Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

IPAP > Ophthalmology: Review Slides > Flashcards

Ophthalmology: Review Slides Flashcards

1
Q

What are the eight components to a basic eye exam?

A 
Confrontational visual fields
Ophthalmoscopy
Ocular motility
Pressure, intraocular
Pupil reaction
Anterior chamber depth
Acuity
Ancillary- Color Amsler Upper lid eversion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Eyelids are AKA ?

What are the two function

A

Palpebrae

Protection
Aid lacrimal system- spread new, pump old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What glands are contained w/in the eye lids and what do they make?

What is the space between the upper/lower lid called

What is the name of the union between the upper and lower lids?

A

Meibomian- oil part of tears

Palpebral fissure

Canthus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the three eyelid muscles, their function, and what are they innervated by ?

A

Orbicularis oculi- closes, CN7

Levator palpebrae superioris- opens upper, CN3

Mueller’s Muscle- assists opening lids; Symp ANS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define LR6SO4REST3 movement and CN innervation

A

SR: elevation, 3
LR: abduct, 6
IR: depression, 3
MR: adduction, 3

IO: extortion/elevation, 3
SO: intorsion/depression, 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Eye muscles work in ?

What type of response has to occur for movement to occur?

A

Tandem, yoked

Ipsilateral opposing muscle relaxation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define Emmetropia

Define Myopia

A

Normal vision

Nearsighted, axial length too long, image falls in front of retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define Hyperopia

Define Astigmatism

A

Farsighted, axial length too short so image falls behind retina

Elliptical shape, refracting power is different between cornea and lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define Strabismus

Define Phoria

Define Tropia

A

Misalignment of eye

Deviation only apparent when eye is covered

Deviation is evident w/ both eyes open

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the four prefixes for eye deviations

A

Eso: in
Exo: out
Hyper: up
Hypo: down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Dec red reflex indicates?

Strabismus is revealed w/ ? test

A

Eye pointing in wrong direction
Poor in amblyopia

Cover/uncover or Hirschberg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Acquired strabismus’ can cause ? and associated w/ ? underlying issue

If congenital (<6mon), what is the PT at risk for developing?

A

Diplopia, primary or off-axis
CN palsy, mass

Amblyopia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What type of strabismus is present w/ CN3, CN4 or CN6 palsy?

Define Nystagmus

A

3: R norm, S down, left; aneurysm
4: both to R; congenital trauma
6: R normal, L to R; cranial pressure

Repetitive/rhythmic oscillations of eyes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the different types of nystagmus?

Most congential nystagmus’ are ? and require ?

A

Physiologic: normally evoked
Pathologic: congenital, acquired
Jerk: slow drift w/ fast recovery
Pendular: equal paced drift/recovery

Idiopathic
Complete exam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define Neuro-Significant Nystagmus

Define Amblyopia

A

Vertical/see-saw motions due to brain stem lesion

Abnormal development of visual system w/out anatomical damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Amblyopia is AKA ? and results in ?

What are the 3 etiologies

A

Lazy eye, not necessarily misaligment
Bi/Lateral reduced vision

Refractive
Strabismus
Occlusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How are amblyopias Tx?

When is the visual potential the greatest?

A

Glasses
Patch/atropine
Surgery

<8y/o, neuroplasticity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the 3 layers of tears and where are they made?

A

Outer: oil, meibomian gland
Mid: water, accessory/lacrimal
In: mucin, goblet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Define Extropion

How does it present

What is it caused by

How is it Tx

A

Outward turning of lower lid

Tearing/irritation

Scarring from skin d/o
Inc lid laxity
CN7 palsy

Lubrication until surg correction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Define Entropion

How does it present

What is it caused by

How is it Tx

A

Inward turning of lower lid

Foreign body sensation Irritation Tearing

Involution from age
Conjuctival scarring

Lube until surgical correction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Define Blepharitis

How does it present

How is it Tx

A

Inflammation of eyelid

Burning Foreign sensation Epiphora worse in AM
Concomitant ocular rosacea

Eyelid scrub/warm compress
Mod/Sev: Erythro ointment (ung) every bedtime (uhs) or,
Doxy 100mg PO QD x 2wks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Define Chalazion

How does it present

How is it Tx

A

Nodule inside of meibomian gland

Mild discomfort

Warm compress/massage
Steroid injection/excision >4wks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Define Hordeolum

How does it present?

