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Pre-Pharm > Bio Ch 45 > Flashcards

Bio Ch 45 Flashcards

1
Q

Community

A

assemblage of populations of different species interacting with one another in the same environment

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2
Q

Species richness

A

species composition of a community; listing of the various species found in that community

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3
Q

Species diversity

A

includes both species richness and species evenness (relative abundance of the different species)

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4
Q

Island Biogeography Model of Species Diversity

A

species diversity on an island depends on the distance from the mainland (closer islands have more diversity than islands farther away) and the total area of the island (large islands have more diversity than smaller islands)

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5
Q

Habitat

A

a particular place where a species lives and reproduces

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6
Q

Ecological niche

A

role a species plays in its community; includes the resources used to meet energy, nutrient, and survival demands

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7
Q

Fundamental niche

A

all the abiotic conditions under which a species could survive when adverse biotic conditions are absent

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8
Q

Realized niche

A

those conditions under which a species does survive when adverse biotic interactions, such as competition and predation, are present

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9
Q

Competitive Exclusion Principle

A

no two species can indefinitely occupy the same niche at the same time

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10
Q

Resource Partitioning

A

decreases competition between 2 species, leading to increased niche specialization and less niche overlap

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11
Q

Character Displacement

A

tendency for characteristics to be more divergent when populations belong to the same community than when they are isolated; often used as evidence that competition and resource partitioning have taken place

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12
Q

Predation

A

occurs when one living organism (predator) feeds on another (prey)

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13
Q

Camouflage

A

ability to blend into the background

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14
Q

Mimicry

A

occurs when one species resembles another that possesses an overt antipredator defense

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15
Q

Parasitism

A

organism (parasite) deriving nourishment from another (host); type of symbiosis in which one of the species cause some harm to the other but tends not to kill it

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16
Q

Symbiosis

A

relationship that occurs when 2 different species live together in a unique way; it may be beneficial, neutral, or detrimental to one or both species

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17
Q

Commensalism

A

symbiotic relationship between 2 species in which one species is benefited, and the other is neither benefited nor harmed

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18
Q

Mutualism

A

symbiotic relationship in which both members benefit

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19
Q

Coevolution

A

mutualistic relationships between flowers and their pollinators are examples of this; mutual evolution in which 2 species exert selective pressures on the other species

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20
Q

Ecological Succession

A

change within a community involving a series of species replacements

21
Q

Pioneer species

A

1st species to begin secondary succession; 1st producers to inhabit a community after a disturbance

22
Q

Climax Community

A

proposal by F.E. Clements that succession in a particular area will always lead to the same type of community

23
Q

Ecosystem

A

populations interact with each other and with the physical environment

24
Q

Autotrophs

A

require only inorganic nutrients and an outside energy source to produce organic nutrients for their own use and for all other members of a community

25
Q

Producers

A

AKA autotrophs because they produce food

26
Q

Heterotrophs

A

need a preformed source of organic nutrients as they acquire food from a different source

27
Q

Consumers

A

AKA heterotrophs because they consume food that was generated by a producer

28
Q

Herbivores

A

animals that graze directly on plants or algae

29
Q

Carnivores

A

feed on other animals

30
Q

Omnivores

A

animals that feed on both plants and animals

31
Q

Detritivores

A

organisms that feed on detritus, which consists of decomposing particles of organic matter

32
Q

Decomposers

A

bacteria, fungi; acquire nutrients by breaking down dead organic matter, including animal wastes

33
Q

Food web

A

diagram that describes trophic (feeding) relationships

34
Q

Food chains

A

diagrams that show a single path of energy flow in an ecosystem

35
Q

Trophic level

A

level of nutrients within a food web or chain

36
Q

Ecological pyramid

A

flow of energy with large losses between successive trophic levels

37
Q

Biomass

A

number of organisms multiplied by the dry weight of the organic matter within one organism

38
Q

Biogeochemical cycles

A

pathways by which chemicals circulate through ecosystems involve both living (biotic) and nonliving (geologic) components; 4 main cycles: water, carbon, phosphorus, and nitrogen

39
Q

Water (hydrologic) cycle

A

interdependent and continuous circulation of water from the ocean, to the atmosphere, to the land, and back to the ocean

40
Q

Transfer rate

A

amount of a substance that moves from one component of the environment to another within a specified period of time

41
Q

Greenhouse gases

A

gases in the atmosphere such as carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, ozone, and nitrous oxide that are involved in the greenhouse effect

42
Q

Greenhouse effect

A

reradiation of solar heat toward the Earth, caused by the atmosphere that allows the Sun’s rays to pass through but traps the heat in the same manner as the glass of a greenhouse

43
Q

Global warming

A

overall rise in the Earth’s ambient temperature

44
Q

Climate change

A

recent changes in the Earth’s climate

45
Q

Eutrophication

A

enrichment of water by inorganic nutrients used by phytoplankton; often overenrichment caused by human activities leads to excessive bacterial growth and oxygen depletion

46
Q

N2 (nitrogen) fixation

A

occurs when nitrogen gas is converted to ammonium, a form plants can use

47
Q

Nitrification

A

production of nitrates during the nitrogen cycle

48
Q

Denitrification

A

conversion of nitrate back to nitrogen gas, which then enters the atmosphere

49
Q

Acid deposition

A

occurs because nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) enter the atmosphere from the burning of fossil fuels

Pre-Pharm (182 decks)

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