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IPAP > A&P1 Lower Limb > Flashcards

A&P1 Lower Limb Flashcards

1
Q

What are the regions of the lower extremity?

A 
Gluteal
Thigh
Knee- patellar/popliteal
Leg/Crural- Anterior/sural
Food (pedal)
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2
Q

How does the pelvic girdle attach to the vertebral column?

A

Sacroiliac joint

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3
Q

Weight bearing appendage needs _____

A

Strength

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4
Q

Locomotion appendage needs _____

A

Flexibility

ROM

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5
Q

Structural compromise between _____ and _____

A

Stability

RoM

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6
Q

What 3 bones make up the Ox Coxae?

A

Ilium
Ischium
Pubis

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7
Q

How many tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges?

A

7 Tarsals
5 Metatarsals
14 Phalanges

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8
Q

Hip/ox coxae is AKA?

A

Innominate bone

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9
Q

What are the significance/importance of skin dimples?

A

Position of the posterior superior iliac spines

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10
Q

3 parts of the pelvis/girdle?

A

Sacrum
Coccyx
Innominate bones

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11
Q

What is the anterior union of the hip bones called?

A

Anterior- Pubic symphysis

Posterior w/ sacrum @ sacroiliac joint

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12
Q

The term pelvis means _____

A

Basin

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13
Q

What comprises the term “bony pelvis”?

A

Ring of hip bones, pubic symphysis and sacrum

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14
Q

Where is the false/greater pelvis?

How do they differ by gender?

A

Bony pelvis superior to pelvic brim
Males- deep
Female- shallow

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15
Q

Where is the true/lesser pelvis?

A

Bony pelvis inferior to pelvic brim

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16
Q

What organs are located w/in the pelvic cavity?

A

Bladder
Large intestine (parts)
Reproductive organs

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17
Q

Define Coxa Vara

A

Hip abnormality where angle between top of the femur and femoral shaft is smaller than normal

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18
Q

Define Coxa Valga

A

Hip abnormality where angle between top of femur and femoral shaft is larger than normal

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19
Q

Difference Coxa Vara and Coxa Valga

A

Vara- less, horizontal neck

Valga- more, vertical neck

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20
Q

What can cause changes in the angle of inclination of the femur head?

A

Age
Sex
Development
Pathological

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21
Q

What are the 7 bones of the foot?

A 
Talus
Calcaneous
Navicular
Cuboid
Cuneiforms- 3
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22
Q

Ballet dancers have what kind of common fracture?

A

Metatarsal Fx

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23
Q

What are the two arches of the foot?

A

Longitudinal arch

Transverse arch

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24
Q

What are the 3 functions of the arches of the foot?

A

Distribute weight
Leverage
Yield/spring as weight is added/removed (stores engery)

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25
Q

Where does the medial part of the longitudinal arch originate?

A

O- calcaneous, through talus, descends through navicular, cuneiforms and heads of 3 medial metatarsals

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26
Q

Where does the lateral part of the longitudinal arch originate?

A

O- calcaneous, rises at cuboid, descends to head of two lateral metatarsals

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27
Q

What forms the transverse arch of the foot?

A

Formed by cuboid, 3 cuneiforms, bases of all 5 metatarsals

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28
Q

Heel carries __% of weight
Ball of foot carries _% of weight
How is the weight redistributed when wearing high heels?

A

Heel- 60
Ball- 40
Ball carries 80%

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29
Q

What are the 3 fascia?

A

Fascia lata/illiotibial
Crural fascia
Retinacula

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30
Q

What is the deep fascia of the thigh?
Where does it attach?
How many compartment areise here?

A

Fascia Lata
Superior: inguinal ligament
3

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31
Q

What is the defect of the fascia lata called?

A

Saphenous hiatus

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32
Q

What is the iliotibial tract of the fascia lata?

A

Lateral thickening of fascia
Distal attachment: lateral tibial condyle
Insertion of gluteus max and tensor fascia latae muscles

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33
Q

What is the deep fascia of the leg?

A

Crural fascia

Attachment: anterior/medial border of tibia, continuous w/ periosteum

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34
Q

What two structures divide the leg into compartments?

A

Crural intermusclar septa
Interosseous membrane
3 compartment

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35
Q

What does the Crural Fascia form near the ankles?

A

Thickens to form extensor retinacula

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36
Q

Where does the abdominal aorta split into the iliac arteries?

A

L4

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37
Q

What is the primary artery of the pelvis?

What does it supply?

A

Internal iliac
Pelvic viscera/perineum
Superior portions of lower limb via gluteal and obturator artery

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38
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the External iliac?

Where do the subdivision take place?

A

Femoral- distal to inguinal ligament

Popliteal- distal to adductor hiatus

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39
Q

What two branches does the Popliteal artery divide into?

A

Anterior tibial artery- dorsalis pedis

Posterior tibial artery- medial/lateral plantar arteries

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40
Q

Where are the superficial veins?

A

Subcutaneous tissue
Not accompanied by corresponding artery
Less dense valves

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41
Q

Where are the deep veins?

A

Deep to fascia
Accompany major arteries
Dense valves

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42
Q

What are the two superficial drainage veins?

A

Great saphenous

Small saphenous

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43
Q

What forms the Great Saphenous vein?
Where does it come from/go to?
Where does it empty?

A

Dorsal vein of great toe and dorsal venous arch
Ascends anterior/medial w/ saphenous nerve and passes posterior to medial condyle of femur
Empties into femoral vein

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44
Q

What does the great saphenous vein anastomose with?

A

Small saphenous vein

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45
Q

What forms the small saphenous vein?

Where does it empty into?

A

Dorsal vein of small toe and dorsal venous arch
Ascends posterior to lateral malleolus w/ sural nerve
Empties into popliteal vein

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46
Q

What is the purpose/function of perforating veins?

A

Connect superficial and deep veins and contain valves to limit one way flow

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47
Q

What structure allows the diameter of the saphenous vein to remain constant through ascending?

A

Perforating veins

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48
Q

What mechanism helps move blood superiorly through deep veins?

A

Musculovenous pump

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49
Q

What veins of the leg are susceptible to developing varicose veins?
What valves are the culprits of this development?

A

Great saphenous and tributaries

Veins of saphenous or perforating veins

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50
Q

What is the extrinsic muscle of the leg?

A

Psoas major

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51
Q

What are the intrinsic muscles of the leg?

A 
Iliac region
Gluteal region
Thigh compartment
Leg compartment
Foot dorsum
Foot sole
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52
Q

What two muscles make up the Iliopsoas muscle?

A

Psoas major/minor

Iliacus

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53
Q

What type of joint is the hip joint?

A

Multiaxial ball and socket type of synovial joint

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54
Q

What are the stabilizing factors of the hip?

A

Bony: femoral head is ball, cup-like acetabulum socket
Ligaments
Musculature

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55
Q

Define Acetabular Fossa

A

Central acetabulum, non-articular part

Occupied by synovial fat-pad

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56
Q

Define Lunate Surface

A

True articular surface lined w/ hyaline cartilage

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57
Q

Define Acetabular Notch

A

Inferior acetabulum

Bridged by transverse ligament

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58
Q

Define Acetabular Labrum

A

Fibrocartilage lip that increases depth of acetabulum and grasps femoral head

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59
Q

What kind of cartilage covers the acetabular and head of femur?

A

Articular cartilage EXCEPT for where ligament head of capsule attaches

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60
Q

What is the Ligamentum Capitis Femoris AKA?

A

Ligament of head of femur

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61
Q

Where does the Ligamentum Capitis Femoris extend from/to?

A

Acetabular notch to fovea of femur head

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62
Q

What is the function of the Ligamentum Capitis Femoris?

A

Weak, little hip joint strength

Contains obturator artery

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63
Q

Where does the articular capsule proximally attach?

A

Proximally- Edge of acetabulum/transverse acetabular ligament
Distal- intertrochanteric line and femoral neck

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64
Q

What are the ligmaments of the articular capsule?

A

Iliofemoral ligament
Pubofemoral ligament
Ischiofemoral ligament
Ligament of femoral head

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65
Q

What types of motions do the Iliofemoral ligament, Pubofemoral ligament, and Ischiofemoral ligament prevent?

A

IL- hyperexptension
PL- overabduction
IL- hyperextension

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66
Q

What is the strongest ligament in the body?

What is it AKA?

A

Iliofemoral ligament, Y shaped

Ligament of Bigelow

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67
Q

What ligament closes the greater sciatic foramen?

A

Sacrospinous ligament

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68
Q

What does the sacrotuberous ligament connect?

A 
PSIS
PIIS
Sacrum
Cocyx 
ALL to ischial tuberosity
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69
Q

What structures convert the lesser sciatic notch into the lesser sciatic foramen?

A

Sacrospinous ligament

Sacrotuberous ligament

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70
Q

When/what position is the hip join most stable?

A

Fully extended and/or

Bearing weight

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71
Q

What type of hip dislocation is common?

What event may cause an actual dislocation of the hip?

A

Congenital

Head on car accident

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72
Q

What separates the buttocks?

A

Intergluteal Cleft

Natal cleft

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73
Q

What forms the gluteal sulcus?

What does this landmark mean?

A

Inferior border of gluteus maximus

Lower butt/upper thigh separation

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74
Q

What type of motions do the gluteal muscles cause on the femur?

A 
Abduct
Adduct
Rotate
Flex
Extend
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75
Q

What are the superficial muscles of the gluteal region?

A

Glut max/med/min

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76
Q

Superior and inferior gluteal nerves go where?

A

Superior- medius/minimus

Inferior- maximus

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77
Q

What type of motion do the superficial gluteal muscles provide?

A

Extension- maximus

Abduction- medius/minimus

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78
Q

What are the shot/lateral rotators of the gluteal?

A

Deep

Piriformis
Obturator intern/externus
Superior/inferior gemellus
Quadratus femoris

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79
Q

What does the deep femoral artery supply?

A

Anterior compartment of thigh

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80
Q

What are the branches of the Deep Femoral Artery and what do they supply?

A

Medial: head/neck of femur
Lateral: ascending- gluteal region, transverse- femur, descending- knee

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81
Q

Deep Femoral Artery AKA

A

Deep artery of thigh

Deep peroneal

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82
Q

Obturator artery is a branch of ? and supplies where?

A

Branch of internal iliac
Supplies femur head, medial compartment of thigh
Branches w/in ligament of head of femur

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83
Q

Gluteal arteries are branches of what artery?

What does it and the branches supply?

A

Internal iliac
Superior- piriformis, all 3 gluteal muscles, tensor fasciae latae
Inferior- piriformis, quad femoris, glut max

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84
Q

Obturator nerve supplies the ___ group which encompasses what muscles?

A 
Adductor
Adductor magnus
Adductor longus
Adductor brevis
Pectineus
Gracilis
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85
Q

Adductor group of muscles are withing which compartment of the thigh?

A

Medial

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86
Q

Disabling gluteus medius limp is result of nerve damage to what nerve?

A

Superior gluteal nerve
Glut min and medius effected
Hips raised on effected side

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87
Q

What is a positive trandelenburg sign?

A

Hip appears to drop to one side during walking

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88
Q

What does the inferior gluteal branch of the sacral plexus supply?

A

Gluteus maximus

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89
Q

Where does the sciatic nerve exit the pelvic cavity?

A

Greater sciatic foramen below piriformis

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90
Q

Define piriformis syndrome?

A

Compression/irritation of sciatic nerve

10% of people have sciatic passing through piriformis instead of under

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91
Q

S/Sx of piriformis syndrom

A

Buttock pain

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92
Q

Where should intragluteal injections be injected?

A

Superior to line extending from posterior superior iliac spine to superior border of greater trochanter

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93
Q

What three muscles of the quad can be visually ID’d?

A

Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
Vastus imtermedius not visible, deep

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94
Q

What makes up the iliotibial tract?

Why is this structure unique?

A

Aponeurosis of tensor fasciae latae and glut max

Most lateral structure of thigh

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95
Q

What are the 3 compartments of the thigh?

A

Anterior
Medial- adductor
Posterior- hamstring

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96
Q

What makes up the anterior compartment of the thigh?

What innervates them?

A

Extensors at knee
Flexion at hip
Innervated by femoral nerve

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97
Q

What makes up the medial compartment of the thigh?

What innervates them?

A

Adductor of hip

Obturator

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98
Q

What makes up the posterior compartment of the thigh?

What innervates them?

A

Knee flexor
Hip extensors
Tibial nerve

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99
Q

What muscles are located in the thighs anterior compartment?

A

Pectineus
Illiopsoas
Sartorius
Quad femoris

100
Q

What muscles are located in the thighs posterior compartment?

A

Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Bicep femoris

101
Q

What muscles are located in the medial compartment of the thigh?

A

Pectineus
Adductor longus/brevis/magnus
Gracilis
Obturator externus

102
Q

What is the longest muscle in the body and it’s AKA?

