double vision Drooping eyelids Slurred speech Weakened facial/throat muscles N/V
12
Q
What is wound botulism most common with?
A
People who inject drugs
13
Q
How is infant botulism acquired?
A
Unpasteurized honey
14
Q
What are the beneficial factors of Clostridium botulinum?
A
Diluted toxin used for spasmodic dysphasia
Muscle paralysis/problems
Facial wrinkles
15
Q
What is Antibiotic Associated Diarrhea associated with?
A
Clostridium difficle
16
Q
What is a severe form Antibiotic Associated Diarrhea?
A
Pseudomembranous Colitis
Formation of pseudomembrane of inflammatory cells, fibrin and necrotic cells
17
Q
What is the mode of transmission for Chlostridium difficle Toxin?
A
Person-person via fecal-oral route
Spores germinate after passing through stomach acid
18
Q
How resistant are the Chlostridium difficle spores?
A
Germinate after passing through stomach acid
Can survive routine surface cleaning
19
Q
Where is Clostridium difficle a large problem?
A
Hospitals
Nursing homes
20
Q
What are the acquisition rates for Clostridium difficle?
A
Hospital stays up to 14 days: 13%
Hospital stays +28 days: 50%
21
Q
Clostridium perfringens is an etiologic agent of?
A
Food poisoning
Enterotoxin in under cooked meat
22
Q
What microbe is associated with Gas Gangrene?
A
Clostridium Perfringens
23
Q
Clostridium species cause deep wound abscesses, especially when contaminated with _____ material
A
Exogenous
24
Q
Gram stain, shape and air requirement for Clostridium species?
A
GPB, spore forming anaerobe
25
Gram stain, shape and air requirement for Bacillus Anthracis?
GPB, spore forming anaerobic
26
What type of media does Bacillus Anthracis grow on?
Blood agar w/out hemolysis
27
Wool-sorters Disease is associated with what microbe?
Pulmonary anthrax
28
Mortality rates of pulmonary and cutaneous anthrax?
Pulmonary- 60-100%
| Cutaneous- 20-25%
29
How many spores on average of anthrax to establish pulmonary anthrax infection?
8K-10K
30
What microbe is going to show on an X-ray as a widened mediastinum?
Pulmonary anthrax
31
What are the toxins Pulmonary Anthrax produces?
Edema toxin
| Lethal toxin
32
What type of anthrax has a papule->vesicle ->necrotic lesion and black eschar?
Cutaneous anthrax
33
Gram stain, shape and air requirement for Bacillus cereus?
GPB, spore forming aerobic
34
Where is Bacillus cereus a natural bacterium?
| What types of food does is show up in during food poisoning?
Soil/environment
| Rice or dried beans
35
If a PT present with emetic Bacillus cereus, what type of food did they eat?
Rice
36
Gram stain, shape and air requirement for Coryn. Diphtheriae?
GPB, NSF, pleomorphic
37
Etiologic agents of Coryn. Diphtheriae?
Pseudomembrane formation in throat
| Necrotic surface epithelium meshed in fibrous exudate
38
Gram stain, shape and air requirement for Listeria Monocytogenes?
GPB, NSF aerobic
39
What microbe grows at refrigerator temps?
Listeria Monocyte.
40
What is the source of Listeria Monocyte.?
Soil
Forage
Animal feces
41
What are the etiologic agents of Listeria Monocyte.?
Food poisoning- cold cuts, unpasteurized cheeses
Encephalomeningitis
Miscarriage, stillbirth, neonate infections
42
Gram stain, shape and air requirement for Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
Acid fast bacili- lots of mycolic acid and lipids in cell wall that impairs staining w/ aqueous solutions
43
What is the world's leading infectious disease?
Mycobacterium tuberclosis
44
How is Mycobacterium tuberculosis spread?
Highly communicable as an aerosol or dust
45
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is especially prevalent in what patient populations?
AIDS
| Crowded locations- prisons
46
What types of changes in America has changed Mycobacterium tuberculosis ability to infect populations?
