Micro Block 4 Flashcards
What does Treponema pallidum cause?
Syphilis
How is Treponema pallidum transmitted?
Direct contact w/ infectious chancre/lesion
What happens during Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Syphilis?
Primary: 10-90 days later, Avg 21 days
Painless chancre, small and firm
Lasts 3-6 weeks and “heals”
Secondary: 1-6mon later, rash
Tertiary: Multi-organ infection
What does Borrelia burgdorferi cause?
Lyme disease
What is Borrelia burgdorferis transmission vector?
Prolonged bite from Deer Tick
What are the clinical S/Sx of Borrelia burgdorferi?
Early stages are asymptomatic
Skin- red macula/papula > 5cm
erythema migrans
Neuro/Cardio- Encephalitis, facial palsy
What is the transmission method of Leptospira interrogans?
Contact w/ contaminated urine, water or soil
What animals can carry Leptospira interrogans?
Rats Swine Badgers Rodents Deer Fox
What are the clinical S/Sx of Leptospira interrogans?
Headache Myalgia Chills Conjunctival stuff Renal/liver failure
What is the Gram stain and cell shape of Burkholderi spp?
GNB
Where is B. pseudomallei an endemic?
Southeast Asia
N. Australia
South Pacific
How is B. pseudomallei transmitted?
Contaminated soil and surface water
What clinical S/Sx does B. pseudomallei cause?
Acute pulmonary infection
Acute localized infection (ulcer, nodule, abscess)
Septicemia
Multiple organ involvement
B. pseudomallei symptoms may lay dormant for how long? B. pseudomallei symptoms may show as early as?
Years
2-4wks
Burkholderia mallei is closely related to what microbe?
B. pseudomallei
What does B. mallei cause?
Glanders disease in horses
Where is B. mallei an endemic?
Africa Asia Middle East S America Eradicated from N America and Europe
Transmission of B. mallei to humans is rare but can occur through what transmission?
Contact w/ blood/body fluids into abrasion
What does B. mallei effect in humans?
What is it’s mortality rate?
Lungs, airway Septicemia Cutaneous lesions Liver Spleen Fever 95% untreated, 50% treated
What does B. cepacia cause?
Infrequent
Pneumonia in compromised/CF pts
What is the Gram stain, cell shape and air requirement of Peptostreptococcus?
GPC chains anaerobe
What does Peptostreptococcus cause if translocated?
Necrotizing soft tissue infections
PID
Bone/joint infections
What is the Gram stain, cell shape and air requirement of Fusobacterium?
GNB anaerobic
What kind of infections does Fusobacterium cause?
Peridontal
Skin
What is the Gram stain, cell shape and air requirement of Faecalibacterium?
GPB NSF Anaerobe
What microbe is an important component of probiotics?
Bifidobacterium
What is the Gram stain, cell shape and air requirement of Bifidobacterium?
GPB branch NSF anaerobe
Where is Bifidobacterium considered to be normal bacterium?
Gut
Vagina
Mouth
Myxovirus is an etiologic agent of what?
Influenza
What is the incubation and symptom times for Myxovirus?
Incubation: 1-2
Symptoms: 5-7 days (cough: 7-14 days)
Myxovirus cause what percentage of viral pneumonia admissions?
10% w/ high mortality
Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia can sometimes follow what type of infection?
Viral URT infection
How is Myxovirus transmitted?
Droplets
Contact
Inhalation of droplets
What is the structure of the Myxovirus?
Enveloped RNA w/ 8 strands Lipid bilayer from previous host Hemagglutinin Neuraminidase- for attachment/virulence Matrix protein- capsid
What are the antigenic types of Myxovirus?
A B C
Animal strains of Myxovirus are based on what?
Original source of viral envelope
What is Type A Myxovirus?
Human: H3N2, H1N1
Swine: H1N1
What is a characteristic of Myxovirus Antigen Types B and C
Antigenically stable
What are the virulence factors of Myxovirus?
Gene recombination/mutation Hemagglutinin Neruaminidase Animal specific envelope Surface Ag changes Viral Envelope adaptations to enter and replicate in human cells
What are the treatment/vaccine options for Myxovirus?
Antiviral meds avail and effective in first 48hrs
Vaccine for most common 3 Ags
Vaccine predicted by WHO, DoD and CDC
Rhino/Resp Syncytial Virus/Corona virus are all what type of nucleic acid virus?
RNA enveloped
What is the most primary cause of the common cold?
1 in infants- Syncytial Virus
#1- Rhino Virus #2- Corona
Rhino virus has ___ Ag types?
Corona virus has __ Ag types?
160+
30
What does the Corona virus cause?
SARS- 30% mortality
MERS CoV- Middle East Resp Syndrome Corona Virus
Where is MERS-CoV predominantly located?
What animal is the carrier?
Jordan
Saudia Arabia
Camels
Respiratory Syncytial Virus is AKA ?
Human Orthopneumovirus- primary agent in infants/young children
How is the Resp Syncytial Virus transmitted?
Contact
Droplets
Inhalation of droplets
What type of viral particle is the Parainfluenza virus?
Enveloped RNA
What does Parainfluenza virus cause?
Croup
Bronchitis
Cold-like S/Sx
Especially in children
What is the virus type of the Human Metapneumovirus (hMPV)?
Enveloped RNA
What does Human Metapneumovirus (hMPV) cause?
Common cold
Bronchiolitis
Pneumonia
Croup
When do Human Metapneumovirus (hMPV) outbreaks usually occur throughout the year?
Late winter-early spring
What is the incubation/shedding period for Human Metapneumovirus (hMPV)?
Incubation: 3-5
Shedding: weeks
What PT population is Human Metapneumovirus (hMPV) more predominant in?
Young children
Human Metapneumovirus (hMPV) S/Sx are similar to what other virus? Why is there a similarity?
RSV, same taxonomic family
What type of virus is Adenovirus?
Non-enveloped DNA
What is Adenovirus an etiologic agent of?
5-10% of all viral infections
50% of all infections before 5y/o
What patient population is hit heavily by Adenovirus?
Military recruits
Acute Respiratory Disease
What is Adenovirus an etiologic agent of?
Acute Respiratory Disease Conjunctivitis Atypical Pneumonia Cold-like disease GI disease Croup/bronchitis Cystitis
What Ag types is the Adenovirus vaccine good for?
Types 4 and 7
What kind of virus is Herpes Virus?
Large Enveloped DNA
What are the S/Sx of Herpes simples Types 1 and 2
Fever Blisters Cold Sores Gingivostomatitis Keratoconjunctivitis- neonate/contact lens Genital lesions Meningitis
What is Herpes Zoster?
HZV, chicken pox and shingles
How is chicken pox acquired?
Respiratory tract
What is the difference in lesions between chicken pox and shingles?
CP- vesicle-type lesions, large
S- small, closely spaced
What does Epstein-Barr Virus cause?
How does it do this?
Mononucleosis
Transmitted by oral secretions and infects B cells
How is Epstein-Barr virus brought out of latency?
Reactivated (switched to lytic cycle) upon B cell stimulation for other, non-related infection
What does Cytomegalovirus cause?
Congenital Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease in children
Occasionally: CMV mononucleosis w/ microcephaly, jaundice and multiple organ involvement
CNS impairment= growth/mental retardation
CMV is a latent viral infection within what type of patient population?
Immunosuppressed
Immunocompromised
Transplant/cancer/AIDS
S/Sx of CMV infection in immunocompromised PT?
Febrile mononucleosis Pneumonitis Hepatitis GI ulcers Encephalopathy
Severity of a CMV infection is directly related to what?
Strength of CMI
What type of virus is the Rotavirus?
RNA w/ 8 species (A-H)
Rotavirus is the most common cause of what illness in what population?
Severe epidemic diarrhea in infants/young children
Rotavirus A=90%
How is Rotavirus transmitted?
Fecal-oral
What kind of virus is the Norwalk virus?
Non-enveloped RNA virus
Norwalk virus is the only species within what genus?