How is it Tx

A

Staph infected nodule causing pain

Red/painful nodule

Warm compress/massage
Doxy 100mg BID
Erythromycin 250mg BID
Surgery if recalcitrant
UnTx= preseptal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Define Dacryoadenitis

How does it present

What can cause this?

A

Inflammation/infected lacrimal gland

Unilateral temporal lid tenderness in kids/young adults

Mumps/EBV
Idiopathic
Bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What image is ordered for dacryoadenitis If condition is bilateral, what DDxs need to be considered? How is this Tx?
Orbital CT Sarcoid Sjogrens Mild: COLD compress, NSAID Acute/purulent: ABX/Anti-viral Idiopathic/Resistant: PO steroid, responds <48hrs
26
# Define Dacryocystitis How does this present What can cause it?
Inflammation of lacrimal sac and/or canaliculus Tearing, pain w/ erythema, purulent drainage Preseptal cellulitis Bacterial infection Nasolacrimal duct obstruction
27
How is Dacryocystitis Tx Define Conjunctiva
Warm compress/massage Amox/Clavu 500mg TID InD if large abscess Febrile= admit w/ IV ABX Thin mucous membrane on inner surface of eye lid and outer surface of eye
28
What are the two conjunctiva Define Fornix
Palpebral- inner eye lid Bulbar- over sclera Point that bulbar/palpebral conjunctiva meet
29
What is the causes, S/Sxs and Tx for viral conjunctivitis
Adenovirus Watery d/c Diffuse injection Pre-auricular adenopathy Infiltrates Self limiting but highly contagious
30
What is the causes, S/Sxs and Tx for allergic conjunctivitis
Pollen, mold, pets Stringy d/c, Itching, Chemosis Topical antihistamine
31
What is the causes, S/Sxs and Tx for bacterial conjunctivitis
Staph A Strep pneumo C trachomatis N ghonorrea Mucopurulent d/c Topical ABX
32
# Define Pinguecula How does it present How are they Tx
Yellow bumpy growth on conjunctiva at 3/9 o'clock w/out invading cornea ASx, no vision changes Artificial tears Topical steroids if severe
33
# Define Pterygium How does it present How is it Tx
Yellow bumpy growth on conjunctiva at 3/9 o'clock that invades cornea, irritation and vision loss Tears/sunglasses Surgery- interference w/ sight/close to visual axis, excessive irritation
34
# Define Thyroid Eye Dz This is the MC cause of ?
Graves Ophthalmopathy or any thyroid state- hyper, hypo, eu Unilateral proptosis in adults
35
How does early/late thyroid eye dz present What is done for work up and how is the Dx confirmed?
Early: Burning Photophobia Red Tearing Late: Pressure Chemosis Swelling Complete thyroid tests If normal- careful monitor Confirmed w/ CT scan
36
How is Thyroid Eye Dz Tx
Mild: Tears Elevated head at night/taping ``` Mod/Sev: PO Prednisone Orbital decompression/radiation Lid retraction repair Strabismus surgery ```
37
What is used to stain the eye to assess for corneal abrasion? What sign may be seen?
NaFl (flourescein) Seidel's- penetrating trauma
38
How are corneal abrasions Tx How does bacterial kertitis present?
Topical fluroquinolone (prophylactic) Cycloplegic No patches/touching/contacts Infected cornea w/ white opacity and epithelial defect due to colonization of corneal stroma
39
Bacterial keratitis MC occurs after ? This can also occur from This condition causes ? to the eye
Contact lens wearing Anterior segment dz Stromal thinning (ulcer)
40
What are the S/Sxs of bacterial keratitis What microbes can cause it? How is it Tx?
Pain Edema Photophobia Hyperemia Staph Strep Serratia Pseudomonas Moraxella Fluoroquinolone and Cycloplegic drops w/ daily f/us Wears contacts- add Polymyxin B/Trimeth or Tobramycin
41
Pseudomonas keratitis is especially high risk in ? PTs Fungal Keratitis will present w/ and is due to ?
Contact wearers Can perf cornea <48hrs Asymmetric feathery edges after trauma w/ vegetative matter
42
What is the inner and outer layer of the sclera? What is it made of? Where is the thickest point?
In: stroma Out: episclera Collagen Elastic fibers Posterior aspect
43
Two functions of sclera? Episclera is made of ? Episclera is joined to ? by CT strands
Protection Attachment point for EOMs Vascularized CT Tenon's Capsule- CT that encases globe as sleeve like sheath that covers tendons at EOM insertions
44
Episcleritis What associated d/os can cause this
MC idiopathic More prevalent in younger PTs Herpes Thyroid dz Collagen vascular dz (RA, Lupus) Rosacea
45
How does Episcleritis present What tests are done during work up? How is it Tx
Acute w/ mild pain Normal acuity Engorged vessels w/out d/c Slit lamp w/ anesthesia (phenylephrine) cause blanching Mild: Cold compress/tears Mod/Sev: topical Fluorometholone or Loteprednol Ibuprofen
46
Scleritis What tests are done to differentiate from episcleritis
Severe boring pain across jaw/forehead Inflammation Photophobia Phenylephrine does not blanch Slit lamp green light- avascular indicates necrosis
47
How is scleritis Tx Necrotizing scleritis is Tx the same way but w/ ? referral?
NSAIDs H2 blocker Prednisone ImmSuppressor- Clophosphamide Rheumatology
48
How is posterior scleritis tx?
Cyclophosphamide Rituximab Glucocorticoids
49
Major differentiator for scleritis Major differentiator for conjunctivitis
Severe pain D/c
50
What are the 3 parts of the uveal tract and their funtion?
Iris- only visible portion Ciliary body- produces aqueous humor; contains ciliary muscle for accommodation Choroid- between sclera and retina; supplies blood to retina
51
Anterior uveitis may be AKA ? This is associated w/ ? d/os?
Iritis Iridocyclitis ``` +HLA-B27- Anklyosing, Reiters Sarcoidosis Syphilis/TB Lymphoma Trauma ```
52
How does anterior uveitis present? How is this Tx
Ciliary flush Keratic precipitates: fine/white= non-granulas Mutton fat= granulomatus Mild/Mod: scopolamine Sev: Atropine Prednisolone
53
What is the prognosis for anterior uveitis? Posterior uveitis is AKA ?
First- excellent Repeat- poor Vitreitis Choroiditis Retinitis
54
What d/os are associated w/ posterior uveitis? How does this present?
Toxoplasmosis- MC AIDS- CMV TB/Syphilis Dec vision w/ floaters Hazy vitreous Optic disc swelling
55
How is posterior uveitits Tx What is the MC severe infection of the eye? What happens if this MC is left unTx?
Topical cycloplegic/steroid CMV when CD4 <100 Blind <6mon
56
CMV retinitis is seen in ? PT populations? How does this present in clinic?
AIDs Transplant Lymphoma Leukemia Floaters Blurred vision Blind spots- scotomata Flashes if retinal detachment
57
What two Sxs are rare w/ CMV retinitis? What is the most common sign finding?
Pain Photophobia Cotton wool spots
58
MC Sx of late onset strabismus from stroke/trauma/tumor? Lateral lid pain, swelling, tenderness is ? Dx
Diplopia Dacryoadenitis
59
Contact wearer w/ red/painful eye. Upon fluorescein exam, green burst is seen meaning ? Dx What part of the body has the highest protein concentration of any body tissue?
HSV keratitis Lens
60
What are the 3 parts of the lens? MC RF for cataracts?
Capsule Cortex Nucleus Age
61
# Define Nuclear Cataract Define Posterior Subcapsular Cataract and it's MC Sxs
Yellow/brown discoloration of central view Distance vision more blurry than near Opacities near posterior aspect of lens MC Sxs- glare, difficulty reading
62
# Define Cortical Cataracts and their presentation What issues develop as cataracts develop? What is one benefit of developing nuclear cataracts?
Radial/spoke like opacities ASx until central field invaded ``` Glare w/ headlights- common Monocular diplopia Foxed spots in visual fields Dec color perception Progressive visual loss ``` Thickening lens= second sight, improved near vision Near vision dec w/ posterior subcapsular cataracts
63
How are cataracts Tx by stage of development What are 3 reasons to perform cataract surgery
Early: spectacle prescription Small central: pupil dilation Late: removal; corrective refractive error ``` Manage Dzs (glaucoma diabetes) Improve visual function Prevent deprivational amblyopia in infants ```
64
MC cause of congenital cataracts What are the 3 types of congenital cataracts
Idiopathic Polar: opacity of lens pole Nuclear: opacity of fetal nucleus Lenticonus: opacified protrusion of lens capsule
65
What are the S/Sxs of congenital cataracts This condition worked up focusing on? How is it Tx
Mild-Sev decreased vision Infant squints/keeps eyes closed Absent/decreased red reflex Hx of maternal illness Medical emergency, surgical Tx in first 3-4mon
66
Why do congenital cataracts in infants have to be tx so quickly? Define subluxation lens anomaly
Prevent amblyopia Partial disruption of the zonular fibers Decentered lens but partiall in aperture
67
# Define dislocated lens abnormality What is the MC and other associated RFs for lens position anomalys
Complete disruption of the zolular fibers Lens is displaced out of posterior chamber ``` MC- trauma Marfans- superotemporal Homocystinuria- inferonasal Acquired syphilis High myopia ```
68
How do lens position anomalys present Define Floaters
``` Dec vision w/ monocular diplopia Iridodenses Phacodonesis Irregular astigmatism Angle closure glaucoma ``` Small aggregates of vitreous from normal aging
69
What is the causes of acute onset floaters? Define Flashers
Posterior vitreous detachment Retinal tear Uveitis DM/Sickle associated bleeding Suggests vitreal traction on peripheral retina from posterior vitreous detachment/retinal tear
70
What does flashers w/ floaters indicate? If flashes occur w/ migraines what may be seen?
Blood/pigment in vitreous Scintillations Zig-zag lights
71
What are the RFs for vitreous detachments How does this present How is it Tx
Diabetic retinopathy Ophthalmic surgery Trauma Sudden appearance of black spots/flashing lights Refer Photocoagulation/cryotherapy for retinal detachment
72
When viewing PTs retina, where is the optic disc? What supplies blood to the different areas of the retina?
Nasal portion Inner retina- central retinal artery Outter retina- choroid
73
What do retinal arteries and veins look differently on exam? How are peripheral retinal structures viewed
Art: orange/red Vein: larger, crimson Indirect ophthalmoscopic techniques
74
What provides retinal pigment epithelium? What are the RFs for retinal artery occlusion
Metabolic support system ``` GCA Embolus Thrombosis Collage vascular dz Hypercoagulation d/o ```
75
What are the S/Sxs of a retinal artery occlusion What will be seen on exam? What is the only vascular structure spared?
Unilateral painless acute vision loss Whitening of retina Cherry red macula Box car segmentation arterioles Cilioretinal artery
76
What type of retinal occlusion occurs if clot comes from central retinal artery? What type of occlusion occurs if clot comes from branch of retinal artery and what type of loss will be seen
CRAO BRAO Horizontal hemifield vision loss
77
What structure of the eye may be spared during a retinal artery occlusion? What is the first lab ordered when PT presents w/ suspected retinal artery occlusion?
Macula due to choidal supply ESR, r/o GCA
78
How is retinal artery occlusion Tx What will be seen on exam during retinal vein occlusion?
Occular massage Anterior chamber paracentesis Acetaolamide Timolol topicals Blood and Thunder fundus Dilated veins Flame shaped hemorrhage Cotton wool spots/exudates
79
If BRVO is present, what part of vision is lsot? What are the two types of retinal vein occlusions and what will be seen?
Horizontal hemifield loss w/ respect to horizontal line Ischemic CRVO- multiple cotton wool spots w/ extensive hemorrhage Non-ischemic CRVO- mild fundus changes
80
How is retinal vein occlusion Tx What is the leading cause of blindness in the US for ages 20-64?
Mandatory ophthalmic eval <72hrs D/c OCPs PRP neorevascularization (iris/angle) ASA 325 once a day DM
81
After DM Dx, optical baseline needs to be established w/in ? What type of DM rarely has retinopathy?
6mon DMT-1 but will develop proliferative dz after 30yrs
82
What hormones can influence acceleration of diabetic retinopathy? What are the 4 levels of severity for non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy?
Puberty Pregnancy ``` VMild- microaneurysms Mild- microaneurysm, exudate, wool spots Mod: severe retinal hemorrhage, mild IRMA Sev: 4-2-1 4 quads severe retinal hemorrhage 2 quads venous beading 1 quad IRMA ```

IPAP (212 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions