Organic 6: Addition Reactions of Alkenes Flashcards

1
Q

Addition

A

reaction in which a reagent X-Y adds to a multiple bond so that X becomes attached to one of the carbons of the multiple bond and Y to the other

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2
Q

Unsaturated hydrocarbons

A

alkenes commonly described as this because they have the capacity to react with substances that add to them

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3
Q

Saturated hydrocarbons

A

alkanes commonly described as this because they are incapable of undergoing addition reactions

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4
Q

Hydrogenation

A

addition of H2 to a multiple bond

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5
Q

Heat of hydrogenation

A

heat evolved on hydrogenation of a substance; it is the value of -delta H (degree) for the addition of H2 to a multiple bond

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6
Q

Heterogeneous reactions

A

reactions involving a substance in 1 phase with a different substance in a 2nd phase

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7
Q

Syn addition

A

describes the stereochemistry of reactions such as hydrogenation in which 2 atoms or groups add to the same face of a double bond

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8
Q

Anti addition

A

when atoms or groups add to opposite faces of the double bond

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9
Q

Electrophilic addition

A

mechanism of addition in which the species that 1st reacts with the multiple bond is an electrophile (“Electron seeker”)

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10
Q

Markovnikov’s Rule

A

when an unsymmetrically substituted alkene reacts with a hydrogen halide, the hydrogen adds to the carbon that has the greatest number of hydrogens, and the halogen adds to the carbon having fewer hydrogens

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11
Q

Scientific method

A

defines science with 4 elements - observation, law, theory, and hypothesis

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12
Q

Hydrolysis

A

a bond cleaved by reaction with water

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13
Q

Hydration

A

addition of the elements of water (H, OH) to a multiple bond

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14
Q

Microscopic Reversability

A

in any equilibrium, the sequence of intermediates and transition states encountered as reactants proceed to products in one direction, and in precisely the reverse order, in the opposite direction

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15
Q

Le Chatelier’s Principle

A

a system at equilibrium adjusts so as to minimize any stress applied to it

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16
Q

Spontaneous

A

a reaction that proceeds with a decrease in free energy (change in G is less than 0); the “official” definition: a process in which the entropy of the universe increases

17
Q

Free Energy (G)

A

the available energy of a system

18
Q

Exergonic

A

reactions for which the sign of delta G is negative

19
Q

Endergonic

A

reactions for which the sign of delta G is positive

20
Q

Hydroboration-oxidation

A

reaction sequence involving a separate hydroboration stage and oxidation stage; in the hydroboration stage, diborane adds to an alkene to give an alkylborane; in the oxidation stage, the alkylborane is oxidized with hydrogen peroxide to give an alcohol; the reaction anti-Markovnikov, syn hydration of an alkene

21
Q

Retention of configuration

A

stereochemical pathway observed when a new bond is made that has the same spatial orientation as the bond that was broken

22
Q

Vicinal

A

describing atoms or groups attached to adjacent atoms; in the case of a ____ dihalide, on adjacent Carbons

23
Q

Bromonium ion

A

a halonium ion in which the halogen is bromine

24
Q

Chloronium

A

a halonium ion in which the halogen is chlorine

25
Halonium ions
a species that incorporates a positively charged halogen; bridged ___ ___ are intermediates in the addition of halogens to the double bond of an alkene
26
Vicinal halohydrins
a compound containing a halogen and a hydroxyl group on adjacent carbons
27
Peroxide effect
reversal of regioselectivity observed in the addition of hydrogen bromide to alkenes brought about by the presence of peroxides in the reaction mixture
28
Epoxides
3-membered rings that contain oxygen
29
Epoxidation
conversion of an alkene to an epoxide, usually by treatment with a peroxy acid
30
Ozonide
a compound formed by the reaction of zone with an alkene
31
Ozonolysis
ozone-induced cleavage of a carbon-carbon double or triple bond
32
Dimer
molecule formed by the combination of 2 identical molecules
33
Monomer
the simplest stable molecule from which a particular polymer may be prepared
34
Polymer
a high-molecular weight material comprising a large number of monomer subunits
35
Cationic polymerization
a polymerization in which the reactive intermediates are carbocations
36
Polyethylene
a high-molecular weight polymer of ethylene
37
Free-radical polymerization
an alkene polymerization proceeding via free-radical intermediates
38
Coordination polymerization
a method of addition polymerization in which monomers are added to the growing chain on an active organometallic catalyst
39
Polypropylene
a polymer of propene