Building codes
| Social mores
47
Characteristics of Primary Tuberculosis
Mild/asymptomatic
Bacteria ingested by macrophages and multiply until they're taken to lymph nodes and encounter CMI TCells
CMI slows disease and causes inflammation
TBST is pos, chest Xray shows growth patches
Bacteria are contained w/in tubercles- small granulomas of epithelioid/giant cells
Granuloma growth caused by cord factor
48
Characteristics of Latent Phase TB
No S/Sx
No shedding of bacteria
Post TST, chest Xray neg
Not a true medical disease, just potential presence
49
Characteristics of Secondary TB
CMI fails after time and TB centers become necrotic, forming acellular masses of cheesy debris- caseous material
Ghon comples- combo of tubercles in lung and caseation in lymph nodes
IL-1 mediator factor
TNF- cathectin interferes w/ lipid metabolism causing PT weight loss
Ghon complexes enlarge and tubercles rupture in airway/vessels
Major organ involvement and caseous material is coughed up
CMI fails rapidly leading to disseminated miliary TB- systemic and fatal
50
Secondary TB is AKA
Clinical Disease
51
What is the TB vaccine?
Bacillus Calmetter Guerin- prepared from bovine TB bacterium
| Not given in US
52
What are the characteristics of the TST?
PPD from bacteria cell walls
| Delayed hypersensitivity- 48-72hrs
53
What are the lab diagnosis tests for all Mycobacterium?
Acid Fast microscopic
| Fluorochrome stain
54
Gram stain, shape and air requirement for Coxiella burnetti?
Atypical GNCB w/ poor staining
| Obligate intracellular parasite
55
How is Coxiella burnetti transmittable?
Body fluids and aerosol
| Human and animal transmission
56
How is Coxiella burnetti diagnosed?
Immunologic and nucleic acid tests
57
Gram stain, shape and air requirement for Rickettsia and Orientia?
Atypical, CoccoBacilli
| Obligate intracellular
58
What microbe is associated with causing Spotted Fever of Typhys?
Rickettsia and Orientia
59
What is the vector carrier for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?
Tick
| R. Rickettsii
60
What is the vector carrier of Typhus?
Epidemic- (classic) Louse
Murine- Flea
Scrub- Mite
61
What are generally effective microbiotics against Rickettsia and Orientia?
Tetracyclines
| Chloramphenicol
62
S/Sx PT will have if they're suffering from Rickettsia and Orientia?
Fever x 2-3 wks
Severe deep muscle aches
Rash
63
Gram stain, shape and air requirement for Mycoplasma pneumoniae?
Atypical w/ no cell wall
| Poor staining
64
What is the microbe that causes Primary Atypical Pneumonia?
| What is this type of pneumonia aka?
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
| Walking pneumonia
65
Walking pneumonia primarily occurs in what patient population?
School aged children
| Young adults- especially military
66
What kinds of S/Sx will a PT w/ Walking Pneumonia present w/?
Headache
Malaise
Paroxysmal cough
67
What type of microbe may infiltrate lungs more extensively than clinical findings would suggest?
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
68
What are the agents of Chlamydia Pneumoniae?
Pneumonias
Bronchitis
Sinusitis
Asymptomatic w/ mild cough
69
What microbe is the probable agent of atherosclerosis?
Chlamydia Pneumoniae
70
Gram stain, shape and air requirement for Chlamydia trachomatis?
Atypical GN
| Obligate intracellular parasite
71
What are the two forms of Chlamydia trachomatis?
Elementary bodies: infectious form, metabolically inactive, moderately resistant to harsh environments
Reticulate Bodies: converted from elementary bodies, noninfectious, metabolically active
72
What are the cell structures of Chlamydia trachomatis?
Lipopolysaccharide- weak endotoxin activity
| MOMP- structural component of cell wall
73
What is the reproduction cycle of Chlamydia trachomatis?
EB enters host
EB converts to RB
RB replicates bacterial cells and produces EB
74
What microbe is referred to as Non-gonococcal urethritis?
Chlamydia trachomatis
75
What is the leading cause, 50% of STDs?
Chlamydia trachomatis
76
Where is the incubation/residence location of Chlamydia trachomatis?
Males- urethritis, can lead to epididymitis and infertility
| Females- cervicitis, usually asymptomatic. Often leads to salpingitis, infertility or PID
77
Chlamydia trachomatis is usually transmitted with what other microbe?
Which one lasts longer?
Gonorrhea
| Chlamydia trachomatis lasts longer after gonorrhea has been treated
78
What microbe causes Inclusion Conjunctivitis disease?
Chlamydia trachomatis
79
What microbe causes Trachoma
Chlamydia trachomatis
80
What microbe causes Lymphogranuloma venereum?
Chlamydia trachomatis
| Involvement of inguinal lymph nodes
81
What is the typical treatment for Chlamydia trachomatis?
Doxy
Tetracycline
Erythromycin
82
Gram stain, shape and air requirement for Neisseria Gonorrhoeae?
GNC in pairs
| Intra or Extracellular regarding phagocytes
83
Where does Neisseria Gonorrhoeae reside and cause symptoms in the male and female body?
```
Male- urethritis
Female- endocervix or PID
Pharyngitis
Rectal infections
Septic arthritis
```
84
What are the virulence factors of Neisseria Gonorrhoeae?
Beta lactamase
Pili
Porin proteins- resist phagocytosis
Lipooligosaccharide w/ Lipid A endotoxin
85
Gram stain, shape and air requirement for Neisseria Meningitidis?
GNC paired
86
What microbe is the #2 cause of meningitis?
Neisseria Meningitidis
| Often causes secondary invasive tissue necrosis
87
What are the Antigenic groups of Neisseria Meningitidis?
A B C W Y
| B C Y- problomatic
88
What microbe predominates school aged/college aged students?
Neisseria Meningitidis
89
Sub-Saharan Africa is noted for documenting/reporting thousands of cases per year of what microbe?
Neisseria Meningitidis
90
What are the vaccines for Neisseria Meningitidis?
Meningococcal conjugate vaccine Groups ACWY
| Group B meningococcal vaccine
91
What was Moraxella catarrhalis formerly known as?
Branhamella catarrhalis
92
Gram stain, shape and air requirement for Moraxella catarrhalis??
GNC in pairs
93
What is the medical significance of Moraxella catarrhalis?
3rd most common cause of URIs w/ otitis media and sinusitis in children
Bronchitis/pneumonia in children/adults (top 3-4 cause)
94
Haemohpilus ducreyi are visually identified by what unique shape?
School of fish arrangement
95
What microbe causes chancroid, primarily in Asia?
Haemohpilus ducreyi
96
Gram stain, shape and air requirement for Haemophilus influenzae?
GN CB small short rod
| Strict obligate parasite
97
Haemophilus influenzae is encapsulated strains are in _ antigenic types
6
A-F
B is most virulent
98
Where can Haemophilus influenzae be found and considered normal flora?
URT
| Mouth
99
What microbe is UNUSUAL in the first 2 months of life?
Haemophilus influenzae
| Almost all cases occur in children under 2y/o
100
What age range is epiglottitis usually present?
Children slightly older, 2-4y/o
101
What is the vaccine for Haemophilus influenzae?
HIB
102
What is Haemophilus influenzae a etiologic agent of?
```
Fulminating meningitis
Invades nasopharynx and spreads systemically
Top 5-6 causes of pneumonia
Exacerbates COPD
Conjunctivitis
```
103
Non-HIB can be an etiologic agent of what diagnosis?
Otits media
| Sinusitis
104
What are the virulence factors of Haemophilus influenzae?
Type B polysaccharide capsule
Fimbriae (pili)
IgA protease
Ciliostatic factor
105
Gram stain, shape and air requirement for Bordatella pertussis?
GNB GNCB
106
What is Bordatella pertussis an etiologic agent of?
Pertussis
Whooping Cough
Bronchitis
107
Which microbe is of concern due to it's ability to re-emerg due to reduce imms rate or inadequate vaccine quality?
Bordatella pertussis
108
Why does Bordatella pertussis have virulence?
Pertussis toxin
Thick capsule
Exudate
109
Gram stain, shape and air requirement for Francisella tularensis?
Very small GNB
110
What diseases can Francisella tularensis cause?
Tularemia
Ulcerations at site of entry
Typhoidal tularemia
Pneumonic tularemia
111
Francisella tularensis ulcerations lead to involvement of what 3 things?
Glandular
Nodular
Lymph node
112
What are the virulence factors of Francisella tularensis?
Intracellular pathogen, survives in macrophages
Antiphagocytic, protects from complement
Requires strong immune response to control replication
113
How is Francisella tularensis transmitted?
Contact w/ infected tissues
Blood
Body fluids from ticks, deer flies, rabbits, cats, rodents, and dried body fluids in dust
114
Gram stain, shape and air requirement for Brucella melitensis and Brucella abortus?
