Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

IPAP > P, V, & Assoc. > Flashcards

P, V, & Assoc. Flashcards

1
Q

Define Sexual Reproduction

A

Production of offspring by making germ cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define Fertilization

A

Male gamete uniting w/ female gamete

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define Gonad

A

Produces gametes and secretes sex hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define Ducts

A

Store and transport gametes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define Accessory Sex Glands

A

Produce substance to protect gamete and facilitate movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

As supporting structures, what do the penis and uterus assist with?

A

Delivery of gametes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Organs of the male reproductive system include ? 4

A

Testes
Ducts
Accessory sex glands
Supporting structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the 6 ducts of the male reproductive system?

A 
Straight Tubules
Rete Testis
Efferent Ducts
Ductus Epidiymis
Epididymis
Ductus Deferens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 3 accessory sex glands of males?

A

Seminal vesicles
Prostate
Bulbourethral glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 2 male supporting structure?

A

Scrotum

Penis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the external ridge of the scrotum?

Where does is start and end?

A

Raphe

Urethral meatus -> anus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does the scrotal raphe represent?

A

Fusion of genital tubercles from embryonic development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where does the scrotal subcutaneous layer come from during development?

A

Abdominal structures during embryonic development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 6 layers of the scrotum?

A 
Dartos muscle (smooth)
External spermatic fascia
Cremaster muscle (skeletal)
Internal Spermatic fascia
Tunica vaginalis (parietal and visceral)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the functions of the Cremaster and Dartos reflexes?

A

Cremaster- brings testes closer to absorb heat

Dartos- tightens scrotum to reduce heat loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where/how do testicles descend into the scrotum during development?

A

Inguinal canal during month 7 of development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What structure is a part of the scrotum AND a part of the testes?

A

Tunica vaginalis
Inner most of scrotum
Outter most of testicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does the Tunica Vaginalis develop from?

A

Peritoneum during descent of testes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where/what does the Tunica Albuginea do?

A

Internal to T. Vagainalis

Forms septa dividing testes into lobules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the functional units of testes?

A

Lobules

200-300/testis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are testicle lobules made up of?

A

Seminiferous tubules

1-3/tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the 2 types of cells found in seminiferous tubules?

A

Spermatogenic cells- sperm forming

Sertoli/sustentacular cells- support spermatogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where is the location of spermatogenesis?

A

Seminiferous tubules

Begins w/ primordial germ cell differentiating into spermatogonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

When do spermatogonia enter the testes?

What happens to them once they’re there?

A

5th week of embryonic development

Dormant until puberty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the sequence of spermatogenesis?

A 
Spermatogonia
Primary spermatocyte
Secondary spermatocyte
Spermatid
Sperm cell (spermatozoa)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the purpose of Sertoli Cells in seminiferous tubules?

A

Embedded among speratogenic cells to support and protect spermatogenic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the 5 functions of Sertoli Cells?

A

Nourish spermatocyte/spermatid/sperm
Phagocyte excesses
Control release of spem -> lumen
Produce fluid for sperm transport w/in tubules since they can’t swim
Produce Androgen Binding Protein to keep testosterone in local area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the Blood-Testis barrier?

A

Tight junctions between sertoli cells w/in seminiferous tubules to isolate developing gametes from blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the function of the Blood-Testis barrier?

A

Prevents the immune response of the spermatogenic cells surface Ags from destroying developing sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are Leydig cells?

A

Cell in tunica albuginea around seminiferous tubules to produce/secrete testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How does spermatogenesis start?

A

Spermatogonia that undergo mitosis from stimulation by testosterone
Spermatogonia that lose contact w/ basement membrane, pass through blood-testes barrier and differentiate into primary spermatocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What happens to Primary Spermatocytes after differentiation?

A

Meiosis 1 creates two Secondary Spermatocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What happens to the two Secondary Spermatocytes after meiosis one?

A

Meiosis II

One secondary spermatocyte= 4 spermatids after two rounds of cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the last part of spermatogenesis?

