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Pre-Pharm > A&P Lab 12: Special Senses > Flashcards

A&P Lab 12: Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

Eyebrows

A

fringe of hair superior to each orbit, which acts as a partial filter

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2
Q

Palpebrae

A

the eyelids, each composed of an outer layer of skin and an inner layer of mucous membrane

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3
Q

Eyelashes

A

the small hairs attached to the distal end of each eyelid, which help filter particles and sunlight

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4
Q

Conjunctiva

A

a thin, protective mucous membrane that covers the externally exposed surfaces

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5
Q

Palpebral conjunctiva

A

covers the inner wall of the eyelid

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6
Q

Bulbar conjunctiva

A

covers the anterior eye surface

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7
Q

Lacrimal apparatus

A

the structures that produce and drain the tears

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8
Q

Lacrimal gland

A

lateral and superior to each eye; produces tears that flow along the eye surface

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9
Q

Lacrimal canals

A

2; extend medially to drain tears into the lacrimal sac

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10
Q

Lacrimal sac

A

collecting chamber for tears

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11
Q

Nasolacrimal duct

A

channels tears from the lacrimal sac into the nasal cavity

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12
Q

Extrinsic eye muscles

A

6 skeletal muscles that are exterior to the eye and insert onto its outer surface to provide eye movement

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13
Q

Superior, inferior, medial, and lateral rectus

A

muscles which extend in a direction parallel to the long axis of the eyeball

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14
Q

Superior and inferior oblique muscles

A

muscles which extend at an angle to the long axis of the eyeball

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15
Q

Fibrous tunic

A

the outer layer of the eyeball; a tough, protective covering that consists of 2 components, the cornea and sclera

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16
Q

Cornea

A

the transparent anterior portion covering the iris and pupil

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17
Q

Sclera

A

the white external covering of the eye, which is composed of collagenous fibers; includes an opening called the scleral venous sinus at the junction of the cornea and itself

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18
Q

Scleral venous sinus

A

canal of Schlemm; opening in the sclera

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19
Q

Vascular tunic

A

middle layer of the eyeball, which transmits blood vessels to various parts of the eye; consists of the iris, ciliary body, and choroid

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20
Q

Iris

A

“rainbow”; colored circle of the eye, forming the anterior part of the vascular tunic; composed of circular smooth muscle that controls the diameter of the pupil

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21
Q

Pupil

A

black opening in the center of the iris; regulates the amount of light entering the eye (iris controls its diameter)

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22
Q

Ciliary body

A

structure arising at the junction of the cornea and sclera; consists of the ciliary muscle and ciliary processes

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23
Q

Ciliary muscle

A

circular arrangement of smooth muscle that alters the shape of the attached lens; part of the ciliary body

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24
Q

Ciliary processes

A

folds of tissue extending from the ciliary body toward the lens; contain fibrous extensions called suspensory ligaments

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25
Q

Suspensory ligaments

A

the ciliary processes contain these fibrous extensions, which form attachments to the lens

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26
Q

Ora serrata

A

at the posterior fringes of the ciliary muscle is this serrated feature

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27
Q

Choroid

A

the posterior part of the vascular tunic; lines the interior of the sclera and includes pigments that absorb light; highly vascular

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28
Q

Retina

A

the inner layer of the posterior eyeball, which contains the sensory receptors sensitive to light; begins at its union with the ora serrata to cover the innermost posterior wall, deep to the choroid; includes an outer pigmented layer and an inner portion of sensory receptors and neurons (neural layer); also includes photoreceptors, bipolar cell layer, ganglion cell layer, macula lutea, and the optic disc

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29
Q

Pigmented layer

A

outer portion of the retina

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30
Q

Neural layer

A

inner portion of the retina with sensory receptors and neurons

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31
Q

Photoreceptors

A

sensory receptors of the eye, which respond to light by triggering action potentials

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32
Q

Rod cells

A

respond to low levels of light to allow us to perceive shades of gray, black, and white

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33
Q

Cone cells

A

require brighter light; enable us to see color

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34
Q

Bipolar cell layer

A

neurons that form a thin layer superficial to the photoreceptors; its neurons synapse with rods and cones

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35
Q

Ganglion cell layer

A

the neurons that form a layer superficial to the bipolar cells and synapse with them; its axons extend through the optic disc to exit the eyeball as the optic nerve