Small GNCB
115
What are Brucella melitensis and Brucella abortus etiologic agents of?
Brucellosis (zoonotic disease)
| Bangs disease
116
What is the key sign/symptom of Brucella melitensis and Brucella abortus?
Undulant fever
117
What are the virulence factors of Brucella melitensis and Brucella abortus?
Intracellular replication
| Survives and replicates inside phagocytes
118
How is Brucella melitensis and Brucella abortu transmitted?
Unpasteurized dairy products
| Contact w/ contaminated blood/body fluids/tissue
119
Gram stain, shape and air requirement for Acinetobacter baumannii?
GNB
120
What type of media does Acinetobacter baumannii grow on?
MacConkey agar
121
Where is Acinetobacter baumannii found naturally?
Soil
| Water
122
What does it mean when Acinetobacter baumannii is an opportunistic pathogen?
Post-traumatic wound abscess
| Septicemia
123
What countries is Acinetobacter baumannii associated with?
Vietnam
Afghanistan
Iraq
124
Gram stain and shape for Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
GNB
125
What is the medical significance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
Nosocomial infections- especially compromised/debilitated PTs
126
What type of microbe frequently colonize in respiratory tracts of CF PTs?
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
127
What are the virulence factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
Protein inhibitors
Exotoxins
Capsule in CF strains
128
What is the recommended treatment route for Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
Resistant to most ABX
| Aminoglycosides and broad spect penicililns
129
Gram stain and shape for Legionella pneumophila?
GNB pleomorph
130
What pneumonia microbe usually occurs in breakouts instead of single occurences?
Legionella pneumophila
131
What are the virulence factors of Legionella pneumophila?
```
Intracellular parasite- macrophages
Superoxide and hydroxyl radicals
Inhibs phagosome-lysosome activity
Flagella
Secretes proteins
```
132
The leading cause of bacterial conjunctivitis?
Haemophilus influenzae
133
What type of PT is Klebsiella pneumoniae likely to infect?
Intubated PT
Pneumonia
UTIs
134
What microbes are likely to be found on/in burned PTs?
Enterobacter
| Providencia
135
What microbe is of the Enterobacteriaceae family and presents with S/Sx similar to Cholera and dysentery?
Aeromonas
136
Which microbe of the Enterobacteriaceae family presents similarly to Shigella?
Plesiomonas
137
What is the Gram stain and shape of Yersinia Pestis?
GNB
138
What is Yersinia Pestis an etiological agent of?
Bubonic plague
| Pneumonic plague
139
What microbe leads to the Black Death?
Yersinia Pestis necrotic factors
140
What are the virulence factors of Yersinia Pestis?
Antiphagocytic
Capsule
Plasminogen activator protease
141
How is Yersinia Pestis transmitted?
Fleas
Direct contact infected animals
Oral droplets coughed during pneumonia
142
What microbe may be alive and contagious if coughed up by PT?
Yersinia Pestis
143
How is Yersinia entercolitica transmitted?
Contaminated pork
Milk
Water
144
What type of microbe invades Peyers patches and can present with bloody diarrhea?
Yersinia entercolitica
145
What microbe may be present in stool eliminations for up to 90 days after treatment?
Yersinia entercolitica
146
What microbe is predominant in cooler areas and exceeds Shigella and approaches Salmonella/Campylobacter?
Yersinia entercolitica
147
What is the Gram stain and shape of Escherichia coli?
GNB
148
Escherichia coli taxomony is based off of which antigen combinations?
O and H
149
What microbe is a coliform and predominantly a normal flora in the guy?
Escherichia coli
150
What are the 3 primary coliforms?
Escherichia
Klebsiella
Enterobacter
151
What microbe cause nearly all UTIs in outpatient females?
Escherichia coli
152
How does Escherichia coli attach itself to cells in the urinary tract?
Fimbriae
153
Number one cause of meningitis
| Number two cause?
Strep pneumo
| N. meningitidis
154
What is the source of Escherichia coli infections?
Fecal contamination
Poor hygiene
Nosocomial
155
What microbe causes Traveler's Diarrhea due to cholera-like toxin?
Entertoxic E Coli
156
How does Enterotoxic E Coli induce its effects on a patient?
Enter small intestine and release Heat-labile and/or heat-stable enterotoxins
157
What does Entertoxic E Coli induce on the body's ion balance?