A

Spermiogenesis
Haploids -> sperm
Gain of acrosome, mitochondria, flagellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Define Spermiation

When does it occur?

A

Sperm released from Sertoli cells into lumen

Occurs during spermiogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Define Acrosome and its contents

A

Enzyme vesicle for penetrating secondary oocyte

Contains hyaluronidase and protease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are the 4 parts of a sperm tail?

What organelles do they contain?

A

Neck- contains centrioles
Middle- contain mitochondria
Principle- longest part of tail
End- terminal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What hormones starts hormonal control of testes?

A

GnRH

Stimulates gonadotrophs of anterior pituitary to secrete and release LH and FSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is LHs influence on the testes?

A

Leydig cells to produce/secrete testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is testosterone synthesized from?

A

Cholesterol allowing it to be lipid-soluble for diffusion out of Leydig cells and into blood/seminiferous tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

How does 5-alpha-reductase influence hormones in the testes?

A

Converts testosterone to Dihydrotestosterone in prostate/external genitals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is DHTs purpose/function?

A

More potent androgen thought to “spark” puberty in males

Combines with testosterone to influence sexual behavior/desires

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is FHSs influence on spermatogenesis?

A

Indirectly

Works w/ testosterone to act on Sertoli cells to secrete ABP to keep testosterone in tubule lumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What hormone stimulates the final steps of spermatogenesis?

A

Testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What happens once normal levels of spermatogenesis occurs?

A

Sertoli cells release small amounts of inhibin which reduces the production of FSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

3 fates of testosterone and DHT during prenatal development?

A

Development of male reproductive system/descent of testes
DHT stimulates development of external organs
Converted to estrogen in brain for region development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Male sexual characteristics include what characteristics?

A 
Muscle/skeletal growth
Wide shoulders/narrow hips
Facial/chest hair
Thick skin
Increase sebaceous secretions
Enlarged larynx
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

How do testosterone and DHT influence development of sexual function?

A

Contribute to sexual behavior
Spermatogenesis
Sex drive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What is the main source of androgen production in females?

A

Adrenal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What stimulates/causes males to have heavier muscle/bone masses?

A

Testosterone and DHT stimulate protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

How do sperm get from seminiferous tubules to the straight tubules?

A

Fluids secreted by Sertoli cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Define Rete Testis

A

At hilum of testicle

Network of ducts that bridge straight tubules and efferent ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Define Efferent Ducts

A

Coiled ducts in epidiymis leading to ductus epididymis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Define Ductus Epididymis

A

Single convoluted tube connecting efferent ducts and ductus deferens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

How long is the ductus epididymis if stretched out?

A

20ft

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What is the shape and location of each epididymis?

A

Comma shaped organ at posterior of each testis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What is the site of sperm maturation?

A

Epididymis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What is the epididymis’ job during sexual arousal?

A

Helps propel sperm into ductus deferens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Where is the ductus deferens located?

A

Within epididymis where tubule becomes less convoluted and diameter increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What are the 5 ducts of the testes?

A 
Straight tubule
Rete testis
Efferent duct
Ductus epididymis
Epididymis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What is the path of the ductus deferens?

A

Transverses through spermatic cord, enters pelvic cavity, loops over ureter, down posterior surface to ampulla at seminal vesicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Where/what is the terminal portion of the ductus deferens?

A

Widens into ampulla where it meets seminal vesicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What is the function of the Ductus deferens?

A

Carry sperm from epididymis to urethra during arousal

Can help with sperm storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What is the function of the Spermatic cord?

A

Supporting structure ascending out of scrotum with ilioinguinal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What are the components of the Spermatic Cord?

A 
Ductus deferens
Testicular artery
Veins
Lymphatic vessels
Autonomic nerves
Cremaster muscle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

How does the spermatic cord help with transporting testosterone into systemic circulation?

A

Veins carry testosterone via pampiniform plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Where is the Pampiniform Plexus in relation to the vas deferens?

A

Anteriorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Why is more pathology found on the left side of the scrotum/reproductive system in males?

A

R side of pampiniform plexus drains to inferior vena cava

L side drains to left renal vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

What 2 things joins to form the Ejaculatory duct?

A

Union of seminal vesicle and ampulla of ductus deferens

Terminate at the prostatic urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

What is the function of the Ejaculatory duct?

A

Eject sperm and seminal vesicle secretions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Male urethra is a shared terminal duct for what two systems?

A

Reproductive

Urinary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

What are the 3 sections of the male urethra?

A

Prostatic
Membranous
Spongy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Where does most of the fluid portion of semen come from?

A

Accessory sex glands

Small part from seminiferous tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

What are the 3 contributors of fluid portion of semen?

A

Seminal vesicle secretion- most
Prostatic secretion
Bulbourethral secretion- least

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

What are the functions of the Seminal Vesicles?

A

Secrete alkaline fluids to neutralize urethra and female reproductive tract
Secrete viscous fluids to keep semen in female reproductive tract longer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Seminal vesicle secretions contain what 3 things?

A

Fructose- energy
Prostaglandins- motility, viability
Clotting proteins- coagulates after ejaculation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

What do male sex gland prostaglandins do within the female reproductive tract?

A

Stimulate smooth muscle contractions to aid with semen movement to ova

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Prostate is located ___ to bladder and surrounds ______

A

Inferior

Prostatic urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

When does normal prostate growth occur?

A

Slowly until puberty
Rapidly from puberty -> 30
Additional enlargement at 45 y/o

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

What are the 3 parts of prostatic fluid and their purposes?

A

Citric acid- ATP synth.
Proteolytic enzymes- break down clotting factors (specific Ags, pepsinogen, lysozyme, amylase, hyaluronidase)
Seminalplasmin- decrease number of bacteria in semen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

Where are bulbourethral glands located?

A

Inferior to prostate on either side of membranous urethra w/ ducts opening into spongy urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

What are bulbourethral glands role during sexyal arousal?

A

Secrete alkaline fluid to protect sperm and neutralize urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

What are the 4 fluids that make up the whole seminal fluid?

A

Seminiferous tubules
Seminal vesicles
Prostate
Bulbourethral glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

What give semen the milky color?

What give is the viscous/tacky consistency?

A

Prostatic fluid- color

Seminal fluid/bulbourethral fluid- viscosity/consistency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

When/why does semen coagulate and reliquify?

A

5 min due to seminal vesicle clotting proteins

10-20 due to prostate specific antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

Define Hematospermia

A

Blood in semen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

What are the 3 parts of the penis?

A

Body
Glans penis
Root

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

What are the 3 parts of the penis body?

A

Corpora cavernosa: 2 dorsolateral masses, fibrous tissue

Corpus spongiosum: single midventral mass w/ spongy urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

Glans penis is the distal end of ?

A

Corpus spongiosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

Define corona?

A

Margin surrounding the anatomical glans penis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

What are the two parts contained within the root of the penis?

A

Bulb- posterior corpus spongiosum enclosed by bulbospongiosus muscle (ejaculation)

Crura- posterior corpora cavernosa enclosed in ischiocavernosus muscle

92
Q

Define Crura

A

2 separated and tapered portions of corpora cavernos within the root of the penis

93
Q

What ligaments support the weight of the penis?

A

Fundiform- inferior linea alba

Suspensory- pubic symphysis

94
Q

Erection is the entrapment of blood within what part of the penis?

A

Corpora cavernosa

95
Q

Erection is by the ____ nervous system

Ejaculation is by the ____ nervous system

A

PS- sacral

Sympathetic- lumbar

96
Q

Before ejaculation, peristatlic contraction move semen from where to where?

A 
Epididymis
Ductus deferens
Seminal vesicles
Ejaculatory ducts
Prostate
Spongy urethra
97
Q

Muscles of the penis contract when stimulated by what nerve?