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36
Q

Optic nerve

A

CN II; creates a blind spot where it exits the eyeball

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37
Q

Macula lutea

A

region of the retina that contains only cone cells; the area in its center contains the highest concentration

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38
Q

Fovea centralis

A

highest concentration of cone cells at the center of the macula lutea; area of highest visual acuity (sharpness of vision)

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39
Q

Optic disc

A

the area of the retina that marks the exit of the optic nerve; lacks photoreceptors (forms blind spot)

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40
Q

Blind spot

A

part of the optic disc that lacks photoreceptors

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41
Q

Interior cavities

A

interior of the eye, divided into the anterior and posterior cavities

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42
Q

Lens

A

separates the anterior and posterior cavities; a transparent disc that is thickest in its center; serves to bend light waves before they fall on the retina

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43
Q

Anterior chamber

A

part of the anterior cavity; located between the cornea and the iris

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44
Q

Posterior chamber

A

part of the anterior cavity; located between the iris and the lens

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45
Q

Aqueous humor

A

fluid that fills the anterior and posterior chambers; continually recycled

46
Q

Vitreous humor (vitreous body)

A

gelatinous material contained within the posterior cavity; helps stabilize the shape of the eyeball and hold the retina in place

47
Q

Refraction

A

the bending of light rays

48
Q

Accommodates

A

changing shape (to bend light rays); achieved by contraction or relaxation of the ciliary muscles (pull or relax the suspensory ligaments to flatten or bulge the lens)

49
Q

Emmetropic

A

eyesight with a normal range of distance and near vision

50
Q

Hyperopic

A

farsighted; eyesight in which the lens fails to accommodate for far vision (distant objects appear blurred)

51
Q

Myopic

A

nearsighted; eyesight that fails to accommodate for near vision

52
Q

Astigmatism

A

common condition in which the lens is unable to accommodate because the path of light is defective, resulting in blurred near and far vision; caused by irregularities in the curvature of the lens and/or cornea

53
Q

Presbyopia

A

condition in which aging causes the lens to lose its elasticity

54
Q

Distance visual acuity

A

ability to read at 20 feet; testing for this requires the use of a Snellen eye chart (consists of letters of various sizes on a white background); the distance at which the emmetropic eye can read a line of letters of a particular size is printed at the end of that line

55
Q

Near visual acuity

A

ability to read 12-14 inches away; uses the Snellen eye card

56
Q

Outer ear

A

collects and funnels sound waves, which are converted to mechanical vibrations by the eardrum

57
Q

Middle ear

A

air-filled cavity within the temporal bone that transmits vibrations from the eardrum to the oval window

58
Q

Tympanic cavity

A

air-filled cavity of the middle ear

59
Q

Inner ear

A

consists of a labyrinth embedded within the temporal bone containing the mechanoreceptors that trigger both hearing and equilibrium

60
Q

Auricle

A

external appendage of the ear composed of elastic connective tissue and covered with skin; collection device for channeling vibrations into the ear; AKA the pinna

61
Q

Helix

A

outer rim of the auricle

62
Q

Lobule

A

feature inferior to the opening in the ear

63
Q

External auditory canal

A

opening that penetrates through the mastoid area of the temporal bone and lined with skin; about 2.5cm long and 0.6cm wide; contains ceruminous glands

64
Q

Ceruminous glands

A

wax-secreting glands

65
Q

Tympanic membrane

A

eardrum; thin membrane of skin that separates the outer ear and middle ear; converts sound waves to mechanical vibrations

66
Q

Auditory ossicles

A

3 small bones within the tympanic cavity that articulate to form a tiny lever system, which serve to transmit and amplify the vibrations; malleus, incus, stapes

67
Q

Auditory tube

A

AKA Eustachian or pharyngotympanic tube; a narrow tube connecting the tympanic cavity and the nasal cavity; usually closed, but opens during yawning and swallowing to equalize pressure between the middle ear and the external air

68
Q

Oval window

A

small membrane-covered opening that separates the middle ear and the inner ear

69
Q

Round window

A

small membrane-covered opening between the middle ear and the cochlea (inner ear)

70
Q

Bony labyrinth

A

series of internal canals lined with bone within the temporal bone; contains a fluid called perilymph

71
Q

Perilymph

A

fluid contained within the bony labyrinth

72
Q

Membranous labyrinth

A

a membrane-lined canal that is enclosed within the bony labyrinth; contains a fluid called endolymph

73
Q

Endolymph

A

fluid contained within the membranous labyrinth

74
Q

Semicircular canals

A

3 large loops (semicircles) that form the posterior aspect of the inner ear; the loops are anterior, lateral, and posterior, each at right angles to the other 2; the interior = membranous labyrinth with perilymph

75
Q

Ampulla

A

expanded end of each loop of the semicircular canals; contain sensory receptors involved with equilibrium

76
Q

Hair cells

A

sensory receptors involved with equilibrium; located within cristae (ampullares)

77
Q

Cristae

A

each of these consists of hair cells and supporting cells

78
Q

Cupula

A

the hair cells are covered by this gelatinous structure; when the head moves, movement of the endolymph pushes this against the hair cells, stimulating them to generate action potentials

79
Q

Vestibule

A

the middle of the 3 inner ear chambers; includes 2 sacs of membranous labyrinth

80
Q

Utricle

A

posterior chamber of the vestibule

81
Q

Saccule

A

anterior chamber of the vestibule

82
Q

Maculae

A

the utricle and saccule contain these, which house the sensory receptors (hair cells bundled to contact a membrane = otolithic membrane) that respond to head position and gravity to help you to distinguish up from down and changes in speed

83
Q

Otolithic membrane

A

houses mineral crystals

84
Q

Otoliths

A

mineral crystals housed in the otolithic membrane; movement of the head causes these to shift, bending the hair cells, and stimulating action potentials

85
Q

Cochlea

A

the anterior chamber of the inner ear; resembles a spiral snail shell

86
Q

Cochlear duct

A

the interior of the cochlea contains membranous labyrinth that encloses this chamber, which is connected to the saccule and houses sensory receptors (hair cells within the organ of Corti) for hearing

87
Q

Scala vestibuli

A

superior channel of the inside of the cochlea; contains perilymph

88
Q

Cochlear duct

A

middle channel of the inside of the cochlea; filled with endolymph

89
Q

Vestibular membrane

A

this thin membrane separates the scala vestibuli from the cochlear duct

90
Q

Basilar membrane

A

the opposite membrane of the cochlear duct; border the inferior channel

91
Q

Scala tympani

A

inferior channel of the inside of the cochlea; contains perilymph

92
Q

Organ of Corti

A

within the cochlear duct, this lies on top of the basilar membrane

93
Q

Tectorial membrane

A

in contact with the stereocilia (cilia longer than normal); the basal end of the hair cells synapse with neurons from the cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)

94
Q

Conduction deafness

A

a loss of hearing may result from this failure to conduct sound waves and vibrations to the inner ear

95
Q

Sensorineural deafness

A

a neurological failure such as damage to the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)

96
Q

Weber test

A

examines the ability of a subject to conduct sound waves

97
Q

Rinne test

A

examines the possibility of both conduction deafness and sensorineural deafness

98
Q

Olfaction

A

sense of smell

99
Q

Olfactory epithelium

A

area of sensitivity; includes olfactory cells and supporting cells

100
Q

Olfactory cells

A

bipolar neurons whose dendrites are embedded in the nasal mucosa (olfactory hairs)

101
Q

Olfactory hairs

A

serves as the actual receptors for dissolved chemicals and are thereby classified as chemoreceptors

102
Q

Olfactory nerves

A

the axons of the olfactory cells form these

103
Q

Olfactory bulb

A

the axons of the olfactory cells form the olfactory nerves; they extend through foramina in the cribiform plate to enter the cranial cavity, where they synapse with neurons here

104
Q

Olfactory tract

A

action potentials travel along this to the olfactory sensory area in the temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex

105
Q

Gustation

A

the sense of taste; detected by sensory receptors that form part of the organs known as taste buds

106
Q

Taste buds

A

organs of gustation, located mainly on the posterior surface of the tongue; some are found on the soft palate, the pharynx, and the cheeks; each one is a microscopic structure shaped like an onion; chemoreceptors are embedded within them

107
Q

Papillae

A

on the tongue, the taste buds are housed within these small projections; 3 types - filiform, fungiform, and large circumvallate

108
Q

Gustatory cells

A

chemoreceptors embedded within taste buds

109
Q

Gustatory hair

A

the dendrite of a gustatory cell

110
Q

Taste pore

A

the gustatory hair projects out of the taste bud by way of this opening

Pre-Pharm (182 decks)

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