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Pre-Pharm > A&P 8: Joints > Flashcards

A&P 8: Joints Flashcards

1
Q

Joints

A

Articulations; sites where 2 or more bones meet

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2
Q

Synarthroses

A

immovable joints

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3
Q

Amphiarthroses

A

slightly movable joints

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4
Q

Diarthroses

A

freely movable joints

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5
Q

Fibrous joints

A

bones joined by fibrous tissue, namely dense fibrous connective tissue; no joint cavity present; 3 types - sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses

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6
Q

Sutures

A

“seams”; occur only between bones of the skull

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7
Q

Synostoses

A

closed sutures; “bony junctions”

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8
Q

Syndesmoses

A

bones connected exclusively by ligaments, cords or bands of fibrous tissue

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9
Q

Gomphosis

A

peg-in-socket fibrous joint; only example is the articulation of a tooth with its bony alveolar socket; “nail” or “bolt”

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10
Q

Periodontal ligament

A

fibrous connection in the case of a tooth in its socket

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11
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

articulating bones united by cartilage; lack a joint cavity; not highly movable; 2 types - synchondroses & symphyses

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12
Q

Synchondrosis

A

junction of cartilage; a bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones; virtually all of these are synarthrotic

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13
Q

Symphysis

A

a joint where fibrocartilage unites the bone; “growing together”; limited movement permitted

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14
Q

Synovial joints

A

“joint eggs”; articulating bones are separated by a fluid-containing joint cavity; substantial freedom of movement

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15
Q

Articular cartilage

A

glassy-smooth hyaline cartilage covers the opposing bone surfaces; keep bone ends from being crushed

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16
Q

Articular capsule

A

2-layered joint capsule

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17
Q

Fibrous layer

A

tough external layer of an articular capsule; composed of dense irregular connective tissue that is continuous with the periostea of the articulating bones; strengthens the joint so the bones are not pulled apart

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18
Q

Synovial membrane

A

inner layer of an articular capsule; composed of loose connective tissue; covers all internal joint surfaces that are not hyaline cartilage; function: make synovial fluid

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19
Q

Synovial fluid

A

small amount of this slippery fluid occupies all free spaces within the joint capsule; derived largely by filtration from blood flowing through capillaries in the synovial membrane; has a viscous, egg-white consistency

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20
Q

Ligaments

A

synovial joints are reinforced and strengthened by a number of bandlike _____

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21
Q

Capsular ligaments

A

thickened parts of the fibrous layer

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22
Q

Extracapsular ligaments

A

distinct; ligaments found outside the capsule

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23
Q

Intracapsular ligaments

A

ligaments found deep to the capsule; covered with synovial membrane; do not actually lie within the joint cavity

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24
Q

Fatty pads

A

cushioning between the fibrous layer and the synovial membraneor bone

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25
Q

Articular discs

A

menisci (“cresents”); wedges of fibrocartilage separating articular surfaces; extend inward from the articular capsule and partially or completely divide the synovial cavity in two; improve the fit between articulating bone ends, making the joint more stable and minimizing wear and tear on the joint surfaces; occur in the knee, jaw, and a few other joints

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26
Q

Bursae

A

flattened fibrous sacs lined with synovial membrane, contain a thin film of synovial fluid; occur where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together

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27
Q

Tendon sheath

A

elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon subjected to friction; common where several tendons are crowded together within narrow canals (ex. wrist)

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28
Q

Origin

A

where the muscle is attached to the immovable (or less movable) bone

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29
Q

Insertion

A

the end of the muscle attached to the movable bone

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30
Q

Nonaxial movement

A

slipping movements only, since there is no axis around which movement can occur

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31
Q

Uniaxial movement

A

movement in one plane

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32
Q

Biaxial movement

A

movement in 2 planes

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33
Q

Multiaxial movements

A

movement in or around all 3 planes of space and axes

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34
Q

Gliding

A

occurs when 1 flat, or nearly flat bone surface glides or slips over another (back/forth & side to side)

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35
Q

Angular movements

A

increase or decrease the angle between 2 bones; include flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction

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36
Q

Flexion

A

bending movement, usually along the sagittal plane, that decreases the angle of the joint and brings the articulating bones closer together

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37
Q

Extension

A

reverse of flexion; occurs at the same joints; involves movement along the sagittal plane that increases the angle between the articulating bones and typically straightens a flexed limb or body part

38
Q

Hyperextension

A

continuing extension movements beyond the anatomical position

39
Q

Abduction

A

movement of a limb away from the midline or median plane of the body, along the frontal plane

40
Q

Adduction

A

opposite of abduction; movement of a limb toward the body midline, or in the case of the digits, toward the midline of the hand or foot

41
Q

Circumduction

A

moving a limb so that it describes a cone in space; consists of flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction performed in succession

42
Q

Rotation

A

turning of a bone around its own long axis; only movement allowed between the 1st 2 cervical vertebrae; common at the hip and shoulder joints; may be directed toward the midline or away from it

43
Q

Supination

A

rotating the forearm laterally so that the palm faces anteriorly or superiorly; radius and ulna are parallel in the anatomical position

44
Q

Pronation

A

forearm rotates medially and the palm faces posteriorly or inferiorly; moves the distal end of the radius across the ulna so that 2 bones form an X; a weaker movement than supination

45
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

corresponds to wrist extension; lifting the foot so that its superior surface approaches the shin

46
Q

Plantar flexion

A

corresponds to wrist flexion; depressing the foot (pointing the toes)

47
Q

Inversion

A

turning the sole of the foot medially

48
Q

Eversion

A

turning the sole of the foot laterally

49
Q

Protraction

A

nonangular anterior movement in a transverse plane; ex. jutting out your jaw

50
Q

Retraction

A

nonangular posterior movement in a transverse plane; ex. pulling jaw in

51
Q

Elevation

A

lifting a body part superiorly; ex. scapula do this when you shrug your shoulders

52
Q

Depression

A

moving an elevated part inferiorly; ex. during chewing, the mandible is alternately elevated and _____

53
Q

Opposition

A

saddle joint between metacarpal I and the trapezium allows this movement of the thumb; action taken when you touch your thumb to the tips of the other fingers on the same hand; makes the hand a good tool for grasping and manipulating objects

54
Q

Femoropatellar joint

A

intermediate joint between the patella and the lower end of the femur

55
Q

Tibiofemoral joint

A

lateral and medial joints between the femoral condyles above and the C-shaped menisci (semilunar cartilages) of the tibia below

56
Q

Patellar ligament

A

along with the retinacula, ligament that runs from the patella to the tibia; = continuations of the tendon of the bulky quadriceps muscle of the anterior thigh; tapped by doctors to test the knee-jerk reflex

57
Q

Medial & Lateral Patellar Retinacula

A

along with the patella, ligaments that run from the patella to the tibia

58
Q

Fibular & Tipial Collateral Ligaments

A

extracapsular ligaments critical in preventing lateral or medial rotation when the knee is extended

59
Q

Oblique Popliteal Ligament

A

actually part of the tendon of the semimembranosus muscle that fuses with the joint capsule and helps stabilize the posterior aspect of the knee joint

60
Q

Arcuate Popliteal Ligament

A

arcs superiorly from the head of the fibula over the popliteus muscle and reinforces the joint capsule posteriorly

61
Q

Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)

A

attaches to the anterior intercondylar area of the tibia; passes posteriorly, laterally, and upward to attach to the femur on the medial side of its lateral condyle; prevents sliding of the tibia on the femur, checks hyperextension of the knee

62
Q

Posterior Cruciate Ligament

A

stronger than the ACL, ligament attached to the posterior intercondylar area of the tibia; passes anteriorly, medially, and superiorly to attach to the femur on the lateral side of the medial condyle

63
Q

Glenoid labrum

A

rim of fibrocartilage that slightly deepens the glenoid cavity

64
Q

Coracohumeral Ligament

A

provides the only strong thickening of the capsule and helps support the weight of the upper limb

65
Q

Glenohumeral Ligaments

A

3 ligaments that strengthen the front of the capsule somewhat; weak; may be absent

66
Q

Rotator Cuff

A

4 tendons and associated muscles; encircles the shoulder joint and blends with the articular capsule; muscles include the subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor

67
Q

Anular Ligament

A

ligament that surrounds the head of the radius

68
Q

Ulnar Collateral Ligament

A

strong capsular ligament that restricts side-to-side movement of the elbow (medially)

69
Q

Radial Collateral Ligament

A

strong capsular, triangular ligament that restricts side-to-side movement of the elbow on the lateral side

70
Q

Hip Joint

A

ball and socket joint with a good range of motion (though not as good as the shoulder); movements occur in all possible planes but are limited by the joint’s strong ligaments and its deep socket

71
Q

Acetabular Labrum

A

circular rim of fibrocartilage that enhances the depth of the acetabulum

72
Q

Ileofemoral Ligament

A

strong, V-shaped ligament anteriorly (of the hip)

73
Q

Pubofemoral Ligament

A

triangular thickening of the inferior part of the capsule (hip)

74
Q

Ischiofemoral Ligament

A

spiraling posterior ligament of the hip

75
Q

Ligament of the head of the femur

A

ligamentum teres; flat intracapsular band that runs from the femur head to the lower lip of the acetabulum; slack during most hip movements, not important in stabilizing the hip; mechanical function unclear (does contain an artery that helps supply the head of the femur)

76
Q

Temporomandibular joint

A

jaw joint; modified hinge joint; lies anterior to the ear; condylar process of the mandible articulates with the inferior surface of the squamous part of the temporal bone

77
Q

Mandibular fossa

A

concave depression in the mandible posteriorly

78
Q

Articular tubercle

A

dense knob of the mandible anteriorly

79
Q

Lateral ligament

A

lateral aspect of the loose articular capsule that encloses the tempormandibular joint

80
Q

Arthroscopic surgery

A

“looking into joints”; outpatient procedure that removes damaged cartilage so it doesn’t cause a joint to lock or bind

81
Q

Sprain

A

ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn; common sites are the ankle, the knee, and the lumbar region of the spine

82
Q

Dislocation (luxation)

A

occurs when bones are forced out of alignment; usually accompanied by sprains, inflammation, and difficulty in moving the joint; may result from serious falls; common contact sports injuries

83
Q

Subluxation

A

partial dislocation of a joint

84
Q

Bursitis

A

inflammation of a bursa; usually caused by a blow or friction; ex. housemaid’s knee (water on the knee) caused by falling on one’s knee; student’s elbow (olecranon _____)

85
Q

Tendonitis

A

inflammation of tendon sheaths, typically caused by overuse

86
Q

Arthritis

A

describes over 100 different types of inflammatory or degenerative diseases that damage the joints; most widespread crippling disease in North America (1 in 5)

87
Q

Osteoarthritis (OA)

A

most common chronic arthritis; “wear-and-tear arthritis”; most prevalent in the aged; related to the normal aging process

88
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

A

chronic inflammatory disorder with an insidious onset; usually arises between the ages of 30 and 50, but may occur at any age; affects 3 times as many women as men; affects 1% of all people; autoimmune

89
Q

Pannus

A

“rag”; an abnormal tissue that clings to the articular cartilages

90
Q

Gouty arthritis (gout)

A

excess uric acid becomes deposited as needle-shaped urate crystals in the soft tissues of joints; more common in men than in women

91
Q

Lyme Disease

A

inflammatory disease caused by spirochete bacteria transmitted by the bite of ticks that live on mice and deer; often results in joint pain and arthritis, especially in the knees; characterized by a skin rash, flu-like symptoms, and foggy thinking; if untreated, neurological disorders and irregular heartbeat may ensue

Pre-Pharm (182 decks)

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