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IPAP > A&P2: Circulation > Flashcards

A&P2: Circulation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the micro/macroscopic vessels?

A

arteries and veins- macro

arterioles/capillaries/venules- micro

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2
Q

What are the 3 wall layers (external to internal)?

A

Externa (adventitia)
Media
Interna (intima)

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3
Q

Tunica externa (adventitia) is composed of what tissue?

A

Connective tissue composed of collagen fibers

Small amounts of elastic fibers present

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4
Q

What is the function of the tunica externa (adventitia)?

A

anchor vessels

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5
Q

What does the tunica media consist of (external to internal)?

A 
external elastic lamina (membrane) 
Smooth muscle (some elastic fiber)
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6
Q

Tunica media containing external elastic laminas are only found in ? structure?

A

arteries

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7
Q

Where are window-like openings located that help with diffusion?

A

Tunica Media- elastic lamina

Tunica Interna- elastic lamina

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8
Q

What part of the vessel regulates the diameter of vessel lumen?
What NS innervates this?

A

tunica media smooth muscles

nervi vasorum innervated by sympathetic

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9
Q

What are the layers of the Tunica Interna (intima)

A 
internal elastic lamina (arterial)
basement membrane layer (arterial and venous)
endothelial layer (arterial and venous)
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10
Q

What does the internal elastic lamina of the Tunica Interna consist of?

A

Only found in arteries

Window openings for diffusion

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11
Q

What part of the Tunica Interna (intima) is responsible for physical support to epithelial layer, has tensile strength (coil/recoil) and anchors endothelium to tunica media

A

Tunica Interna- Basement layer

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12
Q

What is the function of the endothelium layer of the Tunica Interna (intima)?

A

lining of vessel lumen
proliferates for repair (angiogenesis)
Participates in inflammatory response
Produces a lot of stuff

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13
Q

What does the Tunica Interna (intima) produce and what is the production used for?

A

Von Willebrand factor- platelet adhesion
Tissue plasminogen- promotes fibrinolysis
Thromboxane- vasoconstrictor prostaglandin
Nitric oxide- vasodilator
Prostacyclin- prostaglandin vasoDILATOR
Endothelin- vasoconstrictor

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14
Q

What are the two major types of arteries?

A

elastic

muscular

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15
Q

Where are elastic arteries found?

A

closest to heart
>10mm diameter
withstand high pressure

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16
Q

Elastic arteries have the highest percentage of ____ fibers

A

elastic

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17
Q

Give 6 examples of elastic arteries

A 
aorta
pulmonary trunk/arteries
brachiocephalic
subclavian
common carotids
common iliacs
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18
Q

What is the purpose of elastic arteries?

A

propel blood during ventricle diastole

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19
Q

Elastic arteries are aka what 2 names?

A

pressure reservoir- artery wall expansion allowing for momentary storage of mechanical energy
conducting arteries- conduct blood from heart to medium sized arteries

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20
Q

What do muscular arteries help adjust?

A

helps adjust rate of blood flow

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21
Q

muscular artery tunica media layer contains more ___fibers but less ____ fibers.
These rely on _____ to push blood forward

A

more smooth and less elastic (no recoil) allowing for greater vasoconstriction/dilation
musculature

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22
Q

Give 3 examples of muscular arteries

A

axillary
brachial
femoral

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23
Q

Muscular arteries are aka ______ arteries and utilize musculature for what 2 purposes?

A

distributing arteries

constrict/dilate to adjust pressure towards arterioles

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24
Q

Where can anastomoses develop?

A

between arteries, arterioles, venules or veins

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25
Q

Define arteriovenous fistula

A

anastomoses between two different types of vessels

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26
Q

Collateral circulation is the product of what 2 events?

A

neovascularization or angiogenesis

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27
Q

What are the 3 layers of capillaries?

A

Tunica externa- very thin
Tunica media- 1-2 muscle layers
Tunica intima- thin

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28
Q

What part of the circulatory system provides vascular tone?

A

Arterioles- tunica media

1-2 muscular layers in constant partial contraction due to sympathetic NS

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29
Q

Arterioles play a key roll in ______ overall

Arterioles are aka ?

A

blood pressure

resistance vessels

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30
Q

arteriole vasoconstriction leads to systemic _____

arteriole vasodilation leads to systemic _____

A

increase

decrease

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31
Q

What are the regulators of blood flow to systemic capillary beds?

A

arterioles

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32
Q

arteriole “back pressure” builds and is put into ? circulation?

A

systemic

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33
Q

Define metarterioles

A

short vessels connecting arteriole ->capillary network

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34
Q

What are the 2 parts of metarterioles?

