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Pre-Pharm > A&P Lab 6: Tissues & Membranes > Flashcards

A&P Lab 6: Tissues & Membranes Flashcards

1
Q

4 Types of Tissues

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, & nervous

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2
Q

Histology

A

study of tissues

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3
Q

Cellularity

A

condition of many cells with little material between

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4
Q

Covering/Lining Epithelium

A

sheet-like epithelial tissue that covers body and organ surfaces and lines all hollow structures

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5
Q

Glandular Epithelium

A

clump-like epithelial tissue; forms glands and secretes various products

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6
Q

Exocrine glands

A

secrete products into body cavities and surfaces by way of tubular ducts

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7
Q

Endocrine glands

A

secretions diffuse into the bloodstream for their transport throughout the body; product = hormones

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8
Q

Free/apical surface

A

side of the cells exposed to a body space

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9
Q

Basal surface

A

side of the cells exposed to the connective tissue layer

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10
Q

Basement membrane

A

a thin layer of protein fibers beneath the basal surface connects the epithelial sheet to the underlying connective tissue

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11
Q

Simple epithelium

A

a single layer of cells; barrier for diffusion, secretion, absorption, and filtration of selected substances

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12
Q

Stratified epithelium

A

a multiple layered arrangement of cells; provides a thicker barrier with a protective function

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13
Q

Squamous

A

flat with a thin nucleus

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14
Q

Cuboidal

A

cube-shaped with a round nucleus near the center of the cell

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15
Q

Columnar

A

tall with an oval nucleus near the basal surface of the cell

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16
Q

Transitional

A

shape-changing from round when the tissue is relaxed to flat when the tissue is stretched

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17
Q

Mesenchyme

A

early connective tissue

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18
Q

Types of Connective Tissue

A

loose, dense, cartilage, bone, and blood

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19
Q

Common Bond of Connective Tissue

A

arrangement of living cells dominated by extracellular material containing a matrix of protein fibers and ground substance

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20
Q

Protein Fibers

A

collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers

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21
Q

Ground Substance

A

fluid, semifluid, gelatinous, or hard mixture of molecules that serve as a medium of transport and support

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22
Q

3 Types of Muscle Tissue

A

Skeletal, smooth, cardiac

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23
Q

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

A

type of muscle tissue that is attached to bones; primary tissue of the muscular system; AKA muscle fibers; long and cylindrical, each containing many nuclei and filaments that run perpendicular to the fiber length producing a striped appearance (striations); contraction is voluntary

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24
Q

Smooth Muscle Tissue

A

forms sheets that contribute to the walls of hollow organs, such as blood vessels, stomach, and small intestine; spindle-shaped cells with a single nucleus, lack striations; contraction is involuntary

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25
Q

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

A

forms the wall of the heart; cells are branched, contain striations, and also contain specialized junctions between adjacent cells (intercalated discs); involuntary

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26
Q

Conductivity

A

specialization of nervous tissue

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27
Q

Neurons

A

nervous tissue cells; populate the brain, spinal cord, and nerves; many different shapes, most of which contain a long process called an axon, which conducts the signal to another cell, and smaller processes called dendrites, which receive signals from other cells

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28
Q

Neuroglia

A

non-conductive cells that support neurons; outnumber neurons 10 to 1

29
Q

Mesothelium

A

simple squamous epithelium forming part of the peritoneum

30
Q

Endothelium

A

simple squamous epithelium lining the inside wall of a large artery

31
Q

Goblet cells

A

produce and secrete mucus

32
Q

Nonciliated simple columnar epithelium

A

forms an inner lining of the digestive, reproductive, and urinary tracts, and the ducts of many glands; often contains microvilli at the apical surface of cells, which aids in secretion/absorption

33
Q

Ciliated simple columnar epithelium

A

lines portions of the respiratory tract, the uterine tubes, the uterus, the paranasal sinuses, and the central canal of the spinal cord; its cilia propel mucus and other substances

34
Q

Brush border

A

thin red line of microvilli

35
Q

Pseudostratified

A

columnar epithelium that appears to have many layers, but in fact has only one

36
Q

PSCC epithelium

A

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium; found lining the trachea and bronchi

37
Q

Fibroblast

A

large cell capable of movement throughout the semifluid ground substance; productive cells, secreting the protein fibers of the loose matrix and many of the ground substance molecules

38
Q

3 Types of Loose Connective Tissue

A

areolar, adipose, and reticular

39
Q

Adipose cells (adipocytes)

A

dominant cells of adipose tissue, capable of housing a very large volume of lipid molecules (efficient means of storing energy); efficient insulating blanket, cushion that protects from injury; mainly found associated with areolar tissue between the skin/muscles, forming the subcutaneous fat of the superficial fascia; also found around certain visceral organs (kidneys, heart, spleen)

40
Q

Reticular cells

A

specialized type of fibroblast; forms an internal scaffolding for certain organs, such as lymph nