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Pre-Pharm > Bio Ch 3 > Flashcards

Bio Ch 3 Flashcards

0
Q

Inorganic chemistry

A

the chemistry of nonliving matter

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1
Q

Organic chemistry

A

the chemistry of living organisms

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2
Q

Organic molecules

A

molecules that contain both carbon and hydrogen atoms

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3
Q

Biomolecules

A

4 classes of organic compounds in any living thing - carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

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4
Q

Functional group

A

specific combo of bonded atoms that always reacts in the same way, regardless of the particular carbon skeleton

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5
Q

Hydrophobic

A

not soluble in water

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6
Q

hydrophilic

A

soluble in water

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7
Q

Isomers

A

(Greek, isos, equal & meros, part/portion); organic molecules that have identical molecular formulas but a different arrangement of atoms

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8
Q

Polymers

A

largest of the biomolecules; constructed by linking together a large number of the same type of subunit

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9
Q

Monomers

A

subunits of polymers

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10
Q

Dehydration reaction

A

chemical reaction in which a water molecule is released during the formation of a covalent bond

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11
Q

Hydrolysis reaction

A

(Greek, hydro, water; lyse, break); opposite of dehydration reaction; breaks down biomolecules by adding water to them; an -OH group from water attaches to one subunit and an -H from water attaches to the other subunit

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12
Q

Enzyme

A

required for cells to carry out dehydration and hydrolysis reactions; a molecule that speeds a reaction by bringing reactants together and helping them to form new molecules; it participates in the reaction but is unchanged by it

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13
Q

Carbohydrates

A

almost universally used as an immediate energy source in living things; also play structural role in a variety of organisms; majority of carbohydrates have a carbon to hydrogen to oxygen ratio of 1:2:1; “carbon-water”; includes single sugar molecules and chains of sugars; monomer subunits = monosaccharides assembles into long polymer chains called polysaccharides

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14
Q

Monosaccharides

A

(Greek, monos, single & sacchar, sugar); consist of only a single sugar molecule; called simple sugars; can have a carbon backbone of 3-7 carbons

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15
Q

Glucose

A

6 carbon atoms; hexose; C6H12O6; critical to biological function

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16
Q

Hexose

A

(Greek, hex, six); type of sugar with 6 carbon atoms

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17
Q

Ribose & deoxyribose

A

5 carbon atoms; pentose sugars; significant b/c they are found respectively in the nucleic acids RNA & DNA

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18
Q

Pentose sugar

A

(Gk, pent, 5); sugar with 5 carbon atoms

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19
Q

Disaccharide

A

Contains 2 monosaccharides that have joined during a dehydration reaction

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20
Q

Polysaccharides

A

polymers of monosaccharides; some are short-term energy storage molecules; when an organism requires energy, the polysaccharide is broken down to release sugar molecules; helical shape

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21
Q

Starch

A

storage polysaccharide found in plants that is composed of glucose molecules joined in a linear fashion with few side chains; plants store glucose as this

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22
Q

Glycogen

A

animals store glucose as this; storage polysaccharide composed of glucose molecules joined in a linear fashion but having numerous branches

23
Q

Cellulose

A

structural polysaccharide in plants

24
Q

Chitin

A

structural polysaccharide in animals & fungi

25
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

structural polysaccharide in bacteria

26
Q

Lipids

A

(Gk, lipos, fat); insoluble in water due to hydrocarbon chains; class of organic compounds that tends to be soluble in nonpolar solvents; includes fats and olis

27
Q

Trans-fats

A

unintended consequence of hydrogenation; increase LDL/bad cholesterol, lower HDL/good cholesterol; increases risk of CHD & heart attack

28
Q

Fat

A

organic molecule that contains glycerol and 3 fatty acids; energy storage molecule

29
Q

Oil

A

triglyceride, usually of plant origin, that is composed of glycerol & 3 fatty acids & is liquid in consistency due to many unsaturated bonds in the hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids

30
Q

Fatty acid

A

Consists of long hydrocarbon chain with an even number of carbons and an -COOH (carboxyl) group at one end; most contain 16 or 18 carbon atoms per molecule; either saturated or unsaturated

31
Q

Saturated fatty acids

A

have no double bonds between the carbon atoms & contain as many hydrogens as they can potentially hold

32
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids

A

have double bonds in the carbon chain, which reduces the number of bonded hydrogen atoms; double bonds may have chemical groups arranged on the same side (termed cis configuration) or on opposite sides (termed trans configuration)

33
Q

Glycerol

A

3-carbon compound with 3 -OH groups; -OH groups are polar, making glycerol soluble in water

34
Q

Triglycerides

A

AKA fats/oils; 3 fatty acids attached to each glycerol molecule

35
Q

Phospholipids

A

(Gk, phos, light & lipos, fat); contain a phosphate group; constructed like a fat, except that in place of the 3rd fatty acid attached to glycerol, there is a polar phosphate group

36
Q

Steroids

A

lipids that have entirely different structures from those of fats; have skeletons of 4 fused carbon rings

37
Q

Waxes

A

long-chain fatty acids bond with long-chain alcohols; solid at room temperature because they have a high melting point; hydrophobic, resistant to degradation

38
Q

Proteins

A

(Gk, proteios, 1st place); of primary importance to the structure & function of cells; as much as 50% of the dry weight of cells consists of proteins; functions = metabolism, support, transport, defense, regulation, motion

39
Q

Hemoglobin

A

complex protein that transports oxygen to tissues & cells

40
Q

Peptide bond

A

resulting covalent bond between 2 amino acids

41
Q

Peptide

A

2+ amino acids bonded together

42
Q

Polypeptide

A

chain of many amino acids joined together by peptide bonds

43
Q

Amino acid

A

protein monomer with an -NH2 (amino) group & a -COOH (acid) group; 3rd group = R (rest of molecule)

44
Q

Fibrous proteins

A

structural proteins, exist only as helices or pleated sheets that hydrogen-bond to each other; ex. keratin, silk

45
Q

Globular proteins

A

ball up into rounded shapes; have tertiary structure; most of the proteins in the body; soluble in water or salt solution; includes albumins, globulin, histones

46
Q

Denatured

A

when a protein loses its natural shape

47
Q

Chaperone proteins

A

help new proteins fold into their normal shape

48
Q

Prions

A

misfolded proteins that cause other proteins of the same type to fold the wrong way

49
Q

Nucleic acids

A

polymers of nucleotides, store info, include instructions for life, and conduct chemical reactions

50
Q

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

A

type of nucleic acid that not only stores info about how to copy/replicate itself, also specifies the order in which amino acids are to be joined to make a protein

51
Q

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

A

type of amino acid with multiple uses; messenger RNA = temporary copy of a gene in the DNA that specifies what the amino acid sequence will be during the process of protein synthesis; transfer RNA = necessary in synthesizing proteins, helps translate the sequence of nucleic acids in a gene into the correct sequence of amino acid during protein synthesis; ribosomal RNA (rRNA) = enzyme to form the peptide bonds between amino acids in a polypeptide

52
Q

Coenzymes

A

nonprotein organic molecules, help regulate enzymatic reactions

53
Q

ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate; special nucleotide that stores large amounts of energy needed for synthetic reactions and for various other energy-requiring processes in cells

54
Q

Nucleotide

A

monomer of DNA & RNA consisting of a 5-carbon sugar bonded to a nitrogenous base & a phosphate group; composed of 3 types of molecules: pentose sugar, phosphate (phosphoric acid), & a nitrogen-containing base

55
Q

Complementary base pairing

A

between strands of DNA, thymine (T) is always paired with adenosine (A) & guanine (G) is always paired with cytosine (C); number of purine bases (A & G) always = number of pyrimidine bases (T & C)

56
Q

ADP

A

adenosine diphosphate; nucleotide with 2 phosphate groups that can accept another phosphate group and become ATP

Pre-Pharm (182 decks)

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