Bio Ch 21

Question 1

Protists

Answer 1

simplest but most diverse of the eukaryotes

Question 2

Endosymbiosis

Answer 2

process by which eukaryotic cells acquired mitochondria and plastids, including chloroplasts, by engulfing a free-living bacterium that developed a symbiotic relationship within the host cell

Question 3

Mixotrophic

Answer 3

able to combine autotrophic and heterotrophic nutritional modes (some protozoans)

Question 4

Cysts

Answer 4

protists can form spores or these that are dormant phases of the life cycle that can survive until favorable conditions return

Question 5

Plankton

Answer 5

organisms that are suspended in the water and serve as food for heterotrophic protists and animals

Question 6

Monophyletic

Answer 6

not all belonging to the same evolutionary lineage

Question 7

Supergroup

Answer 7

high-level taxonomic group below domain and above kingdom; each one represents a separate evolutionary lineage

Question 8

Archaeplastids

Answer 8

supergroup including land plants and other photosynthetic organisms such as green and red algae that have plastids derived from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria

Question 9

Green Algae

Answer 9

protists that contain both chlorophylls a & b; inhabit a variety of environments, including oceans, fresh water, snowbanks, the bark of trees, and the backs of turtles; 17000 species

Question 10

Chlorophytes

Answer 10

Subgroup of green algae; ex = chlamydomonas (tiny, photoautotrophic, inhabits still freshwater pools)

Question 11

Charophytes

Answer 11

Subgroup of green algae most closely related to land plants; filamentous algae

Question 12

Zoospores

Answer 12

haploid flagellated spores that grow to become adult vegetative cells, thus completing the life cycle

Question 13

Colony

Answer 13

loose association of independent cells; ex Volvox

Question 14

Filaments

Answer 14

end-to-end chains of cells

Question 15

Conjugation

Answer 15

temporary union during which the cells exchange genetic material

Question 16

Red Algae

Answer 16

multicellular seaweeds that possess red and blue accessory pigments that transfer energy from absorbed light to the photopigment chlorophyll during photosynthesis

Question 17

Accessory Pigments

Answer 17

transfer energy from absorbed light to the photopigment chlorophyll during photosynthesis

Question 18

Chromalveolates

Answer 18

supergroup with 2 large subgroups - the stramenopiles and the alveolates

Question 19

Stramenopiles

Answer 19

brown algae, diatoms, golden brown algae, water molds

Question 20

Brown Algae

Answer 20

have chlorophylls a & c in their chloroplasts and an accessory carotenoid pigment that gives them their characteristic brown color

Question 21

Diatom

Answer 21

tiny, single-celled stramenopile with an ornate silica shell

Question 22

Golden Brown Algae

Answer 22

derive their distinctive color from yellow-brown carotenoid accessory pigments; typically have 2 flagella with tubular hairs, a characteristic of stramenopiles

Question 23

Water molds

Answer 23

form furry growths when they parasitize fishes or insects and decompose remains; most are saphrotrophic; AKA oomycetes

Question 24

Alveolates

Answer 24

have alveoli (small air sacs) lying just beneath their plasma membranes that are thought to lend support to the cell surface; unicellular

Question 25

Dinoflagellates

Answer 25

unicellular, photoautotrophic algae encased by protective cellulose and silicate plates; typically have 2 flagella; 4000 species, some bio-luminescent; ex = zooxanthellae; one of most important groups of primary producers in the marine ecosystem

Question 26

Red Tides

Answer 26

colorful algal blooms; sometimes so extensive they can be seen from space

Question 27

Ciliates

Answer 27

unicellular protists that move by means of cilia; most structurally complex and specialized of all protozoa; ex = paramecium; 8000 species

Question 28

Trichocysts

Answer 28

oval capsules that lie just beneath the pellicle contain these; upon mechanical or chemical stimulation, these discharge long, barbed threads that are useful for defense and for capturing prey; some release poisons

Question 29

Apicomplexans (sporozoans)

Answer 29

nearly 3900 species of nonmotile, parasitic, spore-forming protozoans; possess a unique organelle called an apicoplast, which is used to penetrate a host cell; ex = plasmodium (responsible for malaria)

Question 30

Vector

Answer 30

intermediate organism that transmits a disease between the host and other organisms

Question 31

Excavates

Answer 31

supergroup that include zooflagellates that have atypical or absent mitochondria and distinctive flagella and/or deep (excavated) oral grooves; includes euglenids, parabasalids, diplomonads, & kinetoplastids

Question 32

Euglenids

Answer 32

small, freshwater, unicellular organisms; 1000 species; very diverse; some mixotrophic, some photoautotrophic, some heterotrophic; 1/3 have chloroplasts, rest do not; produce an unusual type of carbohydrate called paramylon

Question 33

Parabasalids

Answer 33

have a unique, fibrous connection between the Golgi apparatus and flagella; causes most common STD, trichomoniasis

Question 34

Diplomonad

Answer 34

cell with 2 nuclei and 2 sets of flagella

Question 35

Kinetoplastids

Answer 35

single-celled, flagellated protozoans named for distinctive kinetoplasts, large masses of DNA found in their mitochondria; ex = trypanosomes (cause of African Sleeping Sickness; vector = tsetse fly; also causes Chagas disease)

Question 36

Amoebazoans

Answer 36

Supergroup of protozoans that move by pseudopods

Question 37

Pseudopods

Answer 37

“false foot”; form when an amoebazoan’s microfilaments contract and extend as the cytoplasm streams toward a particular direction

Question 38

Amoeboids

Answer 38

protists that move and ingest their food with pseudopods; hundreds of species identified

Question 39

Phagocytosis

Answer 39

amoeboids feed this way; engulf their prey with a pseudopod; digestion occurs within a food vacuole

Question 40

Plasmodial slime molds

Answer 40

these usually exists as a plasmodium, a diploid, multinucleated, cytoplasmic mass enveloped by a slime sheath (not the same as the genus plasmodium from the alveolate group); 700 species

Question 41

Sporangium (plural sporangia)

Answer 41

reproductive structure that produces spores; aggregate of these = fruiting body

Question 42

Cellular slime molds

Answer 42

exist as individual amoeboid cells; common in soil; feed on bacteria and yeasts; 70 species

Question 43

Opisthokonts

Answer 43

Supergroup made up of animals and fungi along with some closely related protists

Question 44

Choanoflagellates

Answer 44

opisthokont; animal-like protozoans closely related to sponges; filter feeders

Question 45

Nucleariids

Answer 45

Opisthokonts with a rounded or slightly flattened cell body and threadlike pseudopods called filopodia

Question 46

Rhiazarians

Answer 46

Supergroup consisting of foraminiferans and the radiolarians

Question 47

Foraminiferans & Radiolarians

Answer 47

organisms with fine, threadlike pseudopods; have a skeleton called a test made of calcium carbonate