A

Pudendal nerve: bulbospongiousus, ischiocavernosus, superficial transverse perineus

98
Q

How does the penis end an erection and return to flaccid?

A

Arterioles constrict
Smooth muscles contract
Sinuses get smaller
Pressure in veins is relieved, blood exits

99
Q

Female reproductive system includes what organs?

A 
Ovaries
Fallopian tubes
Uterus
Vagina
Mammary glands
100
Q

Mammary glands are included in what two systems?

A

Integumentary

Reproductive

101
Q

What hormones do ovaries produce?

A

Progesterone
Estrogen
Inhibin
Relaxin

102
Q

Where/how are ovaries held in place?

A

Broad ligamint- part of parietal paritoneum
Ovarian- anchors ovaries to uterus
Suspensory- attaches to pelvic wall

103
Q

Define Germinal Epithelium

A

Covers surface of ovaries

104
Q

Define Ovarian Tunica Albuginea

A

White capsule of dense CT deep to germinal epithelium

105
Q

Define Ovarian Cortex

A

Deep to tunica albuginea

Consists of ovarian follicles containing stromal cells

106
Q

What layer of ovarian tissues are the vessels, lymph and nerves located?

A

Ovarian medulla

107
Q

What is a graafian follicle?

A

Mature follicle ready for rupture/expel a secondary oocyte

108
Q

Define Corpus Luteum

A

Remnants of follicles after ovulation

109
Q

What 4 hormones does the Corpus Luteum make?

A

Progesterone
Inhibin
Estrogen
Relaxin

110
Q

What happens to Corpus Luteums as the degenerate?

A

Form scar tissue called corpus albicans

111
Q

How are oogonia formed during embryonic development?

A

4th week of development
Primordial germ cells migrate from yolk sac to gonadal ridge
At ridge, now called oogonia

112
Q

What happens when oogonia undergo Meiosis I?

A

Change of classification from oogonia to primary oocytes

113
Q

Where to primary oocytes stop in development?

A

Prophase of Meiosis I

Primary oocyte surrounded by granulosa cells making the structure called a primordial follicle

114
Q

What does FSH/LH do to primordial follicles?

A

Morphs them into primary follicles

115
Q

Define theca folliculi

A

Stromal cells surrounding basement membrane of primary follicles

116
Q

What happens to primary follicles as they continue maturation?

A

Turns them into secondary follicles

117
Q

After secondary follicle is made, what happens to the theca folliculi?

A

Differentiates into 2 layers
Theca internal: highly vascularized cell that secretes precursor androgen for granulosa cells to convert to estrogen
Theca externa: outer layer of stromal cells and collagen fibers

118
Q

Define Antrum

A

Center of a secondary follicle that fills with estrogen fluid from granulosa cells

119
Q

Define corona radiata

A

Innermost layer of granulosa cells converting into cumulus-granulosa cells that attach to oocyte

120
Q

What do coronna radiata layers secrete?

A

Progesterone for attracting sperm and promote motility

121
Q

Define Zona Pellucida?

A

Gel like matrix produced by oocyte to coat itself

Helps adhere cumulu-granulosa cells to it

122
Q

When/where does Zona Peullucida formation start and end?

A

Starts in Primary Follicles

Ends as Secondary Follicles

123
Q

What stage is the Corona Radiata formed?

A

Secondary follicle

124
Q

When is a mature graafian follicle formed?

A

Just before ovulation of mature follicle when primary oocyte completes meiosis I, produces two cells of unequal sizes w/ 23 chromosomes

125
Q

What are the names of the two cells produces at the end of Meiosis I?

A

Smaller- First Polar Body

Larger- Secondary Oocyte

126
Q

When a secondary Oocyte is released by ovulation, how many steps of Meiosis II has it completed?

A

Stops in Metaphase of Meiosis II

127
Q

What do the fallopian tubes do after ovulation?

