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IPAP > BioChem Block 3 > Flashcards

BioChem Block 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the name Lipid encompass?

A 
Fatty Acids and Steroids
Waxes 
Triacylglycerols 
Glycerophospholipids 
Sphingomyelins
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2
Q

What are the parts of a wax?

A

Long chain alcohol

Fatty acid

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3
Q

What are the parts of a triacylglycerol?

A

Glycerol

Fatty acid x 3

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4
Q

What are the parts of a glycerolphospholipid?

A

Glycerol
Fatty acid x 2
Phosphate
Amino Alcohol

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5
Q

What are the parts of a sphingomyelin?

A

Sphingosine
Fatty Acid
Phosphate
Amino alcohol

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6
Q

What are lipids soluble in?

A

Organic solvents- ether, chloroform

Not water

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7
Q

Define fatty acid

A

Long, unbranched C chain w/ carboxylic acid group

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8
Q

What is the solubility of fatty acids?

A

Insoluble due to long hydrophobic C chain

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9
Q

Naturally occurring fatty acids are - C in length?

A

12-20

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10
Q

Define saturated fatty acid

A

only C-C- single bonds

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11
Q

Long chain fatty acids have similar properties to what?

A

Alkanes

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12
Q

Define unsaturated fatty acid

A

one or more C=C double bonds

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13
Q

Define monounsaturated fatty acid

A

Long C chain with one double bond

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14
Q

Monounsaturated fatty acids have properties similar to what?

A

Alkenes

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15
Q

Define polyunsaturated fatty acid

A

Contains at least two C=C double bonds

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16
Q

_____ fatty acids can be drawn in -cis or -trans form

Which form is more naturally occurring?

A

Unsaturated

-cis

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17
Q

Fatty acids are usually __ at room temps

A

Solid

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18
Q

What has a lower melting point, saturated or unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Unsaturated

Saturated is higher due to ability to pack together

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19
Q

Unsaturated fats are ___ at room temps?

A

Liquid

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20
Q

What are two polyunsaturated fats the human body can not synthesize?

A

Linoleic acid

Linolenic acid

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21
Q

The human body can synthesize some fatty acids from ____ and ____

A

Carbs

Other Fatty acids

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22
Q

Why is linoleic acid important in the human body?

Why is this important?

A

Precursor to arachidonic acid

Vital in forming prostaglandins during tissue injury

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23
Q

Prostaglandins are AKA ?

A

Eicosanoids

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24
Q

What is Prostaglandin E soluble in?

What is Prostaglandin F soluble in?

A

E- ether

F- phosphate buffer, fosfat

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25
Q

How do Prostaglandin E and F differ in structure?

A 
E= ketone group on C #9
F= hydroxyl group
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26
Q

Define wax

A

Ester of long chain fatty acid and long chain alcohol each with 14-30 C

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27
Q

What form are fatty acids stored in within the body?

A

Triacyglycerols aka triglycerides

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28
Q

Define triacylglycerol

A

Triesters of glycerol and fatty acids

3 hydroxyl groups of glycerol form ester bonds w/ carboxyl groups of 3 fatty acids

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29
Q

What type of alcohol is glycerol?

A

Trihydroxyl

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30
Q

Most naturally occurring triacylglycerols contain glycerol bonded to ?

A

2-3 different fatty acids

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31
Q

Define fat

A

Triacylglycerol that is solid at room temp and comes from animal sources

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32
Q

Define oil

A

Triacylglycerol that is a liquid at room temp and obtained from plants

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33
Q

What has a higher melting point, animal fat or vegetable oil?

A

Animal is higher

Animal fat contains more saturated fatty acids

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34
Q

What does the chemical reactions of triacylglycerols involve?

A

Hydrogenation of double bonds in fatty acids

Hydrolysis and saponification of ester bonds between glycerol and fatty acids

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35
Q

Define hydrogenation in triacyglycerols

A

H gas bubbled through heated oil typically w/ nickel catalyst
Causes H atoms to add to one or more C=C double bond to form C-C single bonds

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36
Q

What does complete hydrogenation of triacylglycerols produce?
Partial hydrogenation?

A

Brittle product

Soft, semisolid fat

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37
Q

What is the benefit of partial hydrogenation of triacyglycerols?

A

Contain more saturated fatty acids

No cholesterol

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38
Q

What occurs in the hydrolysis of triacylglycerols?

A

Split by stron acid or lipase

Product of the hydrolysis of the ester bonds = glycerol and 3 fatty acids

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39
Q

What is the solubility of a hydrolysis tricylglycerol?

A

Glycerol- polar, soluble

Fatty acids- nonsoluble

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40
Q

What is saponification?

A

Fat is heated w/ strong base to form glyceral and salts of fatty acids

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41
Q

What is the process name that soaps are made from?

A

Saponification

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42
Q

What type of soap is the result of NaOH?

What is the product of KOH?

A 
NaOH= solid, moldable soap
KOH= soft, liquid soap
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43
Q

An oil that is polyunsaturated produces _____ soap

A

softer

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44
Q

Phospholipids are similar to ____ and contain _____ and _____

A

Similar to triacylglycerol

Contain glycerophospholipids and spingomyelins

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45
Q

What are the components of a triacylglycerol?

A

1 glycerol

3 fatty acids

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46
Q

What are the components of a glycerophospholipid?

A

1 glycerol
2 fatty acid
1 phosphate
1 amino alcohol

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47
Q

What are the components of spingomyelin?

A

1 spingosine
1 fatty acid
1 phosphate
1 amino alcohol

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48
Q

What are the 3 alcohols found in glycerophospholipids?

A

Choline
Serine
Ethanolamine

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49
Q

What happens to Choline, Serine and Ehtanoamine in the body at a pH of 7.4?

A

Ionize

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50
Q

What group do lecithins and cephalins belong to?

Where are they found and obtained from?

A

Glycerophospholipids
Brain and nervous tissue
Yolk, wheat germ, yeast

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51
Q

What does lecithins contain?

What does cephalins contain?

A

Choline

Ethanolamine, sometimes serine

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52
Q

What makes up the head in a glycerophospholipid?

What makes up the tail?

A 
Head= Ionized amino alcohol and phosphate
Tail= hydrocarbon chains
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53
Q

What is the make up of a sphingomyelin?

A

Amine group of sphingosine foms amide bond w/ fatty acid

Hydroxyl group forms ester bond w/ phosphate, forms additional phosphoester bond to choline or ethanolamine

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54
Q

Which phospholipid is targeted by Multiple Sclerosis?

A

Sphingomyelin

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55
Q

Which vitamin has shown to reduce or slow the effects of MS on the nervous system?

A

Vit D

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56
Q

The nonpolar hydrocarbon tails of glycerophospholipids are only soluble in what?

A

Nonsoluble substances like lipids

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57
Q

What is the most common fatty acid found along with ionized amino alcohol in sphingomyelin?

A

Palmitic acid, 16c saturated fatty acid

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58
Q

What makes up the steroid nucleus?

A

3 cyclohexane rings

1 cyclopentane ring

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59
Q

How does the steroid nucleus end?

A

With 2 methyl groups

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60
Q

Why is cholesterol a -sterol?

A

Contains O atom as hydroxyl group on C #3

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61
Q

Where are the double bonds in cholesterol?
Where are the methyl groups?
Where is the C chain?

A

C#5 and 6
C #10 and 13
C #17

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62
Q

Cholesterol levels are considered elevated if total plasma cholesterol is above _____

A

200mg/dL

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63
Q

What is the effect of bile salt on cholesterol uptake?

A

Bile salts act like soap and break down large drops to small drops, increases surface area for lipase to digest fats

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64
Q

How are lipids made more soluble for transport through the body?

A

Combining them with phospholipids and proteins to form lipoproteins

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65
Q

What are the prevalent form of cholesterol in the blood?

A

Cholesteryl

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66
Q

How are cholesteryls formed?

A

Esterification of hydroxyl group in cholesterol w/ fatty acid

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67
Q

What are the very low density lipoproteins called?

A

Chylomicrons

68
Q

The density of lipoproteins increases as the percentage of ____ increases

A

Proteins

69
Q

What is the function of LDL?

A

Carries cholesterol to tissues for use in synthesis of cell membranes and steroid hormones.

70
Q

What is the function of HDL?

A

Picks up cholesterol from tissue and carries it to the liver to be converted to bile salts

71
Q

What is the function of chylomicrons?

A

Carry triacylglycerols from intestines to liver, muscle and adipose tissue

72
Q

What type of patient usually has elevated serum triglyceride levels?

A

Alcoholics

73
Q

What is the most important and abundant steroid in the body?

A

Cholesterol

74
Q

Function of aldosterone?

A

Regulates electrolytes and water balance by kidneys

75
Q

Function of cortisone

A

Glucocorticoid
Increases blood glucose levels
Stimulates glycogen synthesis by liver

76
Q

Define amine and amide

A

Organic compounds containing N

77
Q

Amino acids, proteins and nucleic acids all belong in what category?

A

Amines

78
Q

Amines exert strong physiological effects and include what examples?

A

Decongestants
Anesthetics
Sedatives

Dopaine
Histamine
Epi
Amphetamine

79
Q

What are examples of naturally occurring amines that are obtained from plants?

A

Alkaloids

Caffeine
Nicotine
Cocaine
Digitalis

80
Q

Define Amine

A

Ammonia derivative
N has 3 bonds to H atoms
N is bonded to 1/2/or3 alkyl or aromatic groups

81
Q

How are Amines names?

A

IUPAC: alkane e replaced w/ amine. 3 or more C numbered to show position of -NH2 group
Common: alkyl/aromatic named alphabetically w/ amine at end
Prefixes di- or tri- are used for two or three identical substituents

If alkyl group is attached to N atom, prefix N- is added followed by alkyl name.
Two alkyl groups bonded to N, N prefix used for each in alphabetical order

82
Q

How are Aromatic Amines named?

A

Aniline

83
Q

What is the simplest aromatic amine?

A

Aniline

84
Q

What is aniline used for?

A

Dyes for wool/cotton/jeans

Acetaminophen synthesis

85
Q

How are amines classified?

A

Counting number of C bonded to N atom
1= N bonded to one alkyl group
2= N bonded to two alkyl groups
3*= N bonded to three alkyl groups

86
Q

What are the polarity properties of Amines?

A

Polar N-H allows 1* and 2* to form H bonds w/each other

All amines can form H bonds w/ water

87
Q

Which bonds are weaker, H bonds in amines or H bonds in alcohols?

A

Amines, N is not as electronegative as O

88
Q

What kind of boiling points do amines have?

A

Higher than alkanes
Lower than alcohols
1- higher than 2 w/ the same mass
1- highest, 3 lowest

89
Q

Why can’t 3* amines H bond with each other?

A

No N-H bonds

90
Q

What are the solubility properties of amines?

A

1* can form more H bonds than 2*
Small amines- soluble
More than 6C= H bonding diminished due to hydrocarbon chains

91
Q

Do Amines act as an acid or a base?

A

Base, due to lone e- pair on N

92
Q

What are the products when amine reacts with water?

A

Pos charge alkylammonium ion
Neg charge hydroxide ion
New product named by adding ammonium ion to alkyl group

93
Q

What happens when a amine reacts with an acid?

A

Forms ammonium salt
Lone e- on N accepts H from acid
No water is formed
New product named by alkylammonium ion name followed by name of the negative ion

94
Q

Define quaternary ammonium salt

A

N atom bonded to 4 C groups

95
Q

Choline is an example of what type of amine?

A

Quaternary ammonium ion

It’s N is not bonded to an H

96
Q

Properties of ammonium salts at room temp?

A

Solid, odorless, soluble

97
Q

Define free amine/free base

A

When ammonium salt reacts w/ strong base and converted back to amine

98
Q

Define heterocyclic amine

A

Cyclic organic compound w/ one or two N atoms

99
Q

What is the simplest five atom heterocyclic amine?

A

Pyrrolidine- 4C and 1N w/ all single bonds

100
Q

Heterocyclic amines with two or three double bonds have aromatic properties similar to _____?

A

Benzene

101
Q

Define Alkaloid

A

N containing component produced by plants

102
Q

Define Neurotransmitter

A

Chemical component that transmits an impulse from a nerve cell to another nerve/muscle/gland cell.

103
Q

What part of the cell are neurotransmitters made?

A

Made and stored in vesicles at axon terminals

104
Q

Neurotransmitters are removed from receptors in what 3 ways?

A

Diffusion
Enzymatic break down
Reuptake

105
Q

Neurotransmitters contain N atoms as ____ and ____ ions

A

Amine

Alkylammonium ions

106
Q

Neurotransmitters are synthesized from amino groups that undergo what type of changes?

A

Amino groups ionized to form Ammonium cations

Carboxyl groups ionized to form carboxylate anions

107
Q

What are some examples of important amine neurotransmitters>

A 
Acetylcholine
Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
Serotonin
Histamine
Glutamate
GABA
108
Q

What effects does ACh have on the body?

A

Communicates with NS and muscle
Regulates muscle activation
Learning
Short term memory

109
Q

How is ACh degraded in a synapse?

A

Enzymatically that hydrolyze ester bonds degrading ACh into choline and acetate

110
Q

What is the most important catecholamine neurotransmitter?

A

Dopamine
Epi
Norepi

111
Q

What functions does dopamine have on the body?

A 
Energy
Feeling of enjoyment
Muscle movement control
Regulation of sleep-wake cycle
Improves cognition, attention, memory and learning
112
Q

How is epinephrine synthesized?

A

Addition of methyl group to amine group

113
Q

What is serotonin synthesized from?

A

Tryptophan

114
Q

What is the most abundant neurotransmitter in the NS?

A

Glutamate

115
Q

What does glutamate stimulate the synthesis of?

A

Nitrogen oxide

116
Q

What causes a condition called excitotoxicity?

A

Reuptake of glutamate does not occur fast enough

Excess glutamate at receptor destroys bran cells

117
Q

What is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?

A

GABA

118
Q

Define amides

A

Derivative of carboxylic acids in which amino group replaces hydroxyl group

119
Q

What is the functional group of amides?

A

Carbonyl group attached to an amine

120
Q

Define peptide bond

A

Amide bond that links aa in proteins

121
Q

What are some examples of medically important amides?

A

Acetaminophen
Phenobarbital
Penicillin

122
Q

How are amides produced?

A

Amidation or condensation
Carboxylic acid reacts w/ ammonia, 1* or 2* amine
Water is eliminated, carboxylic acid and amine join to form amide (similar to formation of an ester)

123
Q

Why are 3* amines unable to undergo amidation?

A

Don’t contain H atom

124
Q

How are amides named?

A

IUPAC and Common- o/ic acid from carboxylic acid replaced w/ amide
If alkyl groups are present, N is used as prefix before the amide

125
Q

What is the only amide that is liquid at a room temperature?

A

Methanamide

All others are solids

126
Q

What are the melting properties of amides?

A

1* can form more H bonds, have the highest melting point
2* for fewer H bonds, have lower point than 1*
3* can not form H bonds, have lowest melting point

127
Q

What are the solubility properties of amides?

A

1-5C= soluble

128
Q

The specific order of amino acids in a chain determines _________ which will determine ______

A

How the protein will fold into a 3D shape

3D shape determines the protein’s function

129
Q

How many amino acids are commonly found in the proteins of living organisms?

A

20

130
Q

What is the components of an amino acid?

A

Central C atom (alpha carbon)

2 functional groups: ammonium (-NH3) and carboxylate (-COO)

131
Q

What are the R groups of the nonpolar amino acids?

A

H
Alykyl
Aromatic

132
Q

What are the the three types of polar amino acids?

A

Polar neutral: hydroxyl, thiol, aminde
Polar acidic: carboxylate
Polar basic: ammonium ion

133
Q

What are the Nonpolar Amino Acids?

A 
Glycine
Alanine
Valine
Leucine
Isoleucine
Phenylalanine
Methionine
Proline
Tryptophan
134
Q

What are the Polar Neutral Amino Acids?

A 
Serine
Threonine
Tyrosine
Cysteine
Asparagine
Glutamine
135
Q

What are the Polar Acidic Amino Acids?

A

Aspartate

Gluamate

136
Q

What are the Polar Basic Amino Acids?

A

Histidine
Lysine
Arginine

137
Q

Define peptide bond?

A

Amide bond that forms when COO group of one aa reacts with NH3 group on another aa

138
Q

What is also produced when a peptide bond is made?

A

Water

O from carboxylate and 2 H atoms from ammonium end

139
Q

What are the bonds called when 2-5 peptide bonds are made?

What are they called when there are more than 6 peptide bonds?

A

Dipeptide
Tripeptide
Tetrapeptide
Pentapeptide

6+= polypeptide

140
Q

Proteins are polypeptides with ___aa that have a biological activity

A

50aa or more

141
Q

Define the Primary Structure of proteins?

A

AA sequence held together by peptide bonds to form N and C terminus

142
Q

Define N-terminus

A

Amino acid with a free, unbonded, NH3 group

143
Q

Define C terminus

A

Amino acid with free unbonded COO group

144
Q

Peptides are drawn and named in what direction?

A

From N-to-C-terminus

145
Q

How do you name peptides?

A

Everything except amino acid at C-terminus ends with -yl

146
Q

The biological function of peptides and proteins depends on what?

A

Specific sequence of AA

147
Q

What was the first protein to have it’s primary structure determined?
How many AAs does it have?

A

Insulin
Chain A= 21aa
Chain B= 30

148
Q

How are the AAs in insulin held together?

A

Disulfide bonds by thiol groups of cysteine amino acids

149
Q

Define Secondary Structure?

A

Describes the type of structure that forms when protein/peptide bond within/between polypeptide chain

150
Q

What are the two most common types of Secondary Structures?

A

Alpha helix

Beta pleated sheets

151
Q

Define Alpha Helix?

A

H bonds between C=O groups and H atoms of the n-H groups of the amide bonds in the next turn

152
Q

Which way do all R groups of an Alpha Helix point?

A

Outward

153
Q

Define Beta Pleated Sheet?

A

H bonds between O atoms in carbonyl group and H atoms in N-H groups of nearby by polypeptide chain

154
Q

When/where can a Beta Pleated Sheet form?

A

Between adjacent polypeptide chains

Within same polypeptide chain

155
Q

What give Beta Pleated Sheets it’s strength and durability?

A

H bonds

156
Q

The tendency to form various kinds of secondary structures depends on what?

A

AA in particular segment of the polypeptide chain

157
Q

Typically, Beta Pleated Sheets contain mostly what type of AAs?

A

Ones w/ small R groups

Glycine, Valine, Alanine, Serine- extend above and below the sheet

158
Q

Alpha Helices usually contain mostly what type of AAs?

A

AAs with large R groups
Histidine
Leucine
Methionine

159
Q

What is the most abundant protein in the body?

A

Collagen

160
Q

What gives Collagen it’s strong structure?

A

3 polypeptides twisted into a triple helix

-OH groups of hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine that H bond between the peptide chains

161
Q

Glycine is predominantly made up of what AAs?

A

Glycine
Proline
Alanine

162
Q

Diet that is efficient in Vitamin C will be evident by which secondary structures becoming weak?

A

Triple helices

163
Q

Define Tertiary Structure

A

Attractions/repulsions between R groups of AAs

164
Q

What type of interactions help stabilize/hold the Tertiary Structure?

A 
Hydrophobic Interactions
Hydrophilic
Salt Bridges
H bonds
Disulfide bonds
165
Q

Define Quaternary Structure

A

Active protein that consists of two or more polypeptide chains

166
Q

How are peptide bonds hydrolyzed in the stomach?

A

Primary structures are broken by breaking the covalent peptide bonds

167
Q

What structures does denaturation effect?

A

Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary
Primary left unaffected

IPAP (212 decks)

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