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Pre-Pharm > A&PII Lab 1: The Endocrine System > Flashcards

A&PII Lab 1: The Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Hormones

A

the endocrine system achieves its function by the secretion of these

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2
Q

Primary endocrine glands

A

located in the cranial cavity; includes the pituitary gland & the pineal gland (posterior to thalamus)

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3
Q

Endocrine glands of the neck

A

thyroid & parathyroid glands

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4
Q

Endocrine gland in the thoracic cavity

A

thymus (also part of the lymphatic system)

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5
Q

Endocrine glands of the abdominal cavity

A

pancreas, adrenal glands (cortex/medulla); retroperitoneal

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6
Q

Endocrine glands of the pelvic cavity

A

gonads (female ovaries in the pelvic cavity; male testes in the scrotum)

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7
Q

Hypophysis

A

the entire pituitary gland is also called this; “a growth”; named due to its location beneath the brain; once called the master gland (actually under the control of the hypothalamus)

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8
Q

Infundibulum

A

narrow stalk that attaches the pituitary to the hypothalamus

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9
Q

Adenohypophysis

A

anterior pituitary; composed of glandular epithelium; its cells secrete hormones under the direction of the hypothalamus

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10
Q

Tropic hormones

A

GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH/LH

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11
Q

Growth hormone (GH)

A

regulates metabolism and body growth

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12
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

activates the adrenal gland

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13
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

stimulates the thyroid gland

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14
Q

Prolactin (PRL)

A

stimulates milk secretion by the mammary glands

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15
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormones (FSH)

A

stimulates development of ova in females and sperm in males

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16
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

stimulates secretion of sex hormones by the gonads

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17
Q

Neurohypophysis

A

posterior pituitary; composed of nervous tissue; the 2 distinct neuronal cell bodies produce the hormones in the hypothalamus; the axons extend through the infundibulum (also considered part of the this)

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18
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

stimulates water reabsorption in the kidneys to reduce urine volume; aka vasopressin due to its actions of vasoconstriction in order to maintain blood pressure

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19
Q

Vasopressin

A

pharmaceutical agent used to replenish ADH is termed this; sometimes Arginine vasopressin (AVP)

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20
Q

Oxytocin (OT)

A

stimulates contractions of the uterus and milk secretion by the mammary glands

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21
Q

Pineal gland/body

A

located within the cranial cavity; located near the center of the brain at the epithalamus; contains secretory cells called pinealocytes, which synthesize 1 hormone from the neurotransmitter melatonin; calcifies as we age (contributes to sleep problems in the elderly)

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22
Q

Melatonin (MT)

A

regulates biological rhythms, including sleep cycles; may also inhibit reproductive functions

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23
Q

Thyroid gland

A

soft, butterfly-shaped organ in the anterior side of the neck that wraps around the larynx just beneath the skin

24
Q

Lobes

A

2 parts of the thyroid (right and left), connected by a narrow bridge

25
Q

Isthmus

A

narrow bridge connecting the 2 lobes of the thyroid gland

26
Q

Follicles

A

internally, the thyroid is composed of these microscopic parts that contain large insoluble protein molecules (colloid)

27
Q

Colloid

A

large insoluble protein molecules inside the follicles of the thyroid

28
Q

Follicle cells

A

the walls of the follicles of the thyroid are simple cuboidal or simple columnar epithelium, consisting of these secretory cells

29
Q

Thyroglobulin

A

follicle cells secrete this large component of the colloid, which is a precursor to 2 thyroid hormones (T4 & T3)

30
Q

Parafollicular cells (C cells)

A

located between follicles; secrete a 3rd hormone (calcitonin)

31
Q

Thyroxine (T4)

A

secreted by follicle cells, it regulates the breakdown of glucose and the synthesis of most cells of the body

32
Q

Triodothyronine (T3)

A

secreted by follicle cells; it works in conjunction with thyroxine to produce the same effects; together they are referred to as thyroid hormone (TH)

33
Q

Calcitonin

A

secreted by the parafollicular cells; stimulates the production of new bone material; an important effect of producing new bones is the reduction of calcium levels in the blood; acts as an antagonist to PTH

34
Q

Parathryoid glands

A

usually 4 pea-sized glands embedded within the posterior side of the larger thyroid gland; secrete 1 hormone

35
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

provides an opposite effect of calcitonin by increasing calcium levels in the blood (antagonist of calcitonin); works with calcitonin to regulate calcium levels in the blood and the concentration of calcium in bone

36
Q

Adrenal glands

A

paired glands located in the abdominopelvic cavity, each one immediately superior to a kidney and attached to it by a capsule of dense connective tissue; 2 parts to each - superficial ___ cortex & deep ___ medulla

37
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

yellowish outer fringe of the adrenal gland; produces more than 2 dozen steroid hormones, collectively called corticosteroids

38
Q

Corticosteroids

A

steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex

39
Q

Zona glomerulosa

A

outer zone of the adrenal cortex; “small ball”; forms about 15% of the volume of the adrenal cortex; its cells secrete mineralocorticoids (MCs)

40
Q

Mineralocorticoids (MCs)

A

steroid hormones that affect the electrolyte composition of body fluids; primary member of this group = aldosterone

41
Q

Aldosterone

A

mineralocorticoid which causes the retention of sodium ions in cells

42
Q

Zona fasciculata

A

middle region of the adrenal cortex; “little bundle”; occupies the largest portion of the adrenal cortex (78% of its volume); its cells are larger and contain more lipid than those of the zona glomerulosa, giving the cells a pale, foamy appearance; they secrete glucocorticoids (GCs)

43
Q

Glucocorticoids (GCs)

A

steroid hormones that effect the rates of glucose metabolism; primary hormone of this group is cortisol (or hydrocortisone)

44
Q

Cortisol

A

AKA hydrocortisone; a glucocorticoid that reduces inflammation after its conversion to cortisone by the liver

45
Q

Zona reticularis

A

inner region of the adrenal cortex; “little network”; forms a narrow band bordering the adrenal medulla (7% of the total volume of the adrenal cortex); its cells form a branching, folded network, and secrete androgens

46
Q

Androgens

A

precursor molecules to the sex hormones, testosterone in males and estrogen in females

47
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

inner, reddish-brown region of each adrenal gland; its cells are quite large compared to those of the adrenal cortex, and the border between the 2 parts is irregular; the cells develop as an extension of the nervous system; its secretions/neurotransmitters participate in the sympathetic response of fight/flight; 2 populations of cells are present, each one responsible for the synthesis of either epinephrine or norepinephrine

48
Q

Epineprine (EPI)

A

accelerates cellular energy utilization and the mobilization of energy reserves to increase ATP availability to critical organs; this hormone exerts its effect via adrenergic receptors

49
Q

Norepinephrine (NEP)

A

dependent upon adrenergic receptor type; mimics the effects of epinephrine

50
Q

Pancreas

A

“sweetbread”; soft, oblong organ located between the stomach and small intestine near the midline of the abdominopelvic cavity

51
Q

3 parts of the pancreas

A

head, body, tail (medial to lateral)

52
Q

Pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)

A

the endocrine cells of the pancreas are isolated into small clusters known as these; each one contains 2 primary secretory cell types - alpha & beta

53
Q

Alpha & beta cells

A

synthesize and secrete pancreatic hormones into the bloodstream

54
Q

Insulin

A

peptide hormone secreted by beta cells when glucose levels exceed normal levels; enhances glucose absorption into cells and its utilization by metabolism; stimulates glucagon formation in liver and skeletal muscle cells

55
Q

Glucagon

A

peptide hormone secreted by alpha cells when glucose levels fall below normal levels; stimulates the breakdown of glycogen in liver and skeletal muscle cells, stimulates the breakdown of triglycerides in fat cells, & stimulates glucose production in the liver

Pre-Pharm (182 decks)

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