A

Produce gentle waves to pull oocyte from peritoneal cavity to fallopian tube

128
Q

Where does fertilization normally occur?

A

Ampulla of fallopian tubes

129
Q

When sperm and secondary oocyte meet, what do they change into?

A

Haploid + haploid= diploid

Now called zygote

130
Q

Define Anteflexion

A

Body of uterus projecting anteriorly over bladder

131
Q

What are the 6 parts of the uterus?

A 
Fundus- top
Body- central
Cervix- inferior extension of uterus
Isthmus- region between body and cervix
Cavity- interior of body
Cervical canal- interior of cervix
132
Q

What are the internal and external os?

A

Internal- opening into uterus

External- opening into vagina

133
Q

What are the 3 layers of the uterus?

A

External to internal
Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium

134
Q

Perimetrium layer of the uterus is a part of what structures?

A

Visceral peritoneum
Laterally becomes broad ligament
Anteriorly covers bladder
Posteriorly covers rectum

135
Q

What are the two pouches the perimetrium forms?

A 
Vesicouterine pouch (anterior)
Rectouterine pouch (posterior)
136
Q

What is the most inferior location of the abdominal cavity and a site of fluid/blood collection?

A

Rectouterine pouch

137
Q

What are the two layers of the endometrium?

A

Stratum functionalis- shed each month

Stratum basalis- permanent, creates new stratum each month

138
Q

What is the function of the broad ligaments?

A

Double folds of peritoneum that attaches uterus to either side of pelvic cavity

139
Q

What is the function of the Uterosacral ligaments?

A

Peritoneal extensions on either side of rectum that connect uterus to sacrum

140
Q

What is the function of the Cardinal/Lateral ligaments?

A

Inferior to base of broad ligaments

Extend from pelvic wall to cervix and vagina

141
Q

What is the function of the round ligaments?

A

CT between broad ligaments

Extends inferiorly to Fallopian tubes to external genitalia

142
Q

What supplies the uterus with blood?

A

Branches of internal iliac artery

143
Q

What arteries are in the myometrium?

A

Arcuate arteries

Branches of uterine arteries arranged in circular fashion

144
Q

What are the branches of the arcuate arteries called and where do they go?

A

Radial arteries

Penetrate deeply into myometrium

145
Q

What do radial arteries turn into before entering mendometrium?

A

Straight arterioles- supply stratum basalis

Spiral arterioles- supply stratum functionalis

146
Q

Where does blood leaving the uterus empty into?

A

Internal iliac vein

147
Q

What is the most inferior part of the uterus?

148
Q

What is the extocervix?

What is the endocervix?

A

External cervix and ox

Endocervical canal to internal os

149
Q

Define Nulliparous Cervix

A

Cervix that is round, proves no fetus has passed through OR c-section was performed

150
Q

Define Parous Cervix

A

Child has passed through cervix

151
Q

Define homogenous cervix

A

Cervix before puberty

152
Q

What might be seen on the cervix during puberty?

A

Endocervical cells migrating onto ectocervix

153
Q

Define Vaginal Fornix

A

Area surrounding vaginal attachment to cervix

154
Q

What anchors the vagina to the surrounding organs?

A

Adventitia

155
Q

What allows the vagina to stretch during intercourse?

A

Muscularis w/ outer circular and inner longitudinal layer

156
Q

What part of the vagina is continuous with the uterus?

157
Q

The external femal genitalia is encompassed into what single term?

A

Vulva/pudendum

158
Q

What are the 9 parts of the vulva?

A 
Mons Pubis
Labia majora
Labia minora
Clitoris
Vestibule
Skenes glands
Bartholins glands
Bulb of the vestibule
Corpus Cavernosum
159
Q

Labia majora is homologous to what male part?

Labia minora is homologous to what male part?

A

Scrotum

Spongy urethra

160
Q

What kind of tissue makes up the clitoris?

A

Corpora cavernosa

161
Q

What is the prepuce?

A

Layer of skin formed by point of labia minor

162
Q

What is the exposed part of the clitoris called?

