Lab Ex 31 Survey of the Plant Kingdom - Angiosperms

Question 1

Vegetative structures

Answer 1

roots, stems, leaves

Question 2

Reproductive structures

Answer 2

flowers, fruits, seeds

Question 3

Characteristics of monocots

Answer 3

(1) 1 cotyledon per embryo (2) flower parts in sets of 3 (3) parallel venation in leaves (4) multiple rings of vascular bundles in stem (5) lack a true vascular cambrium (lateral meristem) (6) fibrous root system

Question 4

Characteristics of dicots

Answer 4

(1) 2 cotyledons per embryo (2) flower parts in sets of 4 or 5 (3) reticulate/netted venation in leaves (4) 1 ring of vascular bundles or cylinder of vascular tissue in stem (5) have a true vascular cambium (lateral meristem) (6) tap root system

Question 5

Peduncle

Answer 5

flower stalk

Question 6

receptacle

Answer 6

the part of the flower stalk that bears the floral organs; located at the base of the flower; usually not large or noticeable

Question 7

sepals

Answer 7

the lowermost or outermost whorls of structures, which are usually leaflike and protect the developing flower

Question 8

calyx

Answer 8

sepals collectively constitute this

Question 9

Corolla

Answer 9

petals of a flower

Question 10

Petals

Answer 10

whorls of structures located inside and usually above the sepals; may be large and pigmented (insect-pollinated flowers) or inconspicuous (in wind-pollinated plants)

Question 11

Androecium

Answer 11

the male portion of the plant that rises above and inside the petals; consists of stamens, each of which constitutes a filament, atop which is located an anther

Question 12

Pollen grains

Answer 12

located inside the anthers; = microgametophytes and contain the male gametes

Question 13

Gynoecium

Answer 13

female portion of the plant that rises above and inside the androecium; consists of 1 or more carpels, each made up of an ovary, style, and stigma; ovary contains the ovules that contain the megagametophyte (embryo sac) which contains the female gametes

Question 14

Pistil

Answer 14

term sometimes used to refer to an individual carpel or a group of fused carpels

Question 15

Regular flowers (radially symmetrical)

Answer 15

ex. tulips; members of the different whorls of the flower consist of similarly shaped parts that radiate from the center of the flower and are equidistant from each other

Question 16

Irregular flowers (bilaterally symmetrical)

Answer 16

ex. snapdragons; one or more parts of at least 1 whorl are different from other parts of the same whorl

Question 17

Generative nucleus

Answer 17

part of a pollen grain; usually small, spindle-shaped, and off center

Question 18

Tube nucleus

Answer 18

part of a pollen grain; large, centered; AKA vegetative nucleus

Question 19

Sporophyte (2n)

Answer 19

produces haploid spores by meiosis; large, mature organism within flowers you can easily recognize

Question 20

Gametophyte (n)

Answer 20

each haploid spore develops into this by mitosis and cellular differentiation; pollen grain or embryo sac

Question 21

Sporogenesis

Answer 21

production of spores in the sporophyte by meiosis is part of a larger process called this

Question 22

Microspores & megaspores

Answer 22

2 types of spores produced by flowering plants

Question 23

Gametogenesis

Answer 23

production of gametes by the gametophytes

Question 24

Microsporogenesis

Answer 24

production of microspores within microsporangia of a flower’s anthers via meiosis of microspore mother cells (microsporocytes)

Question 25

Sperm nuclei

Answer 25

the generative nucleus will replicate to produce 2 of these

Question 26

Megasporogenesis

Answer 26

production of megaspores; occurs in the sporangia of the flower ovary by meiosis of megaspore mother cells (megasporocytes); undergo megagametogenesis (develop into megagametophytes)

Question 27

Ovule

Answer 27

megagametophyte and its surrounding tissues

Question 28

Integuments

Answer 28

ovules usually have 2 coverings called these

Question 29

Embryo sac

Answer 29

entire haploid structure; consists of 6-10 nuclei, one of which is an egg; 7-8 celled one of these is most common

Question 30

Synergid nuclei

Answer 30

2 of these are associated with fertilization in megasporogenesis

Question 31

Antipodal cells

Answer 31

usually do not participate in reproduction

Question 32

Polar nuclei

Answer 32

2 of these migrated from each pole of the megagametophyte

Question 33

Double fertilization

Answer 33

1 sperm nucleus fuses with the egg to form the diploid (2N) zygote, and the other sperm fuses with the 2 polar nuclei to form a triploid (3N) nucleus; characteristic of angiosperms; triploid nucleus will give rise to the endosperm

Question 34

Seed

Answer 34

mature ovule that includes a seed coat, a food supply, and an embryo

Question 35

Proembyro stage

Answer 35

zygote divides to form a mass of cells called the embryo; initially the embryo consists of a basal cell, suspensor, and a 2-celled _____

Question 36

Suspensor

Answer 36

column of cells that pushes the embryo into the endosperm

Question 37

Globular stage

Answer 37

cell division of the proembyro leads to this stage that is radially symmetrical and has little internal cellular organization

Question 38

Heart-shaped stage

Answer 38

differential division of the globular stage produces bilateral symmetry and 2 cotyledons forming the ___ ____ embryo; enlarging cotyledons store digested food from the endosperm; tissue differentiation begins, and root and shoot meristems soon appear

Question 39

Torpedo stage

Answer 39

cotyledons and root axis soon elongate to produce an elongate ___ ____ embryo; procambial tissue appears and will later develop into vascular tissue

Question 40

Mature embryo

Answer 40

has large, bent cotyledons on each side of the stem apical meristem

Question 41

Radicle

Answer 41

forms the root; differentiated toward the suspensor; has a root apical meristem and root cap

Question 42

Hypocotyl

Answer 42

region between the apical meristem and the radicle

Question 43

Epicotyl

Answer 43

region between attachment of the cotyledons and the stem apical meristem; has not elongated in the mature embryo

Question 44

Micropyle

Answer 44

small opening on the surface of the seed through which the pollen tube grew

Question 45

Hilum

Answer 45

an adjacent, elliptical area at which the ovule was attached to the ovary

Question 46

Cotyledon

Answer 46

food for the embryo; scutellum

Question 47

Embryo with young root and shoot

Answer 47

develops into the new sporophyte

Question 48

Coleoptile

Answer 48

sheath enclosing shoot apical meristem and leaf primordia of grass embryos

Question 49

Coleorhiza

Answer 49

sheath enclosing embryonic root of grass embryo

Question 50

Fruit

Answer 50

mature, ripened ovary plus any associated tissue; contains seeds

Question 51

Pericarp

Answer 51

outer wall of a typical fruit; composed of exocarp, mesocarp, endocarp; within this are seeds, various partitions and placental tissues

Question 52

Simple fruits

Answer 52

fruits from a single ovary; if mostly ovary tissue, endocarp hard/stony (drupe); if mostly ovary tissue but endocarp is fleshy/slimy (berry); if flesh mostly of receptacle tissue (pome)

Question 53

Complex fruits

Answer 53

fruits from more than one ovary; many carpels on single flower (aggregate fruit - strawberry, raspberry); carpels of many flowers fused together (multiple fruit - pineapple)

Question 54

Dry fruits

Answer 54

fruits that split open at maturity (more than 1 seed) - legume, capsule; fruits that don't split open (1 seed) - nut, samara, achene, caryopsis