Hypersecretion of water and Cl
| Inhibits absorption of Na
158
What is the S/Sx Entertoxic E Coli presents with that is different than cholera?
Water stools w/out mucus and blood
| 8-12 unformed stools per day x 4-5days
159
What microbe causes Hemorrhagic colitis?
| How does this microbe initiate it's effects?
Enterhemorrhagic E. Coli
| Produces verotoxin- aka Shiga Toxin causing shigella-like symptoms
160
What type of microbe will invade and multiply inside epithelial cells?
Enterhemorrhagic E. Coli
161
What are the S/Sx of Enterhemorrhagic E. Coli?
Severe abdominal cramps
Watery diarrhea w/ blood
Inflammation
NO FEVER
162
What microbe causes Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome?
Enterhemorrhagic E. Coli
163
What is the primary antigen group of Enterhemorrhagic E. Coli?
O157:H7
164
What is the mode of transmission of Enterhemorrhagic E. Coli?
Ingestion of contaminated meat
| Cattle, chickens carry microbe as fecal flora
165
What form of E Coli utilizes adhesion proteins to bind and enter intestinal cells making it a highly invasive microbe?
Enteroinvasive E Coli
| Shiga-like Toxin producing E Coli
166
What form of E coli is a danger in Day Cares or Nursing Homes?
Enteropathogenic E Coli- EPEC
167
What is the Gram-stain and shape of Shigella?
GNB
168
What family does Shigella belong to?
Enterobacteriacease
169
What are the 4 species of Shigella determines by Ag grouping?
S. dysenteriae- Ag A (least)
S. flexneri- Ag B (25%)
S. boydi- Ag C (rare)
S. sonnei- Ag D (most)
170
Which Ag of Shigella is least frequently isolated in the US?
Ag A
171
What Ag of Shigella makes up 25% of Shigella isolated in the US?
Ag B
172
What Ag of Shigella is the most frequently isolated?
Ag D
173
How is Shigella transmitted?
Fecal-oral
| Food/water w/ fecal contaminants
174
A Shigella infection can be established with as few as _____ bacteria
200
175
What age population makes up 2/3 of all Shigella cases?
Children under 10 y/o
176
What microbe causes enterocolitis syndrome?
Shigellosis
| Bacillary Dysentary
177
What microbe can colonize in the intestines and turn the a green color?
Shigella
178
How is the toxin producing effects of Shigella damaging to the body?
Shiga Toxin AB type- disrupts protein synthesis and damages the intestinal lining
179
What Ag groups of Shigella produce which toxins?
Endotoxin present in all strains
S. dysenteriae Type I- neurotoxin and enterotoxin
S. glexneri produce enterotoxins
180
What are the symptoms of a Shigella infection?
Diarrhea
Lesions on colon w/ pus and blood in feces
Fever
181
How does Shigella progress through the body?
Attach and penetrates mucosal cells
Bacteria multiply intracellularly causing epithelial death and sloughing
Bacteria release endotoxin stimulating inflammatory response
Exotoxin stimulates fluid loss
182
What is the recommended treatment plan for Shigella?
Rehydration and electrolyte replacement
| 3rd generation cephalosporin
183
What microbe can cause/lead to a septic joint?
Gonorrhea
| Staph Aureus
184
What is the Gram stain and shape of Salmonella?
GNB
185
What family does Salmonella belong to?
Enterobacteriaceae
186
What is the one major species of Salmonella?
| How many serotypes?
Salmonella enterica
| 2500 characterized by O or H Ags
187
What microbe causes Typhoid fever?
Salmonella
| Salmonella enterica, serovar Typhi
188
95% of Salmonella isolates belong to which Ag groups?
| Which ones are predominate in US?
```
A B
C1 C2
D-H
Vi
B and D predominant in USA
```
189
What is the source and route of transmission for Salmonella?
Contaminated food or water
Eggs
Dairy
Contaminated surfaces
190
What microbe is a normal and frequent flora of poultry?
Salmonella
191
What microbe can be killed by stomach acids requiring a large amount of bacteria to be ingested to establish an infection?
Salmonella
192
What are the pathogens and diseases of Salmonella?
Acute gastroenteritis caused by Salmonella Enteritidis
193
What are the S/Sx of a PT with Salmonella enteritidis?
Bacteria invade mucous membrane and cause acute inflammatory response
V and Diar.
Fever
194
What microbe causes Enteric Fever?
Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi
195
What microbe invades the terminal portions of the small intestine and invade lymphoid follicles to multiply?
Salmonella typhi
196
Where does the Salmonella typhi bacteria localize within the body?
Gallbladder
Spleen
Liver
Bones
197
When a person is a carrier of Salmonella typhi, where are they carrying the microbe?
Gallbladder
198
What is the treatment recommendation for Salmonella Typhi?
ABX
199
When is the Salmonella typhi vaccine recommended for use?
High risk
Endemic regions
Household members are carriers
200
What is the Gram stain and shape of Helicobacter pylori?
GNB curved
201
What are the diagnostic tests needed for Helicobacter pylori?
Breath test to detect urease
Endoscopy and biopsy
Culture requires microaerophilic and special growth media
DNA probe
202
What is the Gram stain and shape of Campylobacter jejuni?
GNB, thin curved rod, S or gull shaped
203
What is the transmission and epidemiology of Campylobacter jejuni?
Ingestion of fecal contaminants in food- chicken
Raw milk
Non chlorinated water
204
What is the number 1 or 2 cause of gastroenteritis in North America?
Campylobacter jejuni
205
What are the virulence factors of Campylobacter jejuni?
Grows in human bile
Flagella
Adhesive molecules
Cytolethal Distending toxin- AB type toin that has DNase activity (damages DNA)
206
What is the recommended treatment for Camplobacter jejuni?
Rehydration
| Electrolyte
207
Where is Vibrio vulnificus found and what does it cause?
```
Warm, coastal seawater
Acute gastroenteritis
Primary septicemia
Severe cellulitis w/ hemorrhagic bullae
Ingestion of seafood, especially oysters
```
208
What microbe is so rare that there are only 100 reported cases per year?
Vibrio vulnificus
209
What are the sources and results of Vibrio parahemolyticus
Gastroenteritis from shellfish ingestion (oysters)
| Common cause of gastroenteritis in Asian coasts
210
What is the Gram stain and appearance of Vibrio Cholerae?
GNB curved
211
Most pathogens of Vibrio Cholera belong to what Ag group?
O1 or O139
212
What microbe is the cause of entercolitis syndrome aka gastroenteritis?
Vibrio cholera
213
What areas of the world are especially susceptible to Vibrio cholera?
Tropical Asia
ESPECIALLY INDIA
Africa
South/Central America
214
How is vibrio cholera transmitted?
Ingestion of contaminated water, food or bathing
215
Where does the Vibrio cholera microbe localize to in the body?
What effect does it exert there?
Small intestine
Hypersecretion of water and Cl by reversing ion transport
16L per day of rice water stool
216
What is the mortality rate of cholera if untreated?
50%
217
What are the treatment and control procedures for cholera?
```
Good hygiene
Fluid/electrolyte replacement along w/ glucose/sucrose
IV w/ multi-electrolyte solution
ABX
Vaccine not recommended by WHO
```
218
What is the Cell Wall Antigen?
What is the Flagella Antigen?
What is the Capsule Antigen?
O
H
K
219
What is the Gram stain and shape of Entercoccus Faecalis?
GPC in chains
220
What is Enterococcus Faecalis an etiologic agent of?
Nosocomial infections- surgical and UTI
Bacteremia
MDR/VRE
221
What are the Streptococci of human significance?
Beta hemolytics in Groups C F G: Primarily S. dysgalactiae and S. anginosus
Viridans Streptococci- an alpha-hemolytic w/ low disease frequency; abscess, bacteremia, endocarditis, dental caries
222
What is the Gram stain and shape of Step Pneumoniae
GPC pairs
223
What type of colonies does Strep Pneumo make?
Large mucoid alpha hemolytic
224
Of the 90+ Ag types of Strep Pneumo, how many are frequently recovered and infectious?
6
225
Where is Strep Pneumo considered to be nomral flora?
Upper resp tract of 30-60% of population especially houses w/ children
226
How does a Strep Pneumo infection start?
Transmission from normal flora to adjacent sites
227
What is Strep Pneumo an etiologic agent of?
#1 cause of lobar and bronchial pneumonia
Sinusitis
Otitis media
Meningities
228
What are the virulence factors of Strep Pneumo?
Capsule
IgA protease
Some are invasive
229
What does Group B Strep cause?
