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Pre-Pharm > A&P 4: Tissue - The Living Fabric > Flashcards

A&P 4: Tissue - The Living Fabric Flashcards

1
Q

Tissue

A

“woven”; groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common or related function

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2
Q

Histology

A

study of tissues

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3
Q

Fixed

A

before specimen can be viewed through a microscope, it must be preserved

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4
Q

Sections

A

slices thin enough to transmit light or electrons

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5
Q

Artifacts

A

preserved tissue under the microscope has been exposed to many procedures that alter its original condition and introduce these minor distortions

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6
Q

Epithelial tissue (epithelium)

A

sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity

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7
Q

Apical surface

A

all epithelia have this upper free surface exposed to the body exterior or the cavity of an internal organ

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8
Q

Basal surface

A

all epithelia have this lower attached surface

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9
Q

Microvilli

A

fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane; tremendously increase the exposed surface area; often so dense that the cell apices have a fuzzy appearance (brush border)

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10
Q

Basal lamina

A

adjacent to the basal surface of an epithelium is this thin supporting sheet; noncellular, adhesive sheet consists largely of glycoproteins secreted by the epithelial cells plus some fine collagen fibers

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11
Q

Reticular lamina

A

just deep to the basal lamina is this layer of extracellular material containing a fine network of collagen protein fibers that belongs to the underlying connective tissue

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12
Q

Basement membrane

A

basal lamina + reticular lamina; reinforces the epithelial sheet, helps it resist stretching and tearing, and defines the epithelial boundary

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13
Q

Simple epithelia

A

consists of a single cell layer; typically found where absorption, secretion, and filtration occur; thin barrier is desirable

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14
Q

Stratified epithelia

A

composed of 2 or more cell layers stacked on top of each other; common in high-abrasion areas where protection is important, such as the skin surface and the lining of the mouth

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15
Q

Squamous cells

A

flattened and scalelike

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16
Q

Cuboidal cells

A

boxlike, approximately as tall as they are wide

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17
Q

Columnar cells

A

tall, column-shaped

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18
Q

Simple squamous epithelium

A

cells flattened laterally; sparse cytoplasm; resemble a tiled floor

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19
Q

Endothelium

A

provides a slick, friction-reducing lining in lymphatic vessels and in all hollow organs of the cardiovascular system (blood vessels/heart)

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20
Q

Mesothelium

A

epithelium found in serous membranes (lining ventral body cavity and covering its organs)

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21
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium

A

consists of a single layer of cells as tall as they are wide; spherical nuclei stain darkly, causing the cell layer to look like a string of beads when viewed microscopically; important functions = secretion and absorption; forms the walls of the smallest ducts and glands and of many kidney tubules

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22
Q

Simple columnar epithelium

A

single layer of tall, closely packed cells, aligned like soldiers in a row; lines the digestive tract from the stomach through the rectum; mostly associated with absorption and secretion

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23
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

cells vary in height; all of its cells rest on the basement membrane, but only the tallest reach the free surface of the epithelium; tissue gives the false impression that several cell layers are present

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24
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium

A

most widespread of the stratified epithelia; several layers, thick, well-suited for its protective role in the body; free surface cells are squamous, deeper layers are cuboidal or columnar; found in areas subjected to wear and tear; surface cells constantly being rubbed away and replaced by division of its basal cells

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25
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

quite rare in the body, mostly found in the ducts of some of the larger glands (sweat/mammary glands); typically has 2 layers of cuboidal cells

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26
Q

Stratified columnar epithelium

A

limited distribution in the body; small amounts in the pharynx, the male urethra, and lining some glandular ducts; occurs at transition areas/junctions between 2 other types of epithelia; only apical layer columnar

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27
Q

Transitional epithelium

A

forms the lining of hollow urinary organs, which stretch as they fill with urine; cells of its basal layer are cuboidal or columnar; apical cells vary in appearance, depending on the degree of distension (stretching) of the organ

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28
Q

Gland

A

consists of 1 or more cells that make/secrete a particular product

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29
Q

Secretion

A

product of glands; aqueous fluid usually containing proteins (some release lipid or steroid rich secretions)

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30
Q

Endocrine glands

A

ductless glands; produce hormones (secreted by exocytosis) directly into the extracellular space; from there, the hormones enter the blood or lymph and travel to specific target organs

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31
Q

Hormones

A

messenger chemicals secreted by endocrine glands via exocytosis; prompts their target organs to respond in some characteristic way

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32
Q

Exocrine glands

A

glands that secrete their products onto body surfaces (skin) or into body cavities; unicellular glands to so by exocytosis; multicellular glands do so via an epithelium-walled duct that transports the secretion to the epithelial surface

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33
Q

Unicellular exocrine glands

A

mucous cells & goblet cells; sprinkled in the epithelial linings of the intestinal and respiratory tracts amid columnar cells with other functions

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34
Q

Mucin

A

all unicellular exocrine glands in humans produce this complex glycoprotein that dissolves in water when secreted; once dissolved, forms a slimy coating that protects and lubricates surfaces

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35
Q

Goblet cells

A

cuplike accumulation of mucin distends the top of the cell, making the cells look like a glass with a stem; this distortion does not occur in mucous cells

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36
Q

Multicellular exocrine glands

A

structurally complex; 2 basic parts: (1) an epithelium-derived duct & (2) a secretory unit (acinus) consisting of secretory cells

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37
Q

Simple glands

A

glands with an unbranched duct

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38
Q

Compound glands

A

glands with a branched duct

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39
Q

Tubular

A

glands are categorized as this if the secretory cells form tubes

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40
Q

Alveolar

A

glands are categorized as this if the secretory cells form small, flask-like sacs

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41
Q

Tubuloalveolar

A

glands are categorized as this if the secretory cells form tubes and small, flask-like sacs

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42
Q

Acinar

A

“berrylike”; used interchangeably with alveolar

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43
Q

Merocrine glands

A

glands secreting products by exoctyosis as they are produced; most glands are this, including pancreas, most sweat glands, and salivary glands

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44
Q

Holocrine glands

A

secretory cells of these glands accumulate their products within them until they rupture; only true example = sebaceous (oil) glands

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45
Q

Apocrine glands

A

glands which accumulate their product but only just beneath the free surface; apex pinches off, releasing the secretory granules and a small amount of cytoplasm; best human example = release of lipid droplets by lactating mammary glands (most histologists classify mammary glands as merocrine glands)

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46
Q

Connective tissue

A

most abundant and widely distributed of the primary tissues; amount in particular organs varies; 4 classes - ___ tissue proper, cartilage, bone, and blood

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47
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

connective tissues are largely nonliving, which separates, often widely, the living cells of the tissue; because of this, connective tissues can bear weight, withstand great tension, and endure abuses (trauma, abrasion)

48
Q

Ground substance

A

unstructured material that fills the space between cells and contains the fibers; composed of interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins, and proteolycans

49
Q

Collagen fibers

A

constructed primarily of the fibrous protein that gives it its name; fibrils cross-link, so they are extremely tough and provide high tensile strength

50
Q

Elastic fibers

A

long, thin fibers that form branching networks in the extracellular matrix; contain the rubberlike protein that allows them to stretch and recoil like rubber bands

51
Q

Reticular fibers

A

short, fine, collagenous fibers with slightly different chemistry and form; continuous with collagen fibers & branch extensively, forming delicate NETWORKS that surround small blood vessels and support the soft tissue of organs

52
Q

Fibroblast

A

primary blast cell type of connective tissue proper

53
Q

Chondroblast

A

primary blast cell of cartilage

54
Q

Osteoblast

A

primary blast cell of bone

55
Q

Hematopoietic stem cell

A

undifferentiated blast cell that produces blood cells

56
Q

Fat cells

A

stores nutrients

57
Q

White blood cells

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes & other cell types that are concerned with tissue response to injury

58
Q

Mast cells

A

typically cluster along blood vessels; oval cells that detect foreign microorganisms and initiate inflammatory responses against them; in the cytoplasm of these cells are secretory granules containing chemicals that mediate inflammation, especially in severe allergies (heparin, histamine, proteases, various enzymes = chemicals)

59
Q

Macrophages

A

large, irregularly shaped cells that avidly phagocytize a broad variety of foreign materials, ranging from foreign molecules to entire bacteria to dust particles; “big eaters”

60
Q

Mesenchyme

A

common embryonic tissue from which mature connective tissues arise; has a fluid ground substance containing fine sparse fibers and star-shaped ___-al cells

61
Q

Connective tissue proper

A

2 subclasses - loose connective tissues (areolar, adipose, and reticular) and dense connective tissues (dense regular, dense irregular, and elastic)

62
Q

Loose connective tissues

A

areolar, adipose, reticular

63
Q

Dense connective tissues

A

regular, irregular, and elastic

64
Q

Areolar connective tissue

A

functions include: (1) supporting and binding other tissues (job of fibers), (2) holding body fluids (ground substance’s role), (3) defending against infection (via the activity of WBCs and macrophages, & (4) storing nutrients as fat (in fat cells)

65
Q

Edema

A

condition in which a body region is inflamed, the areolar tissue in the area soaks up excess fluids like a sponge, and the affected area swells and becomes puffy

66
Q

Adipose tissue

A

similar to areolar tissue in structure/function but its nutrient-storing ability is much greater

67
Q

Adipocytes

A

adipose/fat cells; account for 90% of adipose tissue’s mass

68
Q

Brown fat (brown adipose tissue)

A

contains abundant mitochondria, which use the lipid fuels to heat the bloodstream to warm the body (rather than to produce ATP molecules); richly vascular, occurs mainly on the back of babies

69
Q

Reticular connective tissue

A

resembles areolar connective tissue, but the only fibers in its matrix are reticular fibers, which form a delicate network along which fibroblasts (reticular cells) are scattered

70
Q

Reticular cells

A

fibroblasts scattered throughout reticular connective tissue

71
Q

Stroma

A

“bed/mattress”; labyrinth-like internal framework of reticular tissue that can support many free blood cells (mostly lymphocytes) in lymph nodes, the spleen, and bone marrow

72
Q

Fibrous connective tissues

A

AKA dense connective tissues because all 3 types have fibers as their prominent element

73
Q

Dense regular connective tissue

A

contains closely packed bundles of collagen fibers running in the same direction, parallel to the direction of the pull; arrangement results in white, flexible structures with great resistance to tension (where the tension is exerted in a single direction)

74
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue

A

has the same structural elements as the other variety, but the bundles of collagen fibers are much thicker and they are arranged irregularly (run in more than one plane); forms sheets in body areas where tension is exerted from many different directions; found in the skin (dermis), forms fibrous join capsules and the fibrous coverings that surround some organs (kidneys, bones, cartilages, muscles, and nerves)

75
Q

Elastic connective tissue

A

dense regular connective tissue of ligaments and many of the larger arteries

76
Q

Cartilage

A

stands up to both tension and compression; has qualities intermediate between dense connective tissue and bone; tough but flexible, providing a resilient rigidity to the structures it supports; lacks nerve fibers and is avascular

77
Q

Chondrocytes

A

mature cartilage cells; typically found in small groups within cavities called lacunae

78
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

gristle; most abundant cartilage in the body; contains a large number of collage fibers but they are not apparent and the matrix appears glassy blue-white when viewed by the unaided eye; chondrocytes account for 1-10% of the cartilage volume; provides springy pads that absorb compression at joints, covers the long bones of articular cartilage; supports the tip of the nose, connects the ribs to the sternum, and supports most of the respiratory system passages; most of the embryonic skeleton consists of this

79
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

nearly identical to hyaline cartilage but has many more elastic fibers; found where strength and exceptional stretchability are needed; forms the “skeletons” of the external ear (pinna) & the epiglottis (flap that covers the opening to the respiratory passageway when we swallow)

80
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

intermediate between hyaline cartilage and dense regular connective tissues; row of chondrocytes alternate with rows of thick collagen fibers; compressible and resists tension well; found where strong support and the ability to withstand heavy pressure are required (intervertebral disks and the spongy cartilages of the knee = menisci)

81
Q

Bone (osseous tissue)

A

rocklike hardness; exceptional ability to support/protect body structures; provide cavities for storing fat and synthesizing blood cells; its matrix is similar to that of cartilage but harder and more rigid because it has an added matrix element (inorganic calcium salts)

82
Q

Osteocytes

A

mature bone cells; reside in the lacunae; well supplied by invading blood vessels

83
Q

Blood

A

fluid within blood vessels; most atypical connective tissue; does not connect things or give mechanical support; develops from mesenchyme and consists of _____ cells surrounded by a nonliving fluid matrix (plasma)

84
Q

Muscle tissues

A

highly cellular, well-vascularized tissues responsible for most types of body movement

85
Q

Myofilaments

A

muscle cells possess these elaborate versions of actin and myosin filaments that bring about movement or contraction in all cell types

86
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

tissue packaged by connective tissue sheets into organs called this that are attached to the bones of the skeleton

87
Q

Muscle fibers

A

skeletal muscle cells; long, cylindrical cells that contain many peripherally located nuclei; obvious banded (striated) appearance reflects the precise alignment of their myofilaments

88
Q

Intercalated discs

A

cardiac muscle; branching cells that fit tightly at unique junctions called this

89
Q

Smooth muscle

A

cells have no visible striations; spindle-shaped, contain one, centrally-located nucleus; found mainly in the walls of hollow organs other than the heart (digestive/urinary tract organs, uterus, blood vessels); squeezes substances through these organs by alternately contracting and relaxing

90
Q

Voluntary muscle

A

skeletal muscle referred to as this because it is under our conscious control

91
Q

Involuntary muscle

A

smooth and cardiac muscle referred to as this because we do not consciously control them

92
Q

Neurons

A

highly specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses; typically branching cells with cytoplasmic extensions/processes that enable them to respond to stimuli (dendrites) and transmit electrical impulses over substantial distances within the body (axons)

93
Q

Cutaneous membrane

A

skin; consists of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (epidermis) firmly attached to a thick layer of connective tissue (dermis); exposed to the air and is a dry membrane

94
Q

Mucous membranes (mucosae)

A

line all body cavities that open to the outside of the body (hollow organs of the digestive, respiratory, and urogenital tracts)

95
Q

Lamina propia

A

loose connective tissue underneath the epithelial sheet

96
Q

Serous membranes (serosae)

A

moist membranes found in closed ventral body cavities

97
Q

Pleurae

A

line the thoracic wall and cover the lungs

98
Q

Pericardium

A

encloses the heart

99
Q

Peritoneum

A

encloses the abdominopelvic viscera

100
Q

Regeneration

A

replaces destroyed tissue with the same kind of tissue

101
Q

Fibrosis

A

fibrous connective tissue proliferates to form scar tissue

102
Q

Scar tissue

A

in fibrosis, fibrous connective tissue proliferates to form this

103
Q

Organization

A

1st phase of tissue repair; blood clot is replaced by granulation tissue

104
Q

Granulation tissue

A

a delicate pink tissue composed of several elements (capillaries, proliferating fibroblasts, collagen fibers…)

105
Q

Primary germ layers

A

one of the 1st events of embryonic development is the formation of these, which lie one atop the next like a 3-layered cellular pancake

106
Q

Ectoderm

A

top of the primary germ layers

107
Q

Mesoderm

A

middle of the 3 primary germ layers

108
Q

Endoderm

A

deepest of the primary germ layers

109
Q

Neoplasm

A

abnormal mass of proliferating cells

110
Q

Benign

A

kindly neoplasms

111
Q

Malignant

A

bad neoplasms

112
Q

Metastasis

A

capability for traveling to other parts of the body

113
Q

Oncogenes

A

cancer-causing genes

114
Q

Proto-oncogenes

A

benign forms of oncogenes in normal cells; code for proteins that are essential for cell division, growth, and cellular adhesion

115
Q

Tumor suppresor genes

A

anti-oncogenes; suppress cancer by inactivating carcinogens, aiding DNA repair, or enhancing the immune system’s counterattack

116
Q

Biopsy

A

removing a tissue sample surgically and examining it microscopically for malignant cells

117
Q

Stage

A

cancer assigned this (1-4) according to the probability of a cure; 1 has the best probability; 4 the worst

Pre-Pharm (182 decks)

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