A

Sartorius

Tailors muscle- upper portion forms lateral border of femoral triangle

103
Q

Where do hamstring muscles originate and insert and how are they innervated?

A

O: ischial tuberosity
I: tibia or fibula
I: tibial nerve of sciatic nerve

104
Q

What criteria do hamstrings possess?

A

Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Bicep femoris- long head
Adductor magnus: vertical/posterior portion

105
Q

Hamstring crosses what two joints?

What action do they have?

A

Hip
Knee
Extending thigh
Flex leg

106
Q

OIA of medial compartment adductors?

A

O: pubis
I: femur linea aspera
A: adduct thigh at hip
I: obturator

107
Q

What muscles are in the medial compartment/adductors?

A

Adductor longus/brevis/magnus
Gracilis
Pectineus

108
Q

Adductor magnus has a hamstring portion so it’s innervated by what?

A

Tibial nerve

109
Q

Gracilis inserts on ______, and helps with what motion?

A

Medial tibia

Flex at knee

110
Q

Pectineus has two layers, what innervates each later?

A

Superficial- femoral

Deep- obturator

111
Q

What muscle is a transitional muscle between the anterior and medial compartment?

A

Pectineus

112
Q

Where does the Adductor canal (subsartorial) begin and end?

A

Sartorius crosses adductor longus

Adductor hiatus

113
Q

Where does the popliteal artery start?

A

Femoral artery exits adductor canal at adductor hiatus

114
Q

Where does the popliteal vein become the femoral vein?

A

Entrance to the adductor canal

115
Q

Where do vessels pass through to get from anterior to posterior thigh when heading to the popliteal fossa?

A

Through adductor hiatus

116
Q

What Adductor hiatus marks end of what/where?

A

End of adductor canal at opening of long tendon of adductor magnus

117
Q

What is the Pes Anserine?

A

AKA pes anserinus, gooses foot
final common tendinous insertion of conjoined tendon of sartorius, gracilis and semitendinosus muscles onto anteromedial proximal tibia
Superficial to tibial insertion of MCL (inside hamstring muscle), flex/stabilize inside knee

118
Q

What are the boundaries of the Femoral Triangle?

A

Base- inguinal ligament
Lateral- sartorius
Medial- adductor longus
Floor- iliopsoas and pectineus

119
Q

How are the major vessels and nerves arranged in the femoral triangle?

A 
Femoral nerve
Artery 
Vein
Lymphatics
Navl
120
Q

What would be seen if there was femoral nerve damage within the area of the femoral triangle?

A

Inability to extend knee

121
Q

What does the femoral canal allow to happen?

What is it normally filled with?

A

Distension of the femoral vein

Extraperitoneal fat

122
Q

What is at the proximal and distal end of the femoral triangle?

A

Proximal- femoral ring

Distal- saphenous hiatus

123
Q

What nerve innervates the anterior thigh?

A

Femoral nerve

124
Q

What nerve innervates the lateral thigh?

A

Lateral cutaneous nerve

125
Q

What nerve innervates the posterior thigh?

A

Posterior cutaneous nerve

126
Q

What nerve innervates the medial thigh?

A

Obturator nerve

127
Q

What nerve is likely to be damaged if there’s damage to the ASIS?

A

Lateral cutaneous nerve

128
Q

What is a good anterior dermatome landmark?

A

L4

Cross knee/medial malleolus

129
Q

Where does S1 extend to/from posteriorly?

Where does S2 extend from?

A

1- Lateral Gastrocnemius

2- Medial head

130
Q

What is the name of the diamond shaped depression of the posterior shaped depression in the posterior knee?

A

Popliteal fossa

131
Q

What are the superior and inferior borders of the popliteal fossa?

A

Superior- hamstrings

Inferior- gastrocnemius

132
Q

What tendons are visible at the popliteal fossa?

A

Medial- semitendinosus

Lateral- bicep femoris

133
Q

Where does the small saphenous vein empty into?

A

Popliteal vein

134
Q

What type of joint is the knee?

A

Weight bearing hinged synovial joint

135
Q

Why is the knee relatively weak mechanically?

A

Incongruence of articular surfaces

Absence of enclosure of articulating bone

136
Q

What are the 3 articulations of he knee

A

Femoral->tibial condyle (lat/medial)

Patella->femur

137
Q

What is the capsule of the knee a combination of?