A

Glans clitoris

163
Q

What are the 4 parts of the female vestibule?

A

Hymen
Vaginal orifice
External urethral orifice
Openings of ducts

164
Q

Define Paraurethral glands

A

Skenes glands embedded in wall of urethra

Lateral to urethral orifice that secrete mucus

165
Q

Define Greater Vestibular Glands

A

Bartholins Glands

Lateral to vaginal orifice that produce mucus during arousal

166
Q

Define Corpus Spongiosum

A

Bulb of vestibule

2 masses of erectile tissue that capture blood during arousal to narrow vaginal orifice

167
Q

Define Corpus Cavernosum

A

Distal portion of clitoris

168
Q

What are the 2 parts of the perineum

A

Genitals

Anus

169
Q

What are the anterior, lateral and posterior aspects of the perineum?

A

Anterior- pubic symphysis
Posterior- Ischial tuberosity
Posterior- coccyx

170
Q

What divides the perineum diamond into smaller triangles?

A

Transverse line from one tuberosity to another dividing into Urogenital and Anal tirangles

171
Q

Mammary glands are anterior to what two muscles?

A

Pec major

Serratus anterior

172
Q

Define Lactiferous ducts

A

Closely spaced openings where milk emerges from

173
Q

Why do areola take on a roughened appearance?

A

Modified sebaceious glands

174
Q

Define Coopers’ Ligaments

A

Run between breast skin and fascia

175
Q

How are mammary glands broken down further for milk production?

A

One breast contain one gland
Lobes- each gland has 15-20
Lobules- each lobe made of several lobules
Alveoli within lobules secrete milk

176
Q

What stimulates production and ejection of milk?

A

Prroducion- prolactin

Ejection- oxytocin

177
Q

Testes are homologous to ?

178
Q

Sperm is homologous to ?

179
Q

Scrotum is homologous to ?

A

Labia majora

180
Q

Spongy urethra is homologous to ?

A

Labia minora

181
Q

Corpora cavernosa is homologous to ?

182
Q

Corpus spongiosum/penis bulb/glans is homologous to ?

A

Bulb of vestibule

183
Q

Prostate is homologous to ?

A

Skenes glands

184
Q

Bulbourethral glands are homologous to ?

A

Bartholins glands

185
Q

Female reproductive cycle involves what two parts?

A

Ovarian cycle

Uterus cycle

186
Q

Hormones from what 3 places control female reproductive cycle?

A

Hypothalamus
Anterior pituitary
Ovaries

187
Q

What are the two cycles that make up the female reproductive cycle?

A

Ovarian cycle

Uterine cylce

188
Q

Define ovarian cycle

A

Changes that occur during and after maturation of oocyte

189
Q

Define uterine cycle

A

Changes in endometrium to prepare it for implantation

190
Q

If implantation doesn’t occur, _____ retreat causing sloughing of _____

A

Ovarian

Stratum functionalis

191
Q

Female GnRH controls what part of reproductive cycle?

A

Both ovarian and uterine

192
Q

Where is GnRH released from and what does it do?

A

From hypothalamus
Stimulates release of LH and FSH
Stimulates ovarian follicles to produce estrogen

193
Q

What does FSH cause to happen?

A

Initiates follicular growth

Androgen from LH taken up by granulosa cells and turned into estrogen

194
Q

What does LH stimulate?

A

Development of ovarian follicles
Theca cells to produce androgens
Ovulation

195
Q

______ forms the corpus luteum

196
Q

What does the Corpus Luteum produce and secrete?

A

Progesterone
Inhibin
Estrogen
Relaxin

197
Q

Estrogen promotes development and maintenance of ?