Pneumonitis
| Neonate meningitis due to innoculation from vaginal flora
230
When are expectant mothers screened for GBS?
35
231
What is the Gram stain and shape of Strep Pyogenes Group A?
GPC chains
232
What kind of colonies does Strep Pyogenes make?
Beta hemolytic
233
What is Strep Pyogenes an etiologic agent of?
```
Skin/tissue infections
May be accompanies w/ Scarlet Fever
Necrotizing Fascitis
Exudative pharyngitis
Post strep complications- rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis
```
234
What two microbes account for 90% of skin infections?
Strep Pyogenes
| Staph Aureus
235
What are the virulence factors of Strep Pyogenes?
Culture
BioChem
Ag detection
236
What is one of the CNS negative microbes?
Staph saprophyticus
237
What does Staph Saprophyticus cause?
Second most frequent cause of UTIs in women of child bearing age
238
The term Streptococcus give what info?
Genus
Species
Group
Ags
239
What is the most common CNS negative staphylococcus?
Staph Epidermis
240
What does Staph Epidermis cause?
Bacteremia
| Endocarditis
241
What microbe is the second most frequent recovered pathogen from blood cultures?
Staph Epidermis
242
What are the Chains?
Strep Pyro
| E. Faec.
243
What are the Pairs?
Strep Pneumonia
Morax
N Meningitis
N Gonorrhea
244
What are the Curved?
V. Cholera
Camp Jejuni
H. Pylori
245
What are the Pleomorphs?
Legionella
Diphtheria
Bact. Fragalis
246
What are the CoccoBacillus?
```
B. Melitensis
B. Abortus
H. Influenza
Rickettsa
Orientia
Cox Burnetti
```
247
What are the Spore Forming?
| What are the Non-Spore Forming?
SF- Cereus, Anthracis, Clost Perfringis (clostridums)
| NSF- Listeria, Diphtheria
248
What are the A hemolytics?
| What are the B hemolytics?
```
A- Strep pneumonia, Viridain Streptococci
B- Staph A
Strep pyogenes
Anginosus
Dysgalactiae
C F G
```
249
What are the Intracellular Reproduction?
Shigella
250
What are the Intracellular Parasites?
```
Legionella
Chlamydia Trach.
Ricketts
Orientia
Cox Burnetti
```
251
What microbes cause Otitis Media?
Strep Pneumonia
H. Influenzae
Morax. Catarr.
252
What microbes cause meningitis?
```
GBS- neonates
Strep pneumo- 10+y/o (#1)
H. Influenzae- Fulminating Meningitis
N. meningitidis- #2
Listeria- encephalomeningitis
```
253
What is the only microbe with a connection to dental?
Viridans streptococci
| Dental caries
254
What is the Gram stain and shape of Staph Aureus
GBC clustered
255
What type of colonies does Staph Aureus make?
Large yellow beta hemolytic
256
What are the invasive tissue infections caused by Staph Aureus
```
Pyogenic
Folliculitis
Furuncles
Cellulitis
Impetigo
Abscess-post surgical/trauma
```
257
How does Staph Aureus cause food poisoning?
Pre formed heat stable enterotoxin
258
What is the time and temp requirement for Staph Aureus to induce food poisoning?
28*C x 2-4hrs
259
How does TSS infect men and women?
Men- Focal/surgical wounds and non-menstruating women)
| Women- tampon
260
What microbe causes Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis in children under 5 y/o?
Staph Aureus
261
What microbe can infect bones/joints after device implantation?
Staph Aureus
262
What is Staph Aureus resistant against?
Beta-lactamase
MRSA
VRSA
MDR
263
What two microbes have their genes on plasmids?
Entertoxic E. coli
| Staph Aureus
264
Pneumonia causing microbes
Staph aureus- 2%
Strep pneumonia- #1, 50% in children and elderly
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Legionella pneumophilia- top 5 causes
Francisella tularensis
Haemophilus influenzae- top 5-6 causes, especially in adults
Moraxella catarrhalis- top 3-4, children/adults
Chlyamydia pneumoniae
Stopped at mycoplasma
265
What microbe is transmitted by cough during pneumonia?
Yersinia Pestis
266
What microbe can causes asymptomatic pneumonia?
Chlamydia pneumoniae
267
What microbe causes erysipelas?
Strep Pyogenes GroupA