A

Patella and patellar ligament
Condyle/intercondyle fossa
Condyle of tibia

138
Q

Where does the synovial membrane attach to in the knee?

A

Peripherally to patella and edges of menisci

Reflects onto cruciate ligaments

139
Q

What are the 5 extracapsular ligaments that strengthen the knee?

A 
Patellar
Fibular CL- LCL
Tibial CL- MCL
Oblique popliteal ligament
Acruate popliteal ligament
140
Q

Which of the extracapsular ligaments is weak and more often damaged?

A

MCL

141
Q

Where is the menisci located?

A

Tibia
Medial attached to tibial CL
Lateral is not attached to corresponding ligament

142
Q

What part of the meniscus is smaller and more moveable?

A

Lateral

Nearly circular

143
Q

What is the shape/size of the medial meniscus?

A

C shape

Larger than lateral

144
Q

Tearing the tibial collateral ligament usually results in what other injury?

A

Concomitant tearing of medial meniscus

145
Q

Where does the transverse ligament attach?

A

Connect lateral and medial menisci anteriorly

146
Q

Where do cruciate ligaments crisscross?

A

Within articular capsule but outside of synovial joint

147
Q

Characteristics of ACL

A

Anterior intercondyle of tibial to lateral femoral condyle

Weaker of two ligaments

148
Q

When is the ACL tight and what type of movement is it preventing?

A

Slack w/ knee flexion
Tight w/ knee extension
Prevents anterior displacement of tibia

149
Q

Characteristics of PCL

A

Posterior intercondyle tibia to medial femoral condyle

Stronger of two ligaments

150
Q

When is the PCL tight and what type of movement is it preventing?

A

Tightens during flexion

Prevents posterior displacement of tibia

151
Q

Where does the ACL originate and insert?

A

O- front of intercondylar eminence of tibia

I- medial side of lateral condyle of femur

152
Q

Where does the PCL originate and insert?

A

O- behind intercondylar eminence of tibia

I- lateral side of medial condyle of femur

153
Q

What type of movement is the PCL the main stabilizing factor for the femur?

A

Weight bearing flexed knee

Walking down hill

154
Q

Where does the fibular collateral ligament O/I?

A

Separate from knee joint capsule
O- lateral femur condyle
I- lateral head of fibula

155
Q

Why is the FCL less likely to sustain concomitant damage than the medial meniscus?

A

FCL doesn’t directly attach to lateral meniscus

156
Q

When is the ACL and PCL taut?

A

ACL- knee extended

PCL- knee flexed

157
Q

What are the most common knee injuries in contact sports?

How does it occur?

A

Ligament sprains

Foot is fixed to ground, force applied against knee and foot can’t move

158
Q

Tearing of the tibial/MCL frequently results in tearing of what?

A

Medial meniscus

159
Q

How does the “unhappy triad of injuries” happen?

A

Twisting strain of tibial collateral ligament tearing/detaching medial meniscus from capsule which ruptures ACL

160
Q

Severe force directly anterior w/ knee semiflexed causes what?

A

ACL tear

Allows tibia to slide anteriorly from femur

161
Q

How is the PCL torn?

A

Landing on tibial tuberosity w/ knee flexed

162
Q

How do PCL ruptures occur?

A

In conjunction w/ tibial/fibular ligament tears

PCL tears allow tibia to slide posterior to femur

163
Q

Define Runner’s Knee

A

Flexion and extension of knee causes patella to move/glide laterally w/ sup/inf movement in groove of femoral condlye
Inc pressure on joint
Pain after prolonged sitting, after exercise, worse w/ walking down stairs/squatting

164
Q

Runner’s knee is AKA ?

A

Patellofemoral stress syndrome

165
Q

Define Genu valgum

A

Knock knees

166
Q

What two structures insert on the calcaneus?

A

Gastrocnemius and Soleus via Calcaneal tendon

167
Q

Calcaneal tendon is AKA ?

A

Achilles

168
Q

What part of the saphenous vein is medial

A

Greater

Travels anterior to medial malleolus, ascends on medal leg and terminates in femoral vein

169
Q

Anterior compartment of the leg is reponsible for what movements?

A

Dorsiflexion at ankle
Inversion of toes
Extension of toes

170
Q

Lateral compartment of leg does what movement?

A

Weak plantarflexion

Foot eversion

171
Q

What innervates the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

Deep fibular nerve

172
Q

What innvervates the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

Superficial fibular nerve

173
Q

What movement does the posterior leg compartment do?

A

Plantarfelxion of ankle

Flex toes

174
Q

What innervates the posterior compartment of the leg

A

Tibial nerve

175
Q

What are the anterior compartment muscles of the leg?

A 
Tibialis anterior
Extensor hallucis longus
Extensor digitorum longus
Fibularis tertius (peroneus)
176
Q

How are the tendons of the muscles of the anterior compartment held firmly to ankle?

A

Superior extensor retinaculum
(transverse ligament of ankle)

Inferior extensor retinaculum
(cruciate ligament of ankle)

177
Q

What are the lateral compartment leg muscles and their innervation?

A

Fibularis longus
Fibularis brevis
Innervation: superficial fibular

178
Q

Where does the Fibularis Longus insert?

A

Base of 1st metatarsal

Medial cuneiform

179
Q

Which tendon crosses the sole of the foot?

A

Tendon fibularis longus

180
Q

Where does the fibularis brevis insert?

A

Tuberosity of 5th metatarsal

181
Q

Tibialis anterior and fibularis longus are ___ muscles at base of first metatarsal/cuneiform

A

Antagonistic

182
Q

Define Tricep surae

A

Combination of gastrocnemius and soleus muscle

183
Q

Where does the popliteal artery divide into anterior and posterior tibial arteries?

A

Inferior border of popliteus

184
Q

What does the posterior tibial artery supply?

A

Most of foot as plantar arteries

185
Q

What are the paired deep veins of the Posterior and Anterior tibial artery?

A

Venae comitantes

186
Q

What does the Anterior Tibial artery supply?

A

Anterior compartment

187
Q

Why is the Common Fibular Nerve likely to be injured simultaneously with injury to fibula head?

A

Winds around fibular neck before dividing

Nerve MOST injured in lower limb

188
Q

What happens if the Common Fibular nerve is severed?

A

Paralysis of anterior and lateral compartments
Dorsiflexors of ankle
Evertors of foot causing foot drop (heel drags, impossible for heel to strike first when walking)

189
Q

If a PT has a Common Fibular Nerve injury they adopt what king of gait?

A

Steppage gait
High stepping
Raise foot high off ground to prevent toes from dragging

190
Q

Deep fibular nerve is AKA?

A

Deep peroneal nerve

191
Q

Where does the deep fibular nerve travel and enter the foot?

A

In front of ankle

Top of foot by passing under extensor retinaculum

192
Q

What doe the Deep Fibular Nerve supply after passing into the foot?

A

Extensor Hallucis Brevis
Extensor digitorum brevis
Cutaneous sensation between toes 1 and 2

193
Q

How is the Deep Fibular Neuritis develop?

A

Direct ankle trauma

Shoe laces too tight

194
Q

Where is a malleolar mortise formed in the foot?

A

By distal ends of tib/fib where trochlea of talus fits

195
Q

What muscles are used in dorsiflexion

A

Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum
Extensor hallucis longus

196
Q

Wha muscles are used in plantarflexion?

A

All muscles of posterior and lateral compartment

197
Q

What muscles are used by inversion?

A

Tibialis anterior

198
Q

What type of motion/movement if inversion?

A

Outward roll of foot

Inversion-type

199
Q

What muscles are used for eversion?

A

Lateral compartment

Fibularis tertius

200
Q

What type of motion/movement is eversion?

A

Inward roll of foot

Eversion type

201
Q

Eversion movement may be associated with what type of foot/knee issue?

A 
Flat foot
Knock knee (genu valgum)
202
Q

What leg bone transfers weight to the ankle joint?

A

Tibia

Fibula stabilizes

203
Q

Why is plantarflexion less stable in the ankle joint?

A

Superior surface of talus is wider anteriorly than posteriorly

204
Q

When is the ankle most stable?

A

Fully dorsiflexed

205
Q

What are the collateral ligaments of the ankle?

A

Medial (deltoid ligament)

Lateral ligament- weaker

206
Q

What is the function of the medial ligament?

A

Anchors medial malleolus to talus
Stabilizes ankle during eversion
Resists extreme eversion

207
Q

What is the most commonly injured ligament in the ankle?

A

Anterior talofibular ligament

208
Q

Why is a deltoid ligament in the ankle rarely sprained?

When is it injured?

A

Fibular prevents ankle from move far enough to stretch ligament
Injury associated with fibula Fx

209
Q

How many bones and articulations are in the foot?

A

26 bones

55 articulations

210
Q

What are the 3 regions of the foot?

A

Forefoot- toes, metatarsals
Midfoot- cuneiforms, cuboid, navicular
Hindfoot- calcaneous, talus

211
Q

What is the most common site of foot complaints?

A

Forefoot

Commonly by bad shoes, foot deformities, degeneration

212
Q

What causes midfoot complaints?

A

Sprain
Tarsal Fx
Posterior tibialis dysfunction

213
Q

What causes most hindfooot problems?

A 
Overuse
Excessive weight
Plantar fasciitis
Achilles tendinosis
Bursitis
214
Q

What structures go through the tarsal tunnel?

A 
Tom Dick & Nervous Harry
Tibials post. 
Flexor digit. longus
Post. tibial artery
Tibial nerve
Flexor hallucis longus
215
Q

Define Hallux Valgus

A

Foot deformity cuased by pressure from footwear

Lateral deviation of great toe

216
Q

Define Bunion

A

Enlargement of bone/tissue around metatarsalphalangeal joint at base of big toe

217
Q

Define Pes Planus

A

Flatfoot

Longitudinal arch/instep collapses and contacts ground

218
Q

What is the way to diagnose Pes Planus at home?

A

Wet footprint test

219
Q

What is the difference between Clawfoot and Hammertoe

A

Clawtoe- FGB overpowers other muscles and pulls middle phalanx downward

Hammertoe- FGL overpowers other muscles, tip of toe is bent down while middle toe is cocked upward

220
Q

What are the common causes of hammertoe?

A

Improper fitting shoes

221
Q

Define Talipes/Talipes equinovarus

A

Clubfoot

Foot twists inferior and medial decreasing angle of arch

222
Q

How is Clubfoot fixed?

A

Ponseti method

223
Q

What can cause Plantar Fasciitis

A

Running

High impact

224
Q

Sequence of arterial blood supply to the dorsal foot?

A

Dorsalis pedis
Arcuate/deep plantar artery
Lateral Plantar artery, forms plantar arch

225
Q

Sequence of arterial blood supply to the plantar foot?

A 
Posterior tibialis
Medial/lat plantar arteries
Lat. Plant. joins deep plantar artery to form plantar arch
Plantar arch-> plantar metatarsal artery
Common digital arteries
226
Q

What muscles originate off of the ischial tuberosity?

A

Hamstrings

227
Q

Where does the rectus femoris attach superiorly?

A

AIIS

228
Q

What is the importance of the auricular surface?

A

Associates w/ sacrum to form sacroiliac joint

229
Q

What is the superficial vein on the lateral aspect of the leg?

A

Small saphenous vein

230
Q

Trauma to ASIS affects what nerve?

A

Lateral femoral cutaneous

231
Q

Trauma to femoral triangle affects what nerve?

A

Femoral nerve

232
Q

Trauma to great saphenous vein affects what nerve?

A

Saphenous nerve

233
Q

Trauma to anterior tibial artery affects what nerve?

A

Deep fibular

234
Q

Trauma to fibula affects what nerve?

A

Common fibular nerve

235
Q

What nerve innervates the sartorius muscle?

A

Femoral

236
Q

What forms the medial border of the femoral triangle?

A

Lateral border of adductor longus

237
Q

What are the venous structures in the femoral triangle

A

Great saphenous vein

Femoral vein

238
Q

What innervates the extensor digitorum brevis?

A

Deep fibular (peroneal)

239
Q

What muscles/area does the deep fibular nerve innervate?

A 
Anterior compartment
Tib Ant
Extensor digit
Extensor hallicus
Fibularis tertius
240
Q

What nerves are in the popliteal fossa?

A

Tibial nerve

Common fibular

241
Q

As the anterior tibial artery progresses inferior, what does it turn into?

A

Dorsalis pedis

242
Q

What movements do the piriformis muscles do?

A

Lateral rotate

Abduct thigh

243
Q

What nerves innervate the Adductor Magnus?

A

Obturator

Tibial for hamstring part

244
Q

What innervates the Fibularis longus muscle?

A

Superficial fibular nerve

245
Q

What nerve innervates the Tensor Fascia Latae?

A

Superior gluteal nerve

246
Q

What muscles originate from the ASIS?

A

Sartorius

Tensor fasciae latae

IPAP (212 decks)

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