A

arteriole-metarteriole junction- normal tunica junction allowing vasoconstriction/dilation
metarteriole-capillary junction- no tunica, only single circumferential sphincter (pre-capillary sphincter)

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35
Q

Pre-capillary sphincters regulate blood flow from ____ to ____

A

metarterioles into capillaries

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36
Q

when pre-capillary sphincter is closed, how does blood flow into venule?

A

arteriole -> metarteriole -> thoroughfare channel -> venule

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37
Q

Where can the exchange of nutrients and waste products only occur?

A

capillary

post capillary venule

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38
Q

List 3 examples/places where capillaries wouldn’t be found? How do they exchange nutrients/wastes?

A

avascular tissue: cornea, eye lens, cartilage

Diffusion

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39
Q

What are the sizes of capillaries in comparison to the size of blood cells?

Why is this relationship important?

A 
capillaries= 5-10um
RBC= 8 um

Causes RBCs to pass in single file and buys more time for nutrient exchange (perfusion)

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40
Q

what forms the union between arterial and venous blood flow?

A

capillaries

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41
Q

What are the 3 types of capillaries?

What wall layers do they have?

A

continuous
fenestrated
sinusoid

single endothelial layer basement membrane.

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42
Q

Define capillary bed

A

10-100 capillaries that arise from single metarteriole that increase surface area

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43
Q

Define vasomotion and its purpose

A

contraction/relaxation of pre-capillary sphincters

5-10/min @ rest

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44
Q

What regulates the blood flow through capillary beds?

A

vasomotion

tissue would become ischemic w/out it

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45
Q

Vasomotion is due to local chemicals released by endothelial cells, what do they respond to?

A

O2 level
CO2 level
lactic acid
H levels

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46
Q

define continuous capillary and it’s characteristics

where are they found?

A

majority of capillaries
continuous tube interrupted by intercellular clefts- this is where small molecule exchange occurs

Located in: CNS, skin, muscles, lungs

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47
Q

define fenestrated capillaries and their characteristics.

Where are they found?

A

fenestrations= cytoplasmic holes for large particle diffusion. Still have INTRAcellular clefts

Located in: kidneys, villi, choroid plexuses of brain ventricles, eye ciliary processes, some endocrine glands (hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal gland, thyroid)

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48
Q

Define sinusoid capillaries and their characteristics?

Where are they found?

A

Least common type
Incomplete/absent basement membrane
Unusually large fenestrations and intercellular clefts for RBC and protein passage
Contain specialized cells to serve unique purpose in their location (specialized phagocytes in liver sinusoids)

Liver, spleen, marrow, nodes (lymph carrying only), endocrine glands (adrenal, pituitary, thyroid)

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49
Q

What type of capillaries does the pituitary have?

A

Fenestrated

Sinusoids

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50
Q

Define portal system

Give two examples

A

Parts of the body where blood passes from one capillary network to another, transporting products in high concentrations

hepatic system (liver)
hypophyseal system (pituitary)
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51
Q

Why is the hepatic portal systems important?

A

Allows liver “first-pass” at blood from stomach, spleen, pancreas, mesenteric and gallbladder before systemic circulation, cleaning some blood with specialized phagocytes in liver sinusoids

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52
Q

What are postcapillary venules and what is their function?

A

Small veins that receive blood directly from capillary beds

Significant site of nutrient/waste exchange (only other one other than capillaries)

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53
Q

Define diapedesis and where does it occur

A

venule walls are porous which allow for phagocytic WBCs to pass to inflamed/infected tissue
postcapillary venules

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54
Q

What are the two sites of nutrient/waste exchange?

A

capillaries

post-capillary venules

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55
Q

Define mascular venules and what is their function?

A

thicker walled venules that prevent metabolic exchanges with interstitial fluids

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56
Q

What are the two most distensible elements of the entire vascular system?

A

walls of postcapillary and mascular venules

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57
Q

Why is the distensibility of the postcapillary and mascular walls important?

A

Blood reservoirs

Blood volume can increase by 360%

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58
Q

Veins lack what 2 laminae?

A

internal and external elastic laminae

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59
Q

Vein have a high capacitance, meaning?

A

Capacity to distend to store high volumes of blood

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60
Q

Where are vein valves highly prevalent?
What are they made of?
Which way do they face?

A

Limbs
Thin tunica interna (intima)
Towards the heart

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61
Q

When does blood flow backwards in veins?

A

during ventricle diastole

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62
Q

Define vascular sinus

Give one example

A

Vein w/ thin endothelial wall and no smooth muscle
Surrounding dense CT replaces tunica media/externa to provide support

Coronary sinus

63
Q

Difference superficial veins and deep veins

A

reside in subcutaneous layer

superficial and deep veins connect via perforating veins, reside between skeletal muscles

64
Q

Difference of superficial/deep veins between upper/lower limbs

A

Upper- larger superficial veins, some bypass deep veins and dump into venae cavae

Lower- Deep veins are larger and are principle return pathway to heart

65
Q

How does blood pass from superficial to deep veins?

A

One way valves in penetrating vessels and prevent reverse flow

66
Q

What type of light waves pass into/through our superficial veins?

A

skin absorbs red-light waves, allows blue light to pass through to vein surfaces

67
Q

What two structures have become known as blood reservoirs? What are the AKA?
What action reduces their volume capacity?

A

Systemic veins and venules
Capacitance vessels
Vasoconstriction

68
Q

What is the text’s definition of the primary purpose of the cardiovascular system?

A

Circulate gases, nutrients, wastes and substances to/from cells of the body

69
Q

Substances can enter/leave capillaries by what three mechanisms?

A

diffusion- concentration gradients
transcytosis- large molecule movement
bulk flow- pressure gradient

70
Q

O2 and nutrients are usually in higher concentrations where?

Where does it diffuse to?

A

arterial blood

Diffuses-> interstitial fluids

71
Q

CO2 and wastes are in higher concentrations where?

Where do they diffuse to?

A

interstitial fluid

Diffuses->blood (venous)

72
Q

What is slower, diffusion or bulk flow?

A

Diffusion

73
Q

Most areas of the brain have ___ capillaries

A

continuous w/ tight junctions forming blood-brain-barrier

74
Q

What areas of the brain lack the blood-brain-barrier

A

hypothalamus
pineal gland
pituitary gland

75
Q

Define transcytosis

What is this method used to move? Give examples

A

small quantities slowly cross capillary walls
endocytosis-lateral transport-exocytosis

Large, lipid soluble molecules
Insulin, Abs (maternal circulation->fetal circulation)

76
Q

Define bulk flow

A

2 pressure driven mechanisms- filtration and reabsorption

Passive process that moves large amount of fluids in/out of capillaries

77
Q

Bulk flow is driven by ____?

How long does it stay in effect?

A

Pressure, not concentration
more efficient than diffusion
As long as pressure difference exists

78
Q

Define Bulk Flow (filtration) and Bulk Flow (reabsorption)

A

BFF- pressure moves fluids from blood w/in capillaries to interstitial fluid
BFR- pressure moves fluids from interstitial-> blood

79
Q

What two pressures promote Bulk Flow Filtration?

A

Blood hydrostatic pressure

Interstitial fluid osmotic pressure

80
Q

What is the one main pressure that normally promotes reabsorption?

A

blood colloid osmotic pressure

81
Q

Describe net filtration pressure

A

balance of filtration and reabsorption pressures

Determines if blood/interstitial fluids remain same or change

82
Q

Where is Net Filtration Pressure measured?

A

Both arterial AND venous end of capillary

83
Q

Define Starlings Law of capillaries

A

Volume of fluid and solutes reabsorbed is near the volume of fluid and solutes filtered

84
Q

What is the Net Filtration Pressure equation

A 
NFP=(BHP-IFOP) - (BCOP+IFHP)
BHP= blood hydrostatic press
IFOP= interstitial fluid osmotic press
BCOP= blood colloid osmotic press
IFHP= interstitial fluid hydrostatic press.
85
Q

If NFP is positive it promotes ____

If it’s negative it promotes ____

A 
\+= filtration
- = reabsorption
86
Q

Define BHP

A

Blood Hydrostatic Pressure

Pushes fluid/solutes out of capillaries -> interstitial space

87
Q

Define IFOP

A

Interstitial Fluid Osmotic Pressure

Pulls fluid/solutes out of capillaries->interstitial fluid

88
Q

Why is the IFOP usually small?

A

Normally, only small amounts of protein is present in interstitial fluid

89
Q

Define BCOP

A

Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure
Caused by colloidal suspension of proteins in plasma

Pulls fluid/solutes from interstitial->capillaries

90
Q

Define IFHP

A

Interstitial FLuid Hydrostatic Pressure

Pushes fluid/solutes out interstitial space->capillaries

91
Q

When/why is IFHP usually 0mmHg?

A

noncontributory unless pathologic

92
Q

Define flow of liquids in filtration

A

fluid moves from capillary into interstitial space

93
Q

Define flow of liquids in reabsorption

A

fluid moves from interstitial fluid into capillaries

94
Q

Define the purpose of the lymphatic system

A

accessory route for excess fluid and some solutes to flow back into blood circulation from interstitial spaces.
Usually smaller proteins or large molecules that can’t cross capillary membrane. Large part in returning nutrients from GI tract to circulation.
Some bacteria enter circulation here

95
Q

What 4 areas do not have lymph drainage?

A

superficial skin
CNS
endomysium of muscles
bones

96
Q

List the lymph drainage pathway for the lower part of the body

A 
Lower body portion
L head/neck
L arm
L side of thorax
All drain->thoracic duct
97
Q

List the lymph drainage pathway for the R side of the body

A

R head/neck
R arm
R thorax
All flow into smaller R duct

98
Q

Where do the major lymph ducts meet and drain?

A

Thoracic duct->junction of L Internal jugular vein and L SubClav vein

R duct->junction of R internal jugular vein and R subclavian vein

99
Q

What is Poiseuilles equation and what are the parts of the equation

A

equation describing blood flow and its relationship to know parameters

Pi= ratio of circle circumf to diameter
Tri-P= difference in pressure
r4= radius of vessel to 4th power
eta= blood viscosity
lambda= blood vessel length
100
Q

What are the 5 variables that influence blood flow and pressure?

A 
CO
Compliance
Blood volume
Blood viscosity
Blood vessel length/diameter
101
Q

Define compliance

A

Ability of a compartment to expand and accommodate increased content
greater compliance=greater accommodation

102
Q

What effect does hardened arteries have on flow/pressure/rate?

A

Compliance- reduced
Resistance to blood flow- increased
BP- increased
Flow rate- decreased

103
Q

How does blood volume effect pressure and flow?

A

vol dec= press and flow dec

vol inc= press and flow inc

104
Q

What happens to flow and rate during hyer/hypovolemia

A 
hypo= dec press, dec flow
hyper= inc press, inc flow
105
Q

What are the 4 components of blood

A

RBCs
WBCs
Platelets
Plasma- fluid

106
Q

What does bloods viscosity do to resistance and flow?

A

inc visc= inc resistance
low visc= low resistance

high visc= slower flow
lower visc= faster flow

107
Q

How does blood vessel length/diameter impact resistance and flow

A

inc length= inc resistance and dec flow

inc diameter= dec resist, inc flow

108
Q

If an artery/arteriole constricts by 1/2 its radius, how much does the resistance to the flow increase?

A

16xs

109
Q

If artery/arteriole dilate to twice it normal size, what happens to resistance and flow?

A

resist- dec by 1/16th

flow inc by 16xs

110
Q

Flow can be related to what other two factors?

A

Cross-sectional area

Linear velocity of flow

111
Q

Define cross-sectional area

A

Inversely proportional to velocity of flow

112
Q

Where is velocity of flow the slowest? Fastest?

A

Slow- capillaries (greatest aggregate cross-sectional area)

Fast- large vessels (smallest aggregate cross-sectional area)

113
Q

Where is the greatest velocity of flow found at? Lowest?

A

Highest- center of vessel

Lowest- vascular wall

114
Q

What causes streamlining of laminar flow?

A

shear stress produced as blood flows past stationary walls

115
Q

How is turbulent flow characterized in laminar flow?

A

irregularities in flow pattern
whorls
vortices
eddies

116
Q

Define venous return

What causes it?

A

Volume of blood flowing back to heart through systemic veins

L ventricle contraction

117
Q

What happens to venous return if the pressure in the R atria or ventricle increases?

A

Venous return decreases

118
Q

What 3 mechanisms help return blood to the R side of the heart?

A

L ventricle contraction
Skeletal muscle pump
Respiratory pump

119
Q

Define milking in venous return

A

Leg muscles contract (standing on tip toes) causing vein to compress pushing blood through proximal valve
Distal valve closes when blood pushes against it from muscle contraction occurring above it.
Muscle relaxation, proximal valve closes, distal opens

120
Q

Define respiratory pump components and characteristics

A

Inhalation- increases abdominal cavity pressure, compresses abdominal veins and pushing blood volume through thoracic cavity to heart
Exhalation- diaphragm moves up increasing thoracic press, dec abdominal pressure, closes valves to prevent back flow from thoracic veins

121
Q

Blood pressure is created by ____

Define hydrostatic pressure

A

Ventricle contraction

pressure exerted on walls of vessel by blood

122
Q

What are the 3 things that factor into BP

A

CO
Blood volume
Cardiac resistance

123
Q

What type of feedback signals control BP? How are the corrections made?

A

interconnected negative feedback

HR, SV, systemic vascular resistance, blood volume

124
Q

Cardiovascular center in medulla oblongata regulates what things?

A

HR, SV, contractility, vessel diameter.