A

Reproductive structures
Breasts
Protein anabolism
Lower blood cholesterol

198
Q

Progesterone is secreted mainly by ? cells

A

Corpus luteum

Small portions by cumulus cells around an ovulated oocyte

199
Q

_____ helps prepare mammary glands for milk secretion

A

Progesterone

200
Q

High levels of progesterone inhibits secretion of ____ and _____

201
Q

Functions of relaxin

A

Inhibits contractions
Increases flexibility of pubic symphisis
Dilates cervix

202
Q

Functions of inhibin

A

Secreted by granulosa cells (growing follicles) and corpus luteum (post-ovulation)
Inhibits secretion of FSH and LH

203
Q

What are the 4 phases of the female reproductive cycle?

A

Menstrual
Preovulatory
Ovulation
Postovulatory

204
Q

What day marks the first day of a new cycle?

A

1st day of menstruation

205
Q

What phases make up the follicular phase?

What phases make up the luteal phase?

A

Menstrual + preovulatory

Ovulation + postovulatory

206
Q

Preovulatory phase = ____phase

A

Proliferative

207
Q

Post-ovulatory phase=______ phase

A

Secretory

Secretion of glycogen by secretory glands of endometrium

208
Q

What is occurring in the ovaries during the menstrual phase?

A

Increased FSH causes transition of primordial follicles into primary follicles

209
Q

What is occurring in the uterus during the menstrual phase?

A

Declining levels of progesterone and estrogen causes release of prostaglandis
Prostaglandins cause spiral arterioles to constrict and die
Stratum functionalis soughs off

210
Q

What is occurring in the ovaries during the preovulatory phase?

A

Primary follicles have matured into secondary follicles and start secreting estrogen and inhibin
Dominant follicle releasing estrogen and inhibin causes decrease of FSH released
Dominant follicle->graafian follicle

211
Q

What events are occurring in the uterus during the preovulatory phase?

A

Estrogen from growing follicle enters blood and causes repair to endometrium
Stratum basalis does mitosis and produces new stratum functionalis
Endometrium doubles in thickness

212
Q

What events are occurring in the ovaries during the ovulation phase?

A

Graafian follicle released into pelvic cavity
Secondary oocyte surrounded by zona pellucida and corona radiate
High levels of estrogen from pre-ovulatory phase causes positive feedback for LH and GnRH, causes ovulation

213
Q

What events are occurring in the uterus during the ovulation phase?

A

Lining continues to proliferate

Arterioles lengthen, coil and embed into endometrium

214
Q

At home ovulation kits can detect LH surge during what phase of the reproductive cycle?

A

Ovulation phase

215
Q

What events are occurring in one ovary during the post-ovulatory phase?

A

Basement membrane between theca interna and granulosa cells breaks down to become corpus luteum after influence of LH

216
Q

What hormones causes corpus luteum to start producing and secreting it’s 4 hormones?

217
Q

What happens in an ovary during the post-ovulatory phase if fertilization doesn’t occur?

A

Corpus luteum lasts for two weeks until declining hormones cause degeneration into corpus albicans
Lower PIER levels cause increased GnRh, FSH and LH
Follicular growth resumes and new cycle begins

218
Q

What happens in one ovary during the post-ovulatory phase if fertilization does occur?

A

Sperm penetrates zona pellucida causing oocyte to complete Meiosis II

219
Q

What events occur in the uterus during post-ovulatory phase?

A

Progesterone and estrogen from corpus luteum causes growth and coiling of endometrial glands, vascularization and thickening of endometrium

220
Q

What are the 4 phases of the female orgasm?

A

Excitement Phase- parasympathetic response
Plateau Phase- parasympathetic
Orgasm Phase- sympathetic
Resolution Phase- sympathetic

221
Q

What is the Essure birth control method?

A

Coil inserted into fallopian tubes causing scarring and prevents secondary oocyte from traveling down tubes

222
Q

Where do IUDs sit inside of the uterus?

A

Into internal Os

223
Q

What causes menopause?

A

Estrogen decline

Hot flashes/sweating from GnRH surges

224
Q

Define Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

A

At 60 y/o, normal prostate enlargement

225
Q

What does the word vulva mean?

A

To wrap around

IPAP (212 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions