Micro Block 4 Flashcards
1
Q
What does Treponema pallidum cause?
A
Syphilis
2
Q
How is Treponema pallidum transmitted?
A
Direct contact w/ infectious chancre/lesion
3
Q
What happens during Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Syphilis?
A
Primary: 10-90 days later, Avg 21 days
Painless chancre, small and firm
Lasts 3-6 weeks and “heals”
Secondary: 1-6mon later, rash
Tertiary: Multi-organ infection
4
Q
What does Borrelia burgdorferi cause?
A
Lyme disease
5
Q
What is Borrelia burgdorferis transmission vector?
A
Prolonged bite from Deer Tick
6
Q
What are the clinical S/Sx of Borrelia burgdorferi?
A
Early stages are asymptomatic
Skin- red macula/papula > 5cm
erythema migrans
Neuro/Cardio- Encephalitis, facial palsy
7
Q
What is the transmission method of Leptospira interrogans?
A
Contact w/ contaminated urine, water or soil
8
Q
What animals can carry Leptospira interrogans?
A
Rats Swine Badgers Rodents Deer Fox
9
Q
What are the clinical S/Sx of Leptospira interrogans?
A
Headache Myalgia Chills Conjunctival stuff Renal/liver failure
10
Q
What is the Gram stain and cell shape of Burkholderi spp?
A
GNB
11
Q
Where is B. pseudomallei an endemic?
A
Southeast Asia
N. Australia
South Pacific
12
Q
How is B. pseudomallei transmitted?
A
Contaminated soil and surface water
13
Q
What clinical S/Sx does B. pseudomallei cause?
A
Acute pulmonary infection
Acute localized infection (ulcer, nodule, abscess)
Septicemia
Multiple organ involvement
14
Q
B. pseudomallei symptoms may lay dormant for how long? B. pseudomallei symptoms may show as early as?
A
Years
2-4wks
15
Q
Burkholderia mallei is closely related to what microbe?
A
B. pseudomallei
16
Q
What does B. mallei cause?
A
Glanders disease in horses
17
Q
Where is B. mallei an endemic?
A
Africa Asia Middle East S America Eradicated from N America and Europe
18
Q
Transmission of B. mallei to humans is rare but can occur through what transmission?
A
Contact w/ blood/body fluids into abrasion
19
Q
What does B. mallei effect in humans?
What is it’s mortality rate?
A
Lungs, airway Septicemia Cutaneous lesions Liver Spleen Fever 95% untreated, 50% treated
20
Q
What does B. cepacia cause?
A
Infrequent
Pneumonia in compromised/CF pts
21
Q
What is the Gram stain, cell shape and air requirement of Peptostreptococcus?
A
GPC chains anaerobe
22
Q
What does Peptostreptococcus cause if translocated?
A
Necrotizing soft tissue infections
PID
Bone/joint infections
23
Q
What is the Gram stain, cell shape and air requirement of Fusobacterium?
A
GNB anaerobic
24
Q
What kind of infections does Fusobacterium cause?
A
Peridontal
Skin
25
What is the Gram stain, cell shape and air requirement of Faecalibacterium?
GPB NSF Anaerobe
26
What microbe is an important component of probiotics?
Bifidobacterium
27
What is the Gram stain, cell shape and air requirement of Bifidobacterium?
GPB branch NSF anaerobe
28
Where is Bifidobacterium considered to be normal bacterium?
Gut
Vagina
Mouth
29
Myxovirus is an etiologic agent of what?
Influenza
30
What is the incubation and symptom times for Myxovirus?
Incubation: 1-2
Symptoms: 5-7 days (cough: 7-14 days)
31
Myxovirus cause what percentage of viral pneumonia admissions?
10% w/ high mortality
32
Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia can sometimes follow what type of infection?
Viral URT infection
33
How is Myxovirus transmitted?
Droplets
Contact
Inhalation of droplets
34
What is the structure of the Myxovirus?
```
Enveloped RNA w/ 8 strands
Lipid bilayer from previous host
Hemagglutinin
Neuraminidase- for attachment/virulence
Matrix protein- capsid
```
35
What are the antigenic types of Myxovirus?
A B C
36
Animal strains of Myxovirus are based on what?
Original source of viral envelope
37
What is Type A Myxovirus?
Human: H3N2, H1N1
Swine: H1N1
38
What is a characteristic of Myxovirus Antigen Types B and C
Antigenically stable
39
What are the virulence factors of Myxovirus?
```
Gene recombination/mutation
Hemagglutinin
Neruaminidase
Animal specific envelope
Surface Ag changes
Viral Envelope adaptations to enter and replicate in human cells
```
40
What are the treatment/vaccine options for Myxovirus?
Antiviral meds avail and effective in first 48hrs
Vaccine for most common 3 Ags
Vaccine predicted by WHO, DoD and CDC
41
Rhino/Resp Syncytial Virus/Corona virus are all what type of nucleic acid virus?
RNA enveloped
42
What is the most primary cause of the common cold?
```
#1- Rhino Virus
#2- Corona
```
#1 in infants- Syncytial Virus
43
Rhino virus has ___ Ag types?
| Corona virus has __ Ag types?
160+
| 30
44
What does the Corona virus cause?
SARS- 30% mortality
| MERS CoV- Middle East Resp Syndrome Corona Virus
45
Where is MERS-CoV predominantly located?
| What animal is the carrier?
Jordan
Saudia Arabia
Camels
46
Respiratory Syncytial Virus is AKA ?
Human Orthopneumovirus- primary agent in infants/young children
47
How is the Resp Syncytial Virus transmitted?
Contact
Droplets
Inhalation of droplets
48
What type of viral particle is the Parainfluenza virus?
Enveloped RNA
49
What does Parainfluenza virus cause?
Croup
Bronchitis
Cold-like S/Sx
Especially in children
50
What is the virus type of the Human Metapneumovirus (hMPV)?
Enveloped RNA
51
What does Human Metapneumovirus (hMPV) cause?
Common cold
Bronchiolitis
Pneumonia
Croup
52
When do Human Metapneumovirus (hMPV) outbreaks usually occur throughout the year?
Late winter-early spring
53
What is the incubation/shedding period for Human Metapneumovirus (hMPV)?
Incubation: 3-5
Shedding: weeks
54
What PT population is Human Metapneumovirus (hMPV) more predominant in?
Young children
55
```
Human Metapneumovirus (hMPV) S/Sx are similar to what other virus?
Why is there a similarity?
```
RSV, same taxonomic family
56
What type of virus is Adenovirus?
Non-enveloped DNA
57
What is Adenovirus an etiologic agent of?
5-10% of all viral infections
| 50% of all infections before 5y/o
58
What patient population is hit heavily by Adenovirus?
Military recruits
| Acute Respiratory Disease
59
What is Adenovirus an etiologic agent of?
```
Acute Respiratory Disease
Conjunctivitis
Atypical Pneumonia
Cold-like disease
GI disease
Croup/bronchitis
Cystitis
```
60
What Ag types is the Adenovirus vaccine good for?
Types 4 and 7
61
What kind of virus is Herpes Virus?
Large Enveloped DNA
62
What are the S/Sx of Herpes simples Types 1 and 2
```
Fever Blisters
Cold Sores
Gingivostomatitis
Keratoconjunctivitis- neonate/contact lens
Genital lesions
Meningitis
```
63
What is Herpes Zoster?
HZV, chicken pox and shingles
64
How is chicken pox acquired?
Respiratory tract
65
What is the difference in lesions between chicken pox and shingles?
CP- vesicle-type lesions, large
| S- small, closely spaced
66
What does Epstein-Barr Virus cause?
| How does it do this?
Mononucleosis
| Transmitted by oral secretions and infects B cells
67
How is Epstein-Barr virus brought out of latency?
Reactivated (switched to lytic cycle) upon B cell stimulation for other, non-related infection
68
What does Cytomegalovirus cause?
Congenital Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease in children
Occasionally: CMV mononucleosis w/ microcephaly, jaundice and multiple organ involvement
CNS impairment= growth/mental retardation
69
CMV is a latent viral infection within what type of patient population?
Immunosuppressed
Immunocompromised
Transplant/cancer/AIDS
70
S/Sx of CMV infection in immunocompromised PT?
```
Febrile mononucleosis
Pneumonitis
Hepatitis
GI ulcers
Encephalopathy
```
71
Severity of a CMV infection is directly related to what?
Strength of CMI
72
What type of virus is the Rotavirus?
RNA w/ 8 species (A-H)
73
Rotavirus is the most common cause of what illness in what population?
Severe epidemic diarrhea in infants/young children
| Rotavirus A=90%
74
How is Rotavirus transmitted?
Fecal-oral
75
What kind of virus is the Norwalk virus?
Non-enveloped RNA virus
76
Norwalk virus is the only species within what genus?
| What is the appropriate nomenclature for this virus?
Genus Norovirus
| Norwalk virus is preferred
77
What is Norwalk virus the major worldwide cause of?
Epidemic/sporadic viral gastroenteritis
| Causes 90% of epidemic non-virall gastroenteritis
78
What populations/areas are susceptible to Norwalk virus?
Schools
Camps
Cruise ships
79
What is the incubation time for Norwalk?
| How long do the S/Sx last?
```
Incubation= 18-48hrs
S/Sx= 12-60hrs
```
80
How is Norwalk transmitted?
Food
Water
Vomit
81
What geographical locations are hot spots for HIV?
Southern Africa
| South/SE Asia
82
What viral group does HIV belong too?
| What kind of virus is it?
Retrovirus
| Medium enveloped RNA
83
What are the characteristics/make up of the HIV envelope?
Glycoprotein 41
Glycoprotein 120
Ag variable
84
What kind of protein makes up the HIV capsid?
Protein 24
85
What is the core make up of the HIV particle?
2 RNA strands
| Reverse transcriptase
86
What are the two Ag types of HIV?
| What geographical locations are they predominantly found?
HIV 1- worldwide
| HIV 2- West Africa
87
What are the steps of infection for HIV->cell?
1- GP120 attaches to CD4 marker, GP41 attaches to CXCR4
2- RNA enters host cell
3- Reverse transcriptase
4- New DNA incorporates with host DNA and alters CD$ ability to produce cytokinase
5- New virons released kill CD4 cells
88
How does HIV infect a cell if there are no CD4 markers present?
Co-infect w/ another retrovirus
89
What types of cells are infected by HIV?
CD4 helper T cells
| Monocytes- macrophages
90
HIV virons have been isolated from what types of cells?
Sperm
Blood
Perinatally
91
What is Stage I of HIV infection?
```
Primary HIV infection, lasts 1-4mon
Virus is replicated and shed
P24 Ag detectable, Abs for P24 present
Mononucleoside/flu-like S/Sx
Asymptomatic after 1-3wks
```
92
What is Stage II of HIV infection?
Latent/Asymptomatic Period
Virus replication/shed at low rate
HIV Abs detectable, CD4 levels decrease
93
What is Stage III of HIV infection?
```
Persistent Generalized Lymphadenopaty/AIDS related Complex
Virus replication/shedding a high rate
Lymphodenopathy
Kaposis Sarcoma
Opportunistic infections
```
94
What is Stage IV of HIV infection?
AIDS symptomatic period
Decreased CD4, moderate decrease in CD8 cells
Ag P24 appears, viral replication overwhelms CMI
95
What are the opportunistic infections seen during Stage IV of HIV infections?
```
TB
Pneumocystitis carini
Fungal infections
Toxoplasmosis gondii
Herpes simplex
Cryptosporidium
Cytomegalovirus
Mycobacterium avian complex
CNS involvement- dementia
```
96
What are the S/Sx of a hepatitis infection?
```
Anorexia
Weight loss
Hepatic tenderness
Jaundice
Dark urine
```
97
What is the viral structure of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)?
Enveloped DNA
| Core- DNA and DNA polymerase
98
Which HBV Ag presence is associated with relatively high infectivity?
HBeAg
| "e" antigen of the core
99
How is HBV transmitted?
Parenteral route is most predominant
Contact w/ blood
Needles/syringes
100
What PT population is at high risk for HBV?
IV drug users
| Prison populations
101
What is the incubation time frame for HBV?
45-180 days
102
Define seroconversion
Immune response of convsersion from absence of a specific Ab to presence of specific Ab
103
What is the earliest marker of an acute/infectious state of HBV?
HBsAg
| Hepatitis B surface Ag
104
Persistence of HBsAg over __ months implies chronic disease/failure to seroconvert?
6mon
105
What does HBeAg in HBV indicate?
Early indicator of acute infection
Active virus replication
Most infectious period
Persistence +10wks indicative of chronic carrier state/chronic liver damage
106
What does Anti-HBs surface Ag indicate?
Convalescence- recovery and immunity
| Failure to seroconvert indicative of chronic infection
107
What type Ag in HBV PTs indicates recovery and immunity?
Anti-HBs
Antibody to Hepatitis B Surface Ag
Major protective Ab against HBV
Develops from Vaccine
108
What Ag in HBV patient is indicative of chronic infection?
Failure to seroconvert to Anti-HBs
109
What are the two types of HBV infections?
Acute- resolves in 3-6mon
| Chronic/chronic carrier- years or decades w/out S/Sx
110
What type of virus particle is Hepatitis C (HCV)?
Small lipid enveloped RNA virus
111
How is HCV transmitted?
Parenteral route
| IV drug use
112
What type of PT population is HCV common in?
15-40% of community acquired hepatitis
| IV drug users
113
Which type of Hepatitis is commonly transmitted with HIV?
HCV
114
Which Hepatitis viruses have vaccines?
Hep B
Hep A
Not Hep C- too many Ag subtypes
115
What type of virus particle is Hepatitis A?
Small non-enveloped RNA w/ Capsid protein HA Ag
116
How is Hep A transmitted?
Fecal-oral route- enteric route
| Food/water contamination
117
What PT population is Hep A common in?
```
Institutionalized PTs
Day care children
World travelers
Military
Drug addicts
```
118
What is Hep A's incubation period?
15-45 days
119
Where does Hep A replicate?
Liver AND small intestines
120
How long after Hep A incubation period are PTs feces and blood considered infectious?
2-6wks
121
Which form of hepatitis does not have a chronic state/carrier phase?
Hep A
122
What type of particle are Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses?
Enveloped/filamentous RNA virus
123
What is the contagious level, incubation, duration and mortality of Hemorrhagic Fever viruses?
Moderate
Incubation- 21 days
Duration- 5-16 days
Mortality- 10-90%
124
Where is Hantavirus Renal Syndrom located?
| Where is Hantavirus Cardiopulmonary located?
North Asia, Europe w/ 2-40% mortality rate
| North America
125
What type of Hantavirus is infrequent in North America?
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS)
| Sin Nombre virus
126
How is Dengue Fever transmitted?
Mosquito
127
S/Sx of Dengue Fever?
```
Fever
Severe Joint pain (breakbone fever)
Conjunctivitis
Headache
Hemorrhagic form- lower frequency
```
128
Where is Yellow Fever located in the world?
Tropical Afria
| Amazon Basin
129
How is Yellow Fever transmitted?
Mosquitoes
130
Where is Chickungunya predominant?
Africa
SE Asia
South/Central America
131
How is Chickungunya transmitted?
| What S/Sx does it cause?
Mosquitoes
| Dengue-like symptoms
132
What does Rift Valley Fever virus cause?
| How is it transmitted?
Zoonotic in Africa
| Mosquitoes
133
Where is Congo-Crimean Hemorrhagic Fever located?
| How is it transmitted?
Africa
Middle East->West China
Ticks
134
Where is Lassa Fever Virus located?
| How is it transmitted?
West Africa
| Rodent urine
135
Where is Ebola located?
Africa w/ 35% mortality
136
How is ebola carried/transmitted?
| How can Ebola NOT be transmitted?
Fruit bat/bush meat
Direct contact w/ blood/body fluids (mucus tissues/eyes/open skin wounds)
Aerosol transmission to respiratory tract
137
What is a superspreader?
| What virus is spread?
3% of infected people spread Ebola to 60% of the victims
138
What is Ebola's incubation period?
| When is the PT considered contagious?
Incubation- 21 days
Contagious from day of S/Sx until no virus is in the blood
Semen carries virus for 3mon
139
What is the name of Ebola's vaccine?
Vesicular Stomatitis w/ gene for Ebola's surface protein
140
What are the S/Sx of Ebola virus?
```
Sudden fever
Intense weakness
Muscle pain
Headache
Sore throat
Vomitting/diarrhea
```
141
What are the long term medical effects of Ebola survivors?
```
Chronic fatigue
Headaches
Muscle/joint pain
Memory loss
Eye pain/blurry
Hearing loss
```
142
What kind of virus are the Encephalitis viruses?
RNA
143
How is Encephalitis transmitted?
| What s the exception?
Mosquito from animal to human
Zika- mosquito and semen
Tick borne- ticks
144
What are the mortality rates of encephalitis?
20-40%
| No vaccine
145
What kind of virus is rabies?
RNA
146
How long is rabies incubation period?
8 weeks
| Replicates at bite site and travels to peripheral nervous system
147
What does Rabies cause?
| When is it considered fatal?
Infection of brain, eye, salivary gland and skin
| Encephalomyelitis- almost always fatal
148
What kind of virus is HPV?
| How many types are there?
DNA
| 170 Ag types w/ 40 that are sexually transmitted
149
What does HPV cause?
Warts
| Types 6 and 11 cause genital warts
150
What kind of virus is Measles?
RNA virus
151
How is measles transmitted?
Person-to-person w/ respiratory secretions
152
What does Measles cause?
Rubeola- red measles
153
What are the S/Sx of measles?
| How many days for these to show?
3-5: cough, fever, red eyes, macropapular rash
10-12 after exposure, symptoms show
Last for 7-10 days
154
When is measles considered contagious?
4 days prior and 4 days after start of symptoms/rash
155
What are the secondary complications of Measles?
Diarrhea
Blindness
Inflammation of brain
Pneumonia
156
What kind of virus particle is Mumps?
Single stranded enveloped RNA
157
How is Mumps transmitted?
Person to person by respiratory secretions
158
What is the incubation and duration of mumps?
S/Sx 16-18 days after exposure
| Lasts for 4-10 days
159
When is a mumps PT considered contagious?
3 days prior and 4 days after S/Sx
160
Post-mumps complications include what?
Meningitis
Pancreatitis
Deafness
Testicular/ovarian swelling
161
What kind of viral particle is Molluscum Contagiosum virus?
DNA poxvirus
162
What does Molluscum Contagiosum cause?
Water warts on face, trunk and extremities
163
What kind of virus is Variola virus?
DNA
164
What is the synchronous progression of smallpox?
Rash macule vesicles pustules scabs
165
Where does smallpox start and spread?
Face, hands and arms, spreads to lower extremeties in 7-16 days
Lesions on palms, soles and mouth
166
How is smallpox spread?
| What is it's mortality percentage?
Aerolized virus in droplets or powdered scabs
| 30%
167
How is smallpox quickly inactivated?
UV light
| Disinfectants
168
Where is Candida Albicans considered normal flora?
```
Mouth
Throat
Large Intestine
Vagina
Skin
```
169
What kind of PT does Candid Albicans cause mild opportunistic infections in?
```
Mild metabolic/hormonal disorders
Diabetes
Pregnancy
Prolonged ABX
Chronic alcoholism
Extreme moist skin conditions
```
170
How does Candida Albicans become an issue?
Overgrowth of Albicans due to reduction of normal flora from ABX, hormones or metabolic disorders
171
What kind of issues does Candida Albicans cause?
```
Oral thrush
Vaginitis
Cutaneous
Nails
Chronic oropharyngeal/esophageal candidasis
Systemic
```
172
Vaginitis from Candida Albicans is common in what type of PT?
Diabetic
| Pregnant
173
Define Onychomycosis
Candida Albicans under the nail
| Hard/thick/brown/striated/grooved nail plate
174
Onychomycosis mimics what other type of infection?
Tinea unguim
| Ringworm caused by dermatophytes
175
What is typically the first sign of clinical AIDS?
Chronic Oropharyngeal and Esophageal Candidiasis
176
What type of systemic infections of Candida Albicans occur in almost all immunocompromised/debilitated PTs?
Bronchi/pulmonary
Septicemia
Meningitis
Endocarditis
177
What type of infections does Candida Auris cause?
| Why is their treatment difficult?
```
Blood
heart
Brain
Eyes
Bone
MDR
```
178
Where does Candida Auris outbreaks occur?
Healthcare settings
179
Infections of Cryptococcus Neoformans in humans is almost always what type of infection?
Pulmonary
180
Cryptococcus neoformans affinity for brain and meninges is commonly seen in what compromised PT?
AIDS
181
What are the dermatophytic molds?
Microsporum
Trichophyton
Epidermophyton
182
What do Microsporum, Trichophyton, and Epidermophyton cause?
```
Tinea capitis
Tinea pedis
Tinea corporis-
Tinea cruis- jock itch
Toenail infections
```
183
What type of mold infects skin and subcutaneous tissue without dissemination to internal organs?
Sporothrix schenkii
184
What is the source of Sporothrix schenkii?
| How does it enter the body?
Soil, wood, vegetation
| Trauma
185
Sporothrix schenkii is AKA ?
| What type of PT populations is it seen in?
Rose gardeners disease
| Farmers, nursery workers, florists, forest rangers, mine workers
186
How does Sporothrix schenkii present clinically?
Primary lesion- 3 wks after injury
small non-tender nodule that ulcerates causing tissue necrosis and infection of nearby lymph channels
Secondary Lesion- multiple subcutaneous nodules along lymph channels, may ulcerate
Untreated may become chronic
187
What does Histoplasma Capsulatum cause?
Systemic mold pathogen from inhalation of spores from bird droppings
188
Where is Histoplasma Capsulatum endemic?
Ohio River valley
Mississippi River valley
Africa
Asia
189
How does Histoplasma Capsulatum travel through the body?
| What does it cause inside?
Inside macrophages
| Lung lesions and flu-like S/Sx
190
How do lesions develop with Histoplasma Capsulatum infections?
```
CMI response too weak, lesions develop on major organs
Pneumonia
Hepatitis
Meningitis
Fatal w/out treatment
```
191
How does Coccidioides Immitis enter the body?
Inhalation, especially after dusty event
192
Where is Coccidioides Immitis an endemic?
Southwestern USA
Northern Mexico
South America
Hot, dry, alkaline soil
193
What are the 3 clinical presentations of Coccidioides Immitis?
San Joaquin Valley Fever
Valley Fever
Desert Fever
194
What does Coccidioides Immitis do to the body?
Pulmonary lesions
Flu-like S/Sx
Disseminates to CNS, bone, cutaneous tissue if CMI is weak
195
What fungus is not considered a pathogen unless it invades an immunocompromised PT?
Aspergillus Fumigatus
196
How does Aspergillus Fumigatus enter the body?
Inhalation of spores
197
How does Aspergillus Fumigatus present clinically?
Sinus infection
Pulmonary/broncial mass
Invasive causing multi-organ disease
198
Where does Aspergillus Flavus toxin develop?
Improperly stored/damp nuts, grains, seeds
199
How does Aspergillus Flavus present clinically?
Liver damage, severe
200
What does Pneumocystis Jirovecci Pneumonia cause?
Pneumonia in compromised PTs
Cancer
Chemo
HIV/AIDS
201
What type of tissues does Pneumocystis Jirovecci Pneumonia attack?
```
Interstitial/fibrous tissue of lungs causing hypoxia
Non-productive cough
SOB
Night sweats
Fever
```
202
Pneumocystis Jirovecci Pneumonia risk increases when CD4 numbers are below what amount?
Below 200/mm3
203
What type of mold is found growing in buildings and called "Black Mold"?
Stachybotyrs chartarum
204
What type of mold can not be proven to link it's presence with any type of health decrease?
Stachybotyrs chartarum
205
What microbe causes Tinea pedis/Tinea Captitis?
Microsporum/Trichophyton/Epdiermophyton
206
What microbe causes thrush?
Candid Albicans
207
What microbe causes Desert Fever?
Coccidiodes Cammitis
208
What microbe causes meningitis due to it's thick capsule?
Cryptococcus neoformans
209
What microbe causes vaginitis
Candida albicans
210
What microbe causes subcutaneous lesions after wood splinter trauma?
Sporothrix schenkii
211
What microbe causes pulmonary lesions after inhalation of spores in MIssissippi/Ohio?
Histoplasma Capsulatum
212
What microbe is an opportunistic infection of fingernails?
Candida albicans
213
What microbes cause diarrhea?
Rotavirus
| Norwalk virus
214
What microbe causes myocarditis and pleurodynia?
Coxsackie
215
What microbe causes infectious monocucleosis?
Epstein Barr
216
What microbe causes conjunctivitis?
Adenovirus
Dengue
Zika
Herpes Simplex
217
What microbe is passed congenitally and leads to CNS impairment?
Cytomegalovirus
218
What microbes predominantly infect infants?
RSV
| Rotavirus
219
What microbe causes Acute Respiratory Disease in military recruits?
Adenovirus types 4 and 7
220
What microbes cause cold-like S/Sx?
Parainfluenza
| Adenovirus
221
What microbes cause flu-like S/Sx?
HIV- primary
Ebola
Histoplasmosa
222
What microbe causes croup and bronchitis in children?
Parainfluenza
223
PT with severe joint pain after traveling to SE Asia but is Negative for dengue has?
Chikungunya
224
Which microbe enters the body by inhalation of spores and causes serious CNS infections after disseminating to pulmonary sites?
Cryptococcal
225
What makes aflotoxin?
Aspergillus flavus
226
Define symbiosis
two different organisms of different species living together
227
What are the two types of symbiosis and their definitiions?
Commensalism- one organism is benefited, other neither benefits or is harmed
Mutualism- both organisms benefit
228
Define parasitism and the 3 types
Symbiotic relationship where parasite is metabolically dependent on host who is adversely affected
Facultative- normally free living but can become opportunistic parasite
Obligate- cannot survive in free living state
Incidental- establishes in host that it doesn't normally occupy
229
Define Host
Living organism, animal or plant that harbors/nourishes another organism
230
Define definitive host
Host that harbors adult/sexually reproducing stages of parasite
231
Define intermediate host
Host that harbors immature/larva/asexual reproducing forms of parasite
232
Define Reservoir host
Host which replaces man in parasite's life cycle
233
Define Paratenic host
Host that transports parasite as it doesn't undergo development, only passage to final host
234
Define Life cycle
Parasite's growth, development, reproduction
235
Define Infective stage
Stage that a parasite can invade and live in a human body
236
Define Infective route
Entry point for a parasite to invade human body
237
Define Infective mode
How the parasite invades the human body
238
Define vector
Carrier, usually arthropod, which transmits infective form of parasite from one host to another
239
Define autoinfection
Reinfetion by host due to it's own source of infection
240
What are the 5 forms of parasites studied?
```
Adult
Larva
Egg/Ova
Trophozite
Cysts
```
241
Ingestion of what 4 things may alter/invalidate a sample?
Antacids
Antidiarrheal
Mineral oil
ABX
242
Stool samples are taken to test for parasites in what form?
Ova
| Parasitic
243
Helminth eggs are passed ____ while protozoa eggs are passed _____
Continuously
| Intermittently
244
What is the best way to for protozoan detection?
3 stool samples collected within 6-10days
245
Liquid/diarrhea stool samples need to be examined within what time frame?
30min
246
Soft stool samples need to be examined within what time frame?
1hr
247
Formed stool samples need to be examined within what time frame?
Can be delayed, examined same day
248
What are the 4 types of fecal preservatives?
10% Formalin- no stain, yes EIA
Polyvinyl Alcohol- yes stain, no EIA
Merthiolate-Iodine
Sodium Acetate
249
Stool specimens are stored at what temp?
4*C
250
Scotch tape test is used for testing for what parasite?
Enterobius vermicularis
251
Enterotest-String test is used for detecting what parasites?
Protozoa
| Helminths
252
Nucleic Acid testing is used for detecting what parasites?
Giardia
Cryptosporidium
Entamoeba
253
What parasite can be tested for with blood?
Plasmodium
254
What is the best method of controlling parasitic life cycle?
Proper disposal of human/animal waste
255
Cooking/freezing foods at what temps for how long interrupts parasitic life cycle?
Heating @ 55*C x 1hr
| Freezing @ -10*C x 20 days
256
What are the antimalarials?
What are the antihelminthics?
What are the antiprotozoal?
Chloroquine phosphate
Praziquantel
Metronidazole
257
Where is Dengue virus found in the world?
Tropical/Sub-tropical SE Asia
Africa
Caribbean
Coastal South/Central America
258
Where is Chickungunya found in the world?
Africa
SE Asia
Rarely in Americas
259
Where is Marburg Fever virus found in the world?
Sub-Saharan Africa
260
Where is West Nile virus found in the world?
```
Africa
India
Middle East
Europe
USA
```
261
When is West Nile season?
Late summer - early fall
262
Where is Zika found in the world?
```
Africa
Asia
South Pacific
Brazil
Americas
```
263
S/Sx of Zika
```
Fever
Rash
Joint Pain
Conjunctivitis
Headeache
```
264
Zika virus is differential/ruled out with what other disease?
Guillian Barre Syndrome
265
Where is St Louis and La Crosse Encephalitis viruses found in the world?
North, Central, South America
266
Where is East/West/Venezuelan encephalitis virus found?
SE USA
Central America
Northern South America
267
Where is Japanese Encephalitis Virus found in the world?
Japan
| East/SE Asia- China, Korea, India
268
Where is Tick Borne Encephalitis found in the world?
Eastern/Central Europe
269
Where is Murray Valley Virus found in the world?
Australia
