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Pre-Pharm > Bio Ch 28 > Flashcards

Bio Ch 28 Flashcards

1
Q

Vertebrates

A

animals that at some stage of their lives have a spinal cord (backbone) running down the center of the back

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2
Q

Invertebrates

A

do not have a backbone

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3
Q

Larva

A

immature stage that typically lives in a different habitat and feeds on different foods than the adult

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4
Q

Metamorphosis

A

change in body form

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5
Q

Colonial flagellate hypothesis

A

states that animals are descended from an ancestor that resembled a hollow spherical colony of flagellated cells

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6
Q

Symmetry

A

pattern of similarity that is observed in objects

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7
Q

Asymmetry

A

lack of symmetry; seen in sponges that have no particular pattern to body shape

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8
Q

Radial symmetry

A

cnidarians and comb jellies exhibit this; bodies are organized circularly, similar to a wheel, such that any longitudinal cut through the central point produces 2 identical halves; many adult and immature/larval forms have this; allows an organism to extend out in all directions from one center

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9
Q

Bilateral symmetry

A

definite left and right half; only a single longitudinal cut down the centerline of the animal produces two equal halves; defined anterior and posterior ends; forward movement is guided with the anterior end

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10
Q

Cephalization

A

localization of a brain and specialized sensory organs at the anterior end of an animal

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11
Q

Germ layers

A

first tissue layers that appear; give rise to the organs and organ systems of complex animals

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12
Q

Diploblastic

A

animals such as the cnidarians, which as embryos have only 2 tissue layers (ecto/endoderm) are termed this; develop tissues but no specialized organs

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13
Q

Triploblastic

A

animals that develop specialized organs; have 3 tissue layers as embryos (ecto/meso/endoderm)

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14
Q

Protostomes

A

embryo’s mouth develops prior to the anus

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15
Q

Deuterostomes

A

embryo’s anus develops prior to the mouth

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16
Q

Cleavage

A

first developmental event after fertilization; cell division without cell growth; protostomes = spiral, determinate; deuterostomes = radial, indeterminate

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17
Q

Blastula

A

hollow sphere of cells; indentation that follows produces an opening (blastopore)

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18
Q

Coelom

A

body cavity lined by mesoderm; certain protostomes and all deuterostomes have this

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19
Q

True coelom

A

mesoderm cells line the body cavity completely

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20
Q

Sponges

A

only animals to lack true tissues and to have only a cellular level of organization; aquatic, largely marine animals that vary greatly in size, shape, and color

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21
Q

Spicules

A

endoskeleton of sponges contain these small, needle-shaped structures with 1-6 rays; type of these classifies sponges (bony, glass, spongin)

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22
Q

Comb jellies

A

phylum Ctenophora; solitary, mostly free-swimming marine invertebrates that are usually found in warm waters

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23
Q

Mesoglea

A

body of ctenophores made up of this transparent, jellylike substance

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24
Q

Colloblasts

A

most ctenophores do not have stinging cells and capture their prey by using sticky adhesive cells called this

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25
Q

Cnidarians

A

tubular or bell-shaped animals that reside mainly in shallow coastal waters; some freshwater, brackish, and oceanic forms are known; term derived from specialized stinging cells

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26
Q

Nematocyst

A

each cnidocyte has a fluid-filled capsule called this that contains a long, spirally-coiled hollow thread; discharged when the trigger of the cnidocyte is touched

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27
Q

Gastrovascular cavity

A

internal cavity of cnidarians; serves for digestion of food and circulation of nutrients; also serves as supportive hydrostatic skeleton

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28
Q

Hydrostatic skeleton

A

fluid-filled gastrovascular cavity also serves as a supportive this because it offers some resistance to the contraction of muscle but permits flexibility

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29
Q

Polyp

A

1 of 2 body forms of a cnidarian; mouth directed upward

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30
Q

Medusa

A

1 of 2 body forms of a cnidarian; mouth directed downward; has more mesoglea than other body form; tentacles are concentrated on the margin of the bell

31
Q

Nerve net

A

interconnected nerve cells that allow transmission of impulses in several directions at once

32
Q

Lophotrochozoa

A

most diverse of the protostomes; bilaterally symmetrical during at least 1 stage of their development; have 3 germ layers as embryos; as adults have the organ level of organization; some have a true coelom; 2 groups - lophophorans & trochozoans

33
Q

Lophophorans

A

bryozoans, phoronids, and brachiopods (“crest-bearing”)

34
Q

Trochozoans

A

flatworms, rotifers, mollusks, and annelids (“wheel”)

35
Q

Bryozoans

A

aquatic, colonial lophophorans; colonies are made up of individuals called zooids (single members of a colony that cooperate together as a single organism)

36
Q

Brachiopods

A

small group of lophophorans that have 2 hinged shells (top and bottom); affix themselves to hard surfaces with a muscular pedicle; use their lophophore to feed by filtering particles from the water

37
Q

Phoronids

A

live inside a long tube that is formed from their own chitinous secretions; tube is buried in the ground and their lophophore extends from it; only 15 species worldwide

38
Q

Flatworms

A

trochozoans with an extremely flat body; have a sac body plan with only 1 opening (mouth; incomplete digestive tract); have no body cavity

39
Q

Hermaphroditic

A

monoecious; possessing both male and female sex organs and gametes in a single individual

40
Q

Ganglia

A

collections of nerve cells that functions as the brain of planarians

41
Q

Flukes

A

parasitic flatworms named for the organ they inhabit

42
Q

Scolex

A

highly modified head region of a tapeworm that has hooks for attachment to the intestinal wall of the host and suckers for feeding

43
Q

Proglottids

A

series of reproductive units located behind the scolex of tapeworms that contain a full set of female and male sex organs

44
Q

Rotifers

A

trochozoans related to the flatworms; Leeuwenhoek viewed these and called them “wheel animalcules”; have a crown of cilia (corona) on their heads; when in motion the corona looks like a spinning wheel; corona serves as an organ of locomotion and also directs food into the mouth

45
Q

Molluscs

A

2nd most numerous group of animals; inhabit a variety of environments, including marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats; diverse phylum includes chitons, limpets, slugs, snails, abalones, conchs, nudibranchs, clams, oysters, scallops, squid, and octopuses; 3-part body plan consisting of visceral mass, mantle, and foot

46
Q

Mantle

A

covering that lies to either side of, but does not completely enclose, the visceral mass (internal organs)

47
Q

Radula

A

rasping, tongue-like organ that bears many rows of teeth and is used to obtain food

48
Q

Hemocoel

A

in molluscs, the heart pumps blood (hemolymph) through vessels into sinuses/cavities collectively called this; blue hemocyanin is oxygen-carrying pigment

49
Q

Bivalves

A

clams, oysters, shipworms, mussels, scallops; two-part shell hinged and closed by powerful muscles; have no head, no radula, very little cephalization

50
Q

Gastropods

A

largest class of mollusks; include slugs, snails, whelks, conchs, limpets, and nudibranchs; most are marine; some are terrestrial

51
Q

Cephalopods

A

range in length from 2cm to 20m; examples = giant squid, octopus; “head-footed”; propel selves by jet propulsion of water

52
Q

Annelids

A

segmented worms; earthworms, marine worms, leeches; only trochozoan with segmentation and a well-developed coelom

53
Q

Segmentation

A

repetition of body parts along the length of the body

54
Q

Hydrostatic skeleton

A

well-developed coelom is fluid-filled and serves as a supportive ___ ___; permits independent movement of each body segment (along with the partitioning of the coelom)

55
Q

Setae

A

bristles that protrude from the body wall, can anchor the worm, and help it move; oligochaetes = few of these; polychaetes = many of these

56
Q

Nephridia

A

excretory system in earthworms consists of paired these, which are coiled tubes in each segment; has 2 openings - one is a ciliated funnel that collects coelomic fluid; the other is an exit in the body wall

57
Q

Clitellum

A

fused mid-body segment of an earthworm

58
Q

Radioles

A

ciliated mouth appendages of marine polychaetes; Christmas tree worms, fan worms, and featherduster worms have these

59
Q

Ecdysozoans

A

large group of protostomes including roundworms and arthropods

60
Q

Roundworms

A

phylum Nematoda; nonsegmented worms prevalent in almost any environment; generally colorless and range in size from microscopic to 1m; have pseudocoeloms

61
Q

Pseudocoelom

A

body cavity incompletely lined with mesoderm (occurs inside the body wall but not around the digestive cavity/gut

62
Q

Arthropods

A

very large group of protostomes that have exoskeletons and jointed appendages; includes insects, crustaceans, millipedes, centipedes, spiders, and scorpions

63
Q

Metamorphosis

A

drastic change in form and physiology that occurs as an immature stage (larva) becomes an adult; larva eats different food and lives in a different environment than does the adult

64
Q

Crustacean

A

animal with a hard, crusty exoskeleton, which contains calcium carbonate in addition to the typical chitin

65
Q

Centipedes

A

each of their many segments has a pair of walking legs; “hundred-leggers”

66
Q

Millipedes

A

“thousand-leggers”; each of 4 thoracic segments bears one pair of legs, while abdominal segments have 2 pairs of legs; some secrete hydrogen cyanide

67
Q

Insects

A

adapted for an active life on land, although some have secondarily invaded aquatic habitats; body divided into head, thorax, and abdomen

68
Q

Tracheae

A

insects’ respiratory system begins with openings in the exoskeleton called spiracles; from there, air enters these small, branching tubules

69
Q

Chelicerates

A

live in terrestrial, aquatic, and marine environments; 1st pair of appendages = chelicerae (feeding/defense); 2nd pair = pedipalps (varied functions); cephalothorax followed by abdomen with internal organs; ex = horseshoe crab

70
Q

Echinoderms

A

primarily bottom-dwelling marine animals; 5-pointed radial symmetry; sea stars, sea cucumbers…

71
Q

Ossicles

A

echinoderms have an endoskeleton of spiny, calcium-rich plates called this

72
Q

Water vascular system

A

innovation of echinoderms; consists of canals and appendages that function in locomotion, feeding, gas exchange, and sensory reception

73
Q

Sea Stars

A

1600 species that are commonly found along rocky coasts, where they feed on clams, oysters, and other bivalve mollusks; have tube feet & 2 stomachs (cardiac & pyloric)

74
Q

Sieve Plate

A

AKA madreporite; where water enters the water vascular system in sea stars

Pre-Pharm (182 decks)

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