What is the appropriate nomenclature for this virus?
Genus Norovirus
Norwalk virus is preferred
What is Norwalk virus the major worldwide cause of?
Epidemic/sporadic viral gastroenteritis
Causes 90% of epidemic non-virall gastroenteritis
What populations/areas are susceptible to Norwalk virus?
Schools
Camps
Cruise ships
What is the incubation time for Norwalk?
How long do the S/Sx last?
Incubation= 18-48hrs S/Sx= 12-60hrs
How is Norwalk transmitted?
Food
Water
Vomit
What geographical locations are hot spots for HIV?
Southern Africa
South/SE Asia
What viral group does HIV belong too?
What kind of virus is it?
Retrovirus
Medium enveloped RNA
What are the characteristics/make up of the HIV envelope?
Glycoprotein 41
Glycoprotein 120
Ag variable
What kind of protein makes up the HIV capsid?
Protein 24
What is the core make up of the HIV particle?
2 RNA strands
Reverse transcriptase
What are the two Ag types of HIV?
What geographical locations are they predominantly found?
HIV 1- worldwide
HIV 2- West Africa
What are the steps of infection for HIV->cell?
1- GP120 attaches to CD4 marker, GP41 attaches to CXCR4
2- RNA enters host cell
3- Reverse transcriptase
4- New DNA incorporates with host DNA and alters CD$ ability to produce cytokinase
5- New virons released kill CD4 cells
How does HIV infect a cell if there are no CD4 markers present?
Co-infect w/ another retrovirus
What types of cells are infected by HIV?
CD4 helper T cells
Monocytes- macrophages
HIV virons have been isolated from what types of cells?
Sperm
Blood
Perinatally
What is Stage I of HIV infection?
Primary HIV infection, lasts 1-4mon Virus is replicated and shed P24 Ag detectable, Abs for P24 present Mononucleoside/flu-like S/Sx Asymptomatic after 1-3wks
What is Stage II of HIV infection?
Latent/Asymptomatic Period
Virus replication/shed at low rate
HIV Abs detectable, CD4 levels decrease
What is Stage III of HIV infection?
Persistent Generalized Lymphadenopaty/AIDS related Complex Virus replication/shedding a high rate Lymphodenopathy Kaposis Sarcoma Opportunistic infections
What is Stage IV of HIV infection?
AIDS symptomatic period
Decreased CD4, moderate decrease in CD8 cells
Ag P24 appears, viral replication overwhelms CMI
What are the opportunistic infections seen during Stage IV of HIV infections?
TB Pneumocystitis carini Fungal infections Toxoplasmosis gondii Herpes simplex Cryptosporidium Cytomegalovirus Mycobacterium avian complex CNS involvement- dementia
What are the S/Sx of a hepatitis infection?
Anorexia Weight loss Hepatic tenderness Jaundice Dark urine
What is the viral structure of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)?
Enveloped DNA
Core- DNA and DNA polymerase
Which HBV Ag presence is associated with relatively high infectivity?
HBeAg
“e” antigen of the core
How is HBV transmitted?
Parenteral route is most predominant
Contact w/ blood
Needles/syringes
What PT population is at high risk for HBV?
IV drug users
Prison populations
What is the incubation time frame for HBV?
45-180 days
Define seroconversion
Immune response of convsersion from absence of a specific Ab to presence of specific Ab
What is the earliest marker of an acute/infectious state of HBV?
HBsAg
Hepatitis B surface Ag
Persistence of HBsAg over __ months implies chronic disease/failure to seroconvert?
6mon
What does HBeAg in HBV indicate?
Early indicator of acute infection
Active virus replication
Most infectious period
Persistence +10wks indicative of chronic carrier state/chronic liver damage
What does Anti-HBs surface Ag indicate?
Convalescence- recovery and immunity
Failure to seroconvert indicative of chronic infection
What type Ag in HBV PTs indicates recovery and immunity?
Anti-HBs
Antibody to Hepatitis B Surface Ag
Major protective Ab against HBV
Develops from Vaccine
What Ag in HBV patient is indicative of chronic infection?
Failure to seroconvert to Anti-HBs
What are the two types of HBV infections?
Acute- resolves in 3-6mon
Chronic/chronic carrier- years or decades w/out S/Sx
What type of virus particle is Hepatitis C (HCV)?
Small lipid enveloped RNA virus
How is HCV transmitted?
Parenteral route
IV drug use
What type of PT population is HCV common in?
15-40% of community acquired hepatitis
IV drug users
Which type of Hepatitis is commonly transmitted with HIV?
HCV
Which Hepatitis viruses have vaccines?
Hep B
Hep A
Not Hep C- too many Ag subtypes
What type of virus particle is Hepatitis A?
Small non-enveloped RNA w/ Capsid protein HA Ag
How is Hep A transmitted?
Fecal-oral route- enteric route
Food/water contamination
What PT population is Hep A common in?
Institutionalized PTs Day care children World travelers Military Drug addicts
What is Hep A’s incubation period?
15-45 days
Where does Hep A replicate?
Liver AND small intestines
How long after Hep A incubation period are PTs feces and blood considered infectious?
2-6wks
Which form of hepatitis does not have a chronic state/carrier phase?
Hep A
What type of particle are Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses?
Enveloped/filamentous RNA virus
What is the contagious level, incubation, duration and mortality of Hemorrhagic Fever viruses?
Moderate
Incubation- 21 days
Duration- 5-16 days
Mortality- 10-90%
Where is Hantavirus Renal Syndrom located?
Where is Hantavirus Cardiopulmonary located?
North Asia, Europe w/ 2-40% mortality rate
North America
What type of Hantavirus is infrequent in North America?
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS)
Sin Nombre virus
How is Dengue Fever transmitted?
Mosquito
S/Sx of Dengue Fever?
Fever Severe Joint pain (breakbone fever) Conjunctivitis Headache Hemorrhagic form- lower frequency
Where is Yellow Fever located in the world?
Tropical Afria
Amazon Basin
How is Yellow Fever transmitted?
Mosquitoes
Where is Chickungunya predominant?
Africa
SE Asia
South/Central America
How is Chickungunya transmitted?
What S/Sx does it cause?
Mosquitoes
Dengue-like symptoms
What does Rift Valley Fever virus cause?
How is it transmitted?
Zoonotic in Africa
Mosquitoes
Where is Congo-Crimean Hemorrhagic Fever located?
How is it transmitted?
Africa
Middle East->West China
Ticks
Where is Lassa Fever Virus located?
How is it transmitted?
West Africa
Rodent urine
Where is Ebola located?
Africa w/ 35% mortality
How is ebola carried/transmitted?
How can Ebola NOT be transmitted?
Fruit bat/bush meat
Direct contact w/ blood/body fluids (mucus tissues/eyes/open skin wounds)
Aerosol transmission to respiratory tract
What is a superspreader?
What virus is spread?
3% of infected people spread Ebola to 60% of the victims
What is Ebola’s incubation period?
When is the PT considered contagious?
Incubation- 21 days
Contagious from day of S/Sx until no virus is in the blood
Semen carries virus for 3mon
What is the name of Ebola’s vaccine?
Vesicular Stomatitis w/ gene for Ebola’s surface protein
What are the S/Sx of Ebola virus?
Sudden fever Intense weakness Muscle pain Headache Sore throat Vomitting/diarrhea
What are the long term medical effects of Ebola survivors?
Chronic fatigue Headaches Muscle/joint pain Memory loss Eye pain/blurry Hearing loss
What kind of virus are the Encephalitis viruses?
RNA
How is Encephalitis transmitted?
What s the exception?
Mosquito from animal to human
Zika- mosquito and semen
Tick borne- ticks
What are the mortality rates of encephalitis?
20-40%
No vaccine
What kind of virus is rabies?
RNA
How long is rabies incubation period?
8 weeks
Replicates at bite site and travels to peripheral nervous system
What does Rabies cause?
When is it considered fatal?
Infection of brain, eye, salivary gland and skin
Encephalomyelitis- almost always fatal
What kind of virus is HPV?
How many types are there?
DNA
170 Ag types w/ 40 that are sexually transmitted
What does HPV cause?
Warts
Types 6 and 11 cause genital warts
What kind of virus is Measles?
RNA virus
How is measles transmitted?
Person-to-person w/ respiratory secretions
What does Measles cause?
Rubeola- red measles
What are the S/Sx of measles?
How many days for these to show?
3-5: cough, fever, red eyes, macropapular rash
10-12 after exposure, symptoms show
Last for 7-10 days
When is measles considered contagious?
4 days prior and 4 days after start of symptoms/rash
What are the secondary complications of Measles?
Diarrhea
Blindness
Inflammation of brain
Pneumonia
What kind of virus particle is Mumps?
Single stranded enveloped RNA
How is Mumps transmitted?
Person to person by respiratory secretions
What is the incubation and duration of mumps?
S/Sx 16-18 days after exposure
Lasts for 4-10 days
When is a mumps PT considered contagious?
3 days prior and 4 days after S/Sx
Post-mumps complications include what?
Meningitis
Pancreatitis
Deafness
Testicular/ovarian swelling
What kind of viral particle is Molluscum Contagiosum virus?
DNA poxvirus
What does Molluscum Contagiosum cause?
Water warts on face, trunk and extremities
What kind of virus is Variola virus?
DNA
What is the synchronous progression of smallpox?
Rash macule vesicles pustules scabs
Where does smallpox start and spread?
Face, hands and arms, spreads to lower extremeties in 7-16 days
Lesions on palms, soles and mouth
How is smallpox spread?
What is it’s mortality percentage?
Aerolized virus in droplets or powdered scabs
30%
How is smallpox quickly inactivated?
UV light
Disinfectants
Where is Candida Albicans considered normal flora?
Mouth Throat Large Intestine Vagina Skin
What kind of PT does Candid Albicans cause mild opportunistic infections in?
Mild metabolic/hormonal disorders Diabetes Pregnancy Prolonged ABX Chronic alcoholism Extreme moist skin conditions
How does Candida Albicans become an issue?
Overgrowth of Albicans due to reduction of normal flora from ABX, hormones or metabolic disorders
What kind of issues does Candida Albicans cause?
Oral thrush Vaginitis Cutaneous Nails Chronic oropharyngeal/esophageal candidasis Systemic
Vaginitis from Candida Albicans is common in what type of PT?
Diabetic
Pregnant
Define Onychomycosis
Candida Albicans under the nail
Hard/thick/brown/striated/grooved nail plate
Onychomycosis mimics what other type of infection?
Tinea unguim
Ringworm caused by dermatophytes
What is typically the first sign of clinical AIDS?
Chronic Oropharyngeal and Esophageal Candidiasis
What type of systemic infections of Candida Albicans occur in almost all immunocompromised/debilitated PTs?
Bronchi/pulmonary
Septicemia
Meningitis
Endocarditis
What type of infections does Candida Auris cause?
Why is their treatment difficult?
Blood heart Brain Eyes Bone MDR
Where does Candida Auris outbreaks occur?
Healthcare settings
Infections of Cryptococcus Neoformans in humans is almost always what type of infection?
Pulmonary
Cryptococcus neoformans affinity for brain and meninges is commonly seen in what compromised PT?
AIDS
What are the dermatophytic molds?
Microsporum
Trichophyton
Epidermophyton
What do Microsporum, Trichophyton, and Epidermophyton cause?
Tinea capitis Tinea pedis Tinea corporis- Tinea cruis- jock itch Toenail infections
What type of mold infects skin and subcutaneous tissue without dissemination to internal organs?
Sporothrix schenkii
What is the source of Sporothrix schenkii?
How does it enter the body?
Soil, wood, vegetation
Trauma
Sporothrix schenkii is AKA ?
What type of PT populations is it seen in?
Rose gardeners disease
Farmers, nursery workers, florists, forest rangers, mine workers
How does Sporothrix schenkii present clinically?
Primary lesion- 3 wks after injury
small non-tender nodule that ulcerates causing tissue necrosis and infection of nearby lymph channels
Secondary Lesion- multiple subcutaneous nodules along lymph channels, may ulcerate
Untreated may become chronic
What does Histoplasma Capsulatum cause?
Systemic mold pathogen from inhalation of spores from bird droppings
Where is Histoplasma Capsulatum endemic?
Ohio River valley
Mississippi River valley
Africa
Asia
How does Histoplasma Capsulatum travel through the body?
What does it cause inside?
Inside macrophages
Lung lesions and flu-like S/Sx
How do lesions develop with Histoplasma Capsulatum infections?
CMI response too weak, lesions develop on major organs Pneumonia Hepatitis Meningitis Fatal w/out treatment
How does Coccidioides Immitis enter the body?
Inhalation, especially after dusty event
Where is Coccidioides Immitis an endemic?
Southwestern USA
Northern Mexico
South America
Hot, dry, alkaline soil
What are the 3 clinical presentations of Coccidioides Immitis?
San Joaquin Valley Fever
Valley Fever
Desert Fever
What does Coccidioides Immitis do to the body?
Pulmonary lesions
Flu-like S/Sx
Disseminates to CNS, bone, cutaneous tissue if CMI is weak
What fungus is not considered a pathogen unless it invades an immunocompromised PT?
Aspergillus Fumigatus
How does Aspergillus Fumigatus enter the body?
Inhalation of spores
How does Aspergillus Fumigatus present clinically?
Sinus infection
Pulmonary/broncial mass
Invasive causing multi-organ disease
Where does Aspergillus Flavus toxin develop?
Improperly stored/damp nuts, grains, seeds
How does Aspergillus Flavus present clinically?
Liver damage, severe
What does Pneumocystis Jirovecci Pneumonia cause?
Pneumonia in compromised PTs
Cancer
Chemo
HIV/AIDS
What type of tissues does Pneumocystis Jirovecci Pneumonia attack?
Interstitial/fibrous tissue of lungs causing hypoxia Non-productive cough SOB Night sweats Fever
Pneumocystis Jirovecci Pneumonia risk increases when CD4 numbers are below what amount?
Below 200/mm3
What type of mold is found growing in buildings and called “Black Mold”?
Stachybotyrs chartarum
What type of mold can not be proven to link it’s presence with any type of health decrease?
Stachybotyrs chartarum
What microbe causes Tinea pedis/Tinea Captitis?
Microsporum/Trichophyton/Epdiermophyton
What microbe causes thrush?
Candid Albicans
What microbe causes Desert Fever?
Coccidiodes Cammitis
What microbe causes meningitis due to it’s thick capsule?
Cryptococcus neoformans
What microbe causes vaginitis
Candida albicans
What microbe causes subcutaneous lesions after wood splinter trauma?
Sporothrix schenkii
What microbe causes pulmonary lesions after inhalation of spores in MIssissippi/Ohio?
Histoplasma Capsulatum
What microbe is an opportunistic infection of fingernails?
Candida albicans
What microbes cause diarrhea?
Rotavirus
Norwalk virus
What microbe causes myocarditis and pleurodynia?
Coxsackie
What microbe causes infectious monocucleosis?
Epstein Barr
What microbe causes conjunctivitis?
Adenovirus
Dengue
Zika
Herpes Simplex
What microbe is passed congenitally and leads to CNS impairment?
Cytomegalovirus
What microbes predominantly infect infants?
RSV
Rotavirus
What microbe causes Acute Respiratory Disease in military recruits?
Adenovirus types 4 and 7
What microbes cause cold-like S/Sx?
Parainfluenza
Adenovirus
What microbes cause flu-like S/Sx?
HIV- primary
Ebola
Histoplasmosa
What microbe causes croup and bronchitis in children?
Parainfluenza
PT with severe joint pain after traveling to SE Asia but is Negative for dengue has?
Chikungunya
Which microbe enters the body by inhalation of spores and causes serious CNS infections after disseminating to pulmonary sites?
Cryptococcal
What makes aflotoxin?
Aspergillus flavus
Define symbiosis
two different organisms of different species living together
What are the two types of symbiosis and their definitiions?
Commensalism- one organism is benefited, other neither benefits or is harmed
Mutualism- both organisms benefit
Define parasitism and the 3 types
Symbiotic relationship where parasite is metabolically dependent on host who is adversely affected
Facultative- normally free living but can become opportunistic parasite
Obligate- cannot survive in free living state
Incidental- establishes in host that it doesn’t normally occupy
Define Host
Living organism, animal or plant that harbors/nourishes another organism
Define definitive host
Host that harbors adult/sexually reproducing stages of parasite
Define intermediate host
Host that harbors immature/larva/asexual reproducing forms of parasite
Define Reservoir host
Host which replaces man in parasite’s life cycle
Define Paratenic host
Host that transports parasite as it doesn’t undergo development, only passage to final host
Define Life cycle
Parasite’s growth, development, reproduction
Define Infective stage
Stage that a parasite can invade and live in a human body
Define Infective route
Entry point for a parasite to invade human body
Define Infective mode
How the parasite invades the human body
Define vector
Carrier, usually arthropod, which transmits infective form of parasite from one host to another
Define autoinfection
Reinfetion by host due to it’s own source of infection
What are the 5 forms of parasites studied?
Adult Larva Egg/Ova Trophozite Cysts
Ingestion of what 4 things may alter/invalidate a sample?
Antacids
Antidiarrheal
Mineral oil
ABX
Stool samples are taken to test for parasites in what form?
Ova
Parasitic
Helminth eggs are passed ____ while protozoa eggs are passed _____
Continuously
Intermittently
What is the best way to for protozoan detection?
3 stool samples collected within 6-10days
Liquid/diarrhea stool samples need to be examined within what time frame?
30min
Soft stool samples need to be examined within what time frame?
1hr
Formed stool samples need to be examined within what time frame?
Can be delayed, examined same day
What are the 4 types of fecal preservatives?
10% Formalin- no stain, yes EIA
Polyvinyl Alcohol- yes stain, no EIA
Merthiolate-Iodine
Sodium Acetate
Stool specimens are stored at what temp?
4*C
Scotch tape test is used for testing for what parasite?
Enterobius vermicularis
Enterotest-String test is used for detecting what parasites?
Protozoa
Helminths
Nucleic Acid testing is used for detecting what parasites?
Giardia
Cryptosporidium
Entamoeba
What parasite can be tested for with blood?
Plasmodium
What is the best method of controlling parasitic life cycle?
Proper disposal of human/animal waste
Cooking/freezing foods at what temps for how long interrupts parasitic life cycle?
Heating @ 55*C x 1hr
Freezing @ -10*C x 20 days
What are the antimalarials?
What are the antihelminthics?
What are the antiprotozoal?
Chloroquine phosphate
Praziquantel
Metronidazole
Where is Dengue virus found in the world?
Tropical/Sub-tropical SE Asia
Africa
Caribbean
Coastal South/Central America
Where is Chickungunya found in the world?
Africa
SE Asia
Rarely in Americas
Where is Marburg Fever virus found in the world?
Sub-Saharan Africa
Where is West Nile virus found in the world?
Africa India Middle East Europe USA
When is West Nile season?
Late summer - early fall
Where is Zika found in the world?
Africa Asia South Pacific Brazil Americas
S/Sx of Zika
Fever Rash Joint Pain Conjunctivitis Headeache
Zika virus is differential/ruled out with what other disease?
Guillian Barre Syndrome
Where is St Louis and La Crosse Encephalitis viruses found in the world?
North, Central, South America
Where is East/West/Venezuelan encephalitis virus found?
SE USA
Central America
Northern South America
Where is Japanese Encephalitis Virus found in the world?
Japan
East/SE Asia- China, Korea, India
Where is Tick Borne Encephalitis found in the world?
Eastern/Central Europe
Where is Murray Valley Virus found in the world?
Australia
