A&PII Lab 1: The Endocrine System

Question 1

Hormones

Answer 1

the endocrine system achieves its function by the secretion of these

Question 2

Primary endocrine glands

Answer 2

located in the cranial cavity; includes the pituitary gland & the pineal gland (posterior to thalamus)

Question 3

Endocrine glands of the neck

Answer 3

thyroid & parathyroid glands

Question 4

Endocrine gland in the thoracic cavity

Answer 4

thymus (also part of the lymphatic system)

Question 5

Endocrine glands of the abdominal cavity

Answer 5

pancreas, adrenal glands (cortex/medulla); retroperitoneal

Question 6

Endocrine glands of the pelvic cavity

Answer 6

gonads (female ovaries in the pelvic cavity; male testes in the scrotum)

Question 7

Hypophysis

Answer 7

the entire pituitary gland is also called this; “a growth”; named due to its location beneath the brain; once called the master gland (actually under the control of the hypothalamus)

Question 8

Infundibulum

Answer 8

narrow stalk that attaches the pituitary to the hypothalamus

Question 9

Adenohypophysis

Answer 9

anterior pituitary; composed of glandular epithelium; its cells secrete hormones under the direction of the hypothalamus

Question 10

Tropic hormones

Answer 10

GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH/LH

Question 11

Growth hormone (GH)

Answer 11

regulates metabolism and body growth

Question 12

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Answer 12

activates the adrenal gland

Question 13

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Answer 13

stimulates the thyroid gland

Question 14

Prolactin (PRL)

Answer 14

stimulates milk secretion by the mammary glands

Question 15

Follicle-stimulating hormones (FSH)

Answer 15

stimulates development of ova in females and sperm in males

Question 16

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Answer 16

stimulates secretion of sex hormones by the gonads

Question 17

Neurohypophysis

Answer 17

posterior pituitary; composed of nervous tissue; the 2 distinct neuronal cell bodies produce the hormones in the hypothalamus; the axons extend through the infundibulum (also considered part of the this)

Question 18

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Answer 18

stimulates water reabsorption in the kidneys to reduce urine volume; aka vasopressin due to its actions of vasoconstriction in order to maintain blood pressure

Question 19

Vasopressin

Answer 19

pharmaceutical agent used to replenish ADH is termed this; sometimes Arginine vasopressin (AVP)

Question 20

Oxytocin (OT)

Answer 20

stimulates contractions of the uterus and milk secretion by the mammary glands

Question 21

Pineal gland/body

Answer 21

located within the cranial cavity; located near the center of the brain at the epithalamus; contains secretory cells called pinealocytes, which synthesize 1 hormone from the neurotransmitter melatonin; calcifies as we age (contributes to sleep problems in the elderly)

Question 22

Melatonin (MT)

Answer 22

regulates biological rhythms, including sleep cycles; may also inhibit reproductive functions

Question 23

Thyroid gland

Answer 23

soft, butterfly-shaped organ in the anterior side of the neck that wraps around the larynx just beneath the skin

Question 24

Lobes

Answer 24

2 parts of the thyroid (right and left), connected by a narrow bridge

Question 25

Isthmus

Answer 25

narrow bridge connecting the 2 lobes of the thyroid gland

Question 26

Follicles

Answer 26

internally, the thyroid is composed of these microscopic parts that contain large insoluble protein molecules (colloid)

Question 27

Colloid

Answer 27

large insoluble protein molecules inside the follicles of the thyroid

Question 28

Follicle cells

Answer 28

the walls of the follicles of the thyroid are simple cuboidal or simple columnar epithelium, consisting of these secretory cells

Question 29

Thyroglobulin

Answer 29

follicle cells secrete this large component of the colloid, which is a precursor to 2 thyroid hormones (T4 & T3)

Question 30

Parafollicular cells (C cells)

Answer 30

located between follicles; secrete a 3rd hormone (calcitonin)

Question 31

Thyroxine (T4)

Answer 31

secreted by follicle cells, it regulates the breakdown of glucose and the synthesis of most cells of the body

Question 32

Triodothyronine (T3)

Answer 32

secreted by follicle cells; it works in conjunction with thyroxine to produce the same effects; together they are referred to as thyroid hormone (TH)

Question 33

Calcitonin

Answer 33

secreted by the parafollicular cells; stimulates the production of new bone material; an important effect of producing new bones is the reduction of calcium levels in the blood; acts as an antagonist to PTH

Question 34

Parathryoid glands

Answer 34

usually 4 pea-sized glands embedded within the posterior side of the larger thyroid gland; secrete 1 hormone

Question 35

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Answer 35

provides an opposite effect of calcitonin by increasing calcium levels in the blood (antagonist of calcitonin); works with calcitonin to regulate calcium levels in the blood and the concentration of calcium in bone

Question 36

Adrenal glands

Answer 36

paired glands located in the abdominopelvic cavity, each one immediately superior to a kidney and attached to it by a capsule of dense connective tissue; 2 parts to each - superficial ___ cortex & deep ___ medulla

Question 37

Adrenal cortex

Answer 37

yellowish outer fringe of the adrenal gland; produces more than 2 dozen steroid hormones, collectively called corticosteroids

Question 38

Corticosteroids

Answer 38

steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex

Question 39

Zona glomerulosa

Answer 39

outer zone of the adrenal cortex; "small ball"; forms about 15% of the volume of the adrenal cortex; its cells secrete mineralocorticoids (MCs)

Question 40

Mineralocorticoids (MCs)

Answer 40

steroid hormones that affect the electrolyte composition of body fluids; primary member of this group = aldosterone

Question 41

Aldosterone

Answer 41

mineralocorticoid which causes the retention of sodium ions in cells

Question 42

Zona fasciculata

Answer 42

middle region of the adrenal cortex; "little bundle"; occupies the largest portion of the adrenal cortex (78% of its volume); its cells are larger and contain more lipid than those of the zona glomerulosa, giving the cells a pale, foamy appearance; they secrete glucocorticoids (GCs)

Question 43

Glucocorticoids (GCs)

Answer 43

steroid hormones that effect the rates of glucose metabolism; primary hormone of this group is cortisol (or hydrocortisone)

Question 44

Cortisol

Answer 44

AKA hydrocortisone; a glucocorticoid that reduces inflammation after its conversion to cortisone by the liver

Question 45

Zona reticularis

Answer 45

inner region of the adrenal cortex; "little network"; forms a narrow band bordering the adrenal medulla (7% of the total volume of the adrenal cortex); its cells form a branching, folded network, and secrete androgens

Question 46

Androgens

Answer 46

precursor molecules to the sex hormones, testosterone in males and estrogen in females

Question 47

Adrenal medulla

Answer 47

inner, reddish-brown region of each adrenal gland; its cells are quite large compared to those of the adrenal cortex, and the border between the 2 parts is irregular; the cells develop as an extension of the nervous system; its secretions/neurotransmitters participate in the sympathetic response of fight/flight; 2 populations of cells are present, each one responsible for the synthesis of either epinephrine or norepinephrine

Question 48

Epineprine (EPI)

Answer 48

accelerates cellular energy utilization and the mobilization of energy reserves to increase ATP availability to critical organs; this hormone exerts its effect via adrenergic receptors

Question 49

Norepinephrine (NEP)

Answer 49

dependent upon adrenergic receptor type; mimics the effects of epinephrine

Question 50

Pancreas

Answer 50

"sweetbread"; soft, oblong organ located between the stomach and small intestine near the midline of the abdominopelvic cavity

Question 51

3 parts of the pancreas

Answer 51

head, body, tail (medial to lateral)

Question 52

Pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)

Answer 52

the endocrine cells of the pancreas are isolated into small clusters known as these; each one contains 2 primary secretory cell types - alpha & beta

Question 53

Alpha & beta cells

Answer 53

synthesize and secrete pancreatic hormones into the bloodstream

Question 54

Insulin

Answer 54

peptide hormone secreted by beta cells when glucose levels exceed normal levels; enhances glucose absorption into cells and its utilization by metabolism; stimulates glucagon formation in liver and skeletal muscle cells

Question 55

Glucagon

Answer 55

peptide hormone secreted by alpha cells when glucose levels fall below normal levels; stimulates the breakdown of glycogen in liver and skeletal muscle cells, stimulates the breakdown of triglycerides in fat cells, & stimulates glucose production in the liver