Lab Ex 31 Survey of the Plant Kingdom - Angiosperms Flashcards
Vegetative structures
roots, stems, leaves
Reproductive structures
flowers, fruits, seeds
Characteristics of monocots
(1) 1 cotyledon per embryo (2) flower parts in sets of 3 (3) parallel venation in leaves (4) multiple rings of vascular bundles in stem (5) lack a true vascular cambrium (lateral meristem) (6) fibrous root system
Characteristics of dicots
(1) 2 cotyledons per embryo (2) flower parts in sets of 4 or 5 (3) reticulate/netted venation in leaves (4) 1 ring of vascular bundles or cylinder of vascular tissue in stem (5) have a true vascular cambium (lateral meristem) (6) tap root system
Peduncle
flower stalk
receptacle
the part of the flower stalk that bears the floral organs; located at the base of the flower; usually not large or noticeable
sepals
the lowermost or outermost whorls of structures, which are usually leaflike and protect the developing flower
calyx
sepals collectively constitute this
Corolla
petals of a flower
Petals
whorls of structures located inside and usually above the sepals; may be large and pigmented (insect-pollinated flowers) or inconspicuous (in wind-pollinated plants)
Androecium
the male portion of the plant that rises above and inside the petals; consists of stamens, each of which constitutes a filament, atop which is located an anther
Pollen grains
located inside the anthers; = microgametophytes and contain the male gametes
Gynoecium
female portion of the plant that rises above and inside the androecium; consists of 1 or more carpels, each made up of an ovary, style, and stigma; ovary contains the ovules that contain the megagametophyte (embryo sac) which contains the female gametes
Pistil
term sometimes used to refer to an individual carpel or a group of fused carpels
Regular flowers (radially symmetrical)
ex. tulips; members of the different whorls of the flower consist of similarly shaped parts that radiate from the center of the flower and are equidistant from each other
Irregular flowers (bilaterally symmetrical)
ex. snapdragons; one or more parts of at least 1 whorl are different from other parts of the same whorl
Generative nucleus
part of a pollen grain; usually small, spindle-shaped, and off center
Tube nucleus
part of a pollen grain; large, centered; AKA vegetative nucleus
Sporophyte (2n)
produces haploid spores by meiosis; large, mature organism within flowers you can easily recognize
Gametophyte (n)
each haploid spore develops into this by mitosis and cellular differentiation; pollen grain or embryo sac
Sporogenesis
production of spores in the sporophyte by meiosis is part of a larger process called this
Microspores & megaspores
2 types of spores produced by flowering plants
Gametogenesis
production of gametes by the gametophytes
Microsporogenesis
production of microspores within microsporangia of a flower’s anthers via meiosis of microspore mother cells (microsporocytes)
Sperm nuclei
the generative nucleus will replicate to produce 2 of these
Megasporogenesis
production of megaspores; occurs in the sporangia of the flower ovary by meiosis of megaspore mother cells (megasporocytes); undergo megagametogenesis (develop into megagametophytes)
Ovule
megagametophyte and its surrounding tissues
Integuments
ovules usually have 2 coverings called these
Embryo sac
entire haploid structure; consists of 6-10 nuclei, one of which is an egg; 7-8 celled one of these is most common
Synergid nuclei
2 of these are associated with fertilization in megasporogenesis
Antipodal cells
usually do not participate in reproduction
Polar nuclei
2 of these migrated from each pole of the megagametophyte
Double fertilization
1 sperm nucleus fuses with the egg to form the diploid (2N) zygote, and the other sperm fuses with the 2 polar nuclei to form a triploid (3N) nucleus; characteristic of angiosperms; triploid nucleus will give rise to the endosperm
Seed
mature ovule that includes a seed coat, a food supply, and an embryo
Proembyro stage
zygote divides to form a mass of cells called the embryo; initially the embryo consists of a basal cell, suspensor, and a 2-celled _____
Suspensor
column of cells that pushes the embryo into the endosperm
Globular stage
cell division of the proembyro leads to this stage that is radially symmetrical and has little internal cellular organization
Heart-shaped stage
differential division of the globular stage produces bilateral symmetry and 2 cotyledons forming the ___ ____ embryo; enlarging cotyledons store digested food from the endosperm; tissue differentiation begins, and root and shoot meristems soon appear
Torpedo stage
cotyledons and root axis soon elongate to produce an elongate ___ ____ embryo; procambial tissue appears and will later develop into vascular tissue
Mature embryo
has large, bent cotyledons on each side of the stem apical meristem
Radicle
forms the root; differentiated toward the suspensor; has a root apical meristem and root cap
Hypocotyl
region between the apical meristem and the radicle
Epicotyl
region between attachment of the cotyledons and the stem apical meristem; has not elongated in the mature embryo
Micropyle
small opening on the surface of the seed through which the pollen tube grew
Hilum
an adjacent, elliptical area at which the ovule was attached to the ovary
Cotyledon
food for the embryo; scutellum
Embryo with young root and shoot
develops into the new sporophyte
Coleoptile
sheath enclosing shoot apical meristem and leaf primordia of grass embryos
Coleorhiza
sheath enclosing embryonic root of grass embryo
Fruit
mature, ripened ovary plus any associated tissue; contains seeds
Pericarp
outer wall of a typical fruit; composed of exocarp, mesocarp, endocarp; within this are seeds, various partitions and placental tissues
Simple fruits
fruits from a single ovary; if mostly ovary tissue, endocarp hard/stony (drupe); if mostly ovary tissue but endocarp is fleshy/slimy (berry); if flesh mostly of receptacle tissue (pome)
Complex fruits
fruits from more than one ovary; many carpels on single flower (aggregate fruit - strawberry, raspberry); carpels of many flowers fused together (multiple fruit - pineapple)
Dry fruits
fruits that split open at maturity (more than 1 seed) - legume, capsule; fruits that don’t split open (1 seed) - nut, samara, achene, caryopsis
