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Pre-Pharm > Bio Ch 23 > Flashcards

Bio Ch 23 Flashcards

1
Q

Plants

A

multicellular, photosynthetic eukaryotes whose evolution is marked by adaptations to a land existence

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2
Q

Charophytes

A

land plants are most closely related to freshwater green algae known as these

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3
Q

Whorls

A

clusters of branches that occur at multicellular nodes

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4
Q

Nodes

A

regions between the enlarged cells of the main axis where male and female reproductive structures grow

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5
Q

Apical

A

refers to the tip of a filament or branch

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6
Q

Alternation of generations

A

an organism has 2 alternating forms in the course of its life cycle

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7
Q

Spore

A

haploid reproductive cell that develops into a new organism without the need to fuse with another reproductive cell; undergoes mitosis and becomes a gametophyte

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8
Q

Embryophyta

A

because land plants protect their embryos, this is an alternate name for the clade

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9
Q

Sporophyte

A

2n generation; produces at least 1, and perhaps, several, multicellular sporangia

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10
Q

Sporangia (pl. sporangium)

A

produce spores by meiosis; have a wall that contains sporopollenin, a molecule that prevents drying out

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11
Q

Gametophyte

A

spores become a n generation called this; bears multicellular gametangia, which have an outer layer of sterile cells and an inner mass of cells that become the gametes

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12
Q

Antheridium

A

male gametangium

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13
Q

Archegonium

A

female gametangium

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14
Q

Cuticle

A

exposed parts of land plants are covered by an impervious waxy material called this, which prevents loss of water

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15
Q

Stomata (sing. stoma)

A

most land plants have these little openings that allow gas exchange, despite the plant being covered by a cuticle

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16
Q

Bryophytes

A

liverworts, hornworts, and mosses; first plants to colonize land; superficially appear to have roots, stems, and leaves (no vascular tissue); only land plant in which the gametophyte is dominant

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17
Q

Vascular tissue

A

specialized for the transport of water and organic nutrients throughout the body of the plant

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18
Q

Nonvascular plants

A

bryophytes; lacking in vascular tissue

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19
Q

Liverworts

A

2 groups: thallose (flattened bodies) and leafy (superficially resemble mosses); name derived from lobes of the thallus

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20
Q

Rhizoids

A

numerous hairlike extensions that project into the soil; serve in anchorage and limited absorption

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21
Q

Hornwort

A

usually grows as a thin rosette or ribbonlike thallus between 1 and 5 cm in diameter; some live on trees; majority live in moist, well-shaded areas; photosynthesize but also have a symbiotic relationship with cyanobacteria (which can fix nitrogen from the air); can bypass alternation of generations by producing asexually through fragmentation

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22
Q

Mosses

A

largest phyla of nonvascular plants (over 15,000 species); 3 distinct groups - peat, granite, true

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23
Q

Vascular plants

A

dominate the natural landscape in nearly all terrestrial habitats; ex. trees

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24
Q

Xylem

A

vascular tissue which transports water through the stem to the leaves; evolution essential to the evolution of trees

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25
Q

Phloem

A

another conducting tissue; transports nutrients in a plant

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26
Q

Lignin

A

material that strengthens plant cell walls

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27
Q

Seedless vascular plant

A

plant in which sporangia produce windblown spores

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28
Q

Lycophytes

A

club mosses, among the 1st vascular plants to evolve and to have leaves (microphylls); 3 groups - ground pines, spike mosses, quillworts

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29
Q

Microphylls

A

1 strand of vascular tissue; most likely evolved as simple side extensions of the stem

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30
Q

Rhizome

A

lycophytes’ roots come off this branching, underground stem

31
Q

Sporophylls

A

microphylls that bear sporangia

32
Q

Strobili (sing. strobilus)

A

sporophylls grouped into club-shaped terminal clusters

33
Q

Homosporous

A

spores that germinate into inconspicuous and independent gametophytes; ex. ground pines

34
Q

Heterosporous

A

ex. spike mosses, quillworts, and seed plants; have microspores that develop into male gametophytes and megaspores that develop into female gametophytes

35
Q

Microspores

A

develop into male gametes

36
Q

Megaspores

A

develop into female gametes

37
Q

Pteridophytes

A

ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns; seedless vascular plants; have megaphylls

38
Q

Megaphylls

A

broad leaves with several strands of vascular tissue

39
Q

Horsetails

A

consists of 1 genus (Equisetum) and approximately 25 species of distinct seedless vascular plants; mostly inhabit wet, marshy environments around the globe; silica in cell walls so used to be called scouring rushes; still used as an ingredient in a few abrasive powders

40
Q

Whisk ferns

A

genera Psilotum & Tmesipteris; can be found on epiphytes or on the ground; resemble a broom in Psilotum species (no leaves)

41
Q

Epiphytes

A

plants that live in or on trees

42
Q

Ferns

A

11,000 species; abundant in warm, moist, tropical regions; can also be found in temperate regions and as far north as the Arctic Circle; some live in dry, rocky places; others have adapted to aquatic life; range in size

43
Q

Fronds

A

megaphylls of ferns; commonly divided into leaflets

44
Q

Seed plants

A

vascular plants that use seeds during the dispersal stage of their life cycle

45
Q

Seeds

A

contain a sporophyte embyro and stored food within a protective coat; allow for survival in harsh conditions during long periods of dormancy until environmental conditions become favorable for growth

46
Q

Pollen grains

A

male gametophytes

47
Q

Pollination

A

occurs when a pollen grain is brought into contact with the female gametophyte by wind or a pollinator

48
Q

Pollen tube

A

sperm move toward the female gametophyte through a growing structure called this

49
Q

Ovule

A

a megaspore develops into a female gametophyte within this structure, which becomes a seed following fertilization

50
Q

Gymnosperm

A

cone-bearing seed plants; ovules not completely enclosed by sporophyte tissue at the time of pollination

51
Q

Angiosperms

A

flowering plants; ovules completely enclosed within diploid sporophyte tissue (ovaries) which becomes a fruit

52
Q

Conifers

A

575 species of trees, many evergreen, including pines, spruces, firs, cedars, hemlocks, redwoods, cypresses, yews, and junipers; name signifies plants bear cones

53
Q

Cones

A

reproductive structure in conifers made up of scales bearing sporangia; pollen ones bear microsporangia, and seed ones bear megasporangia

54
Q

Monoecious

A

a single plant carries both male and female reproductive structures

55
Q

Cycads

A

10 genera, 140 species; distinctive gymnosperms; native to tropical and subtropical forests; commonly used in landscaping; ex. sago palm; trunk unbranched; have pollen and seed cones on separate plants; pollinated by insects rather than wind

56
Q

Ginkoes

A

plentiful in fossil record; only 1 surviving species today; AKA maidenhair tree; dioecious; fleshy seeds ripen in the fall, give off a foul odor (male trees usually preferred for planting); resistant to pollution; seeds considered a delicacy in Asia; extract has been used to improve blood circulation; native to China

57
Q

Dioecious

A

a single plant produces either male or female reproductive structures but not both

58
Q

Gnetophytes

A

3 living genera; 70 species, very diverse in appearance; xylem is structured similarly, none have archegonia, strobili (cones) have similar construction; reproductive structures of some species produce nectar; insects play a role in pollination; ex. Ephedra, from which ephedrine is extracted

59
Q

Angiosperms

A

flowering plants; exceptionally large and successful group of plants (240,000 known species = 6x number of all other plant groups combined); live in all sorts of habitats (fresh water, desert, frigid north, torrid tropics); range in size from tiny, almost microscopic duckweed to Eucalyptus trees over 100m tall; all fruits, vegetables, nuts, herbs, and grains included; ovules always enclosed within diploid tissues

60
Q

Monocotyledones (monocots)

A

65,000 species; flowering plant group; members have 1 embryonic leaf (cotyledon), parallel-veined leaves, scattered vascular bundles, flower parts in threes or multiples of three, and other characteristics; ex. corn, tulips, pine-apples, bamboos, sugar cane

61
Q

Eudicotyledones (eudicots)

A

175,000 species; true dicot; flowering plant group; members have 2 embryonic leaves (cotyledons), net-veined leaves, vascular bundles in a ring, flower parts in fours or fives and their multiples, and other characteristics; cacti, strawberries, dandelions, poplars, beans

62
Q

Cotyledons

A

“seed leaves” that contain nutrients that nourish the plant embryo

63
Q

Flowers

A

vary widely in appearance; reproductive organ of a flowering plant, consisting of several kinds of modified leaves arranged in concentric rings, and attached to a modified stem called the receptacle

64
Q

Peduncle

A

flower stalk; expands slightly at the tip into a receptacle

65
Q

Receptacle

A

at the top of the peduncle; bears the other flower parts

66
Q

Sepals

A

Collectively called the calyx; protects the flower bud before it opens; may drop off or may be colored like the petals; usually green, remain attached to the receptacle

67
Q

Petals

A

collectively called the corolla; quite diverse in size, shape, and color; often used to attract a particular pollinator

68
Q

Stamens

A

2 parts - a saclike container (anther) and a slender stalk (filament); pollen grains develop from microspores produced in the anther

69
Q

Carpel

A

vaselike structure with 3 major regions (stigma, style, ovary)

70
Q

Stigma

A

enlarged sticky knob

71
Q

Style

A

slender stalk

72
Q

Ovary

A

enlarged based that encloses one or more ovules; ovule becomes seed; this becomes the fruit (instrumental in distribution of seeds)

73
Q

Double fertilization

A

one sperm unites with an egg, forming a diploid zygote; the other unites with polar nuclei, forming a triploid endosperm nucleus

74
Q

Fruit

A

derived from an ovary; in some instances it is an accessory part of the flower

Pre-Pharm (182 decks)

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