Controls neural, hormonal, local negative feedback that help regulate BP

125
Q

What are the 3 sub-components to the cardiovascular center of MO?

A

Cardio-stimulatory center
Cardio-inhibitory center
Vasomotor center- vasoconstrictor and vasodilator center

126
Q

Where does the CV center receive input from?

A

Cerebral cortex
limbic system
hypothalamus

127
Q

What type of info does the CV receive from sensory receptors?

A

Proprioceptors- monitor movement
Baroreceptors- pressure/stretch changes
Chemoreceptors- chemical concentration

128
Q

Vascular tone is controlled by what part of the NS?

A

Sympathetic

129
Q

What are the negative feedback loops the NS uses to regulate BP?

A

Baroreceptor reflexes

Chemoreceptor reflexes

130
Q

Where are baroreceptors located?

Where are the two most important chemoreceptors located?

A

Baro- ascending and arch of aorta, carotid arteries

Chemo- carotid arteries and aortic arch

131
Q

Function of carotid sinus reflex?

Location?

A

regulate BP to brain

above branch of R/L carotid arteries after they branch from common carotid

132
Q

What cranial nerve innovates the carotid sinus reflex?

A

sinus baroreceptor->sensory axons in glossopharyngeal nerves (CN IX) then into CV center

133
Q

Purpose of aortic reflex

What cranial nerve is involved

A

baroreceptor in ascending and arch of aorta
regulates systemic BP
Impulses reach CV from sensory axons in vagal nerves (CN X)

134
Q

Where are chemoreceptors located?

Which concentration changes to they detect?

A

Close to baroreceptors: carotid bodies and aortic bodies

O2, CO2 and H+

135
Q

List 3 things that stimulate the chemoreceptors

A

Hypoxia- reduced plasma O2
Acidosis- increased H+ concentration
Hypercapnia- increased CO2 in plasma

136
Q

Stimulation of chemoreceptors causes what cascade of events?

A

Impulse to CV center
Increased Symp stimulation to arterioles and veins causing vasoconstriction
Constriction increases BP

137
Q

How do hormones help regulate HR

A

altering CO
changing systemic resistance
adjusting total blood volume

138
Q

List 5 examples of hormonal changes to HR

A 
RAA system
Epi
ADH
ADP/ANH
Erythropoietin
139
Q

When/why is the RAA system activated?

A

blood volume/flow to kidneys decreases

increases BP by increasing water retention

140
Q

What effect do epi/norepi have on BP?

A

Both increase CO by increasing rate and contractile force
Vasoconstriction or arterioles and abdominal organs
Vasodilation of arterioles in cardiac/skeletal muscles

141
Q

How does ADH regulate BP?

A

Released from hypothalamus in response to dehydration or decreased blood volume
Causes vasoconstriction
Promotes water retention in kidneys

142
Q

How does Atrial Natriuretic Peptide/Hormone effect BP?

A

Lowers BP by vasodilation

Promotes loss of Na and H2O in Urine to reduce BP

143
Q

How does erythropoietin effect BP?

A

Released by kidneys when blood/O2 is decreased
EP stimulates RBC production in bone marrow
Acts as a vasoconstrictor

144
Q

Where does auto-regulation of BP take effect at?

A

Capillary beds regulating vasomotion

145
Q

What 2 stimuli cause auto-regulation changes in blood flow?

A

Physical changes

Vasodilation/constriction chemicals

146
Q

When does a myogenic response happen and what does it do?

A

Autoregulation of BP

Occurs in arteriole smooth muscles when stretched or relaxed

147
Q

What are the cells that can release chemicals to alter vessel diameter?

A 
WBS
platelets
smooth muscle fibers
macrophages
endothelial cells
148
Q

What are the vasodilation chemicals?

A 
K+
H+
Lactic acid
adenosine
NO
kinins
histamine
149
Q

What are the vasoconstriction chemicals?

A

Thromboxane A2
serotonin
endothelins

150
Q

What response do pulmonary microvasculatures have to decreased O2?

A

constrict to push blood to areas that are more effectively ventilated by fresh air

151
Q

What are the sounds heard during manual BP called?

A

Korotkoff sounds

152
Q

Define Mean Arterial Pressure

A

Average blood pressure in arteries
Roughly 1/3 of the way between systolic and diastolic
Considered more accurate measure of perfusion pressure

153
Q

What is the Mean Arterial Pressure equation and norm?

A

MAP= Dias. BP + (systol-diastol/3)
70-110
Below 60= inadequate perfusion

154
Q

Normal heart weight

Athlete heart weight

A

Norm- 300g

Athlete- 500g

IPAP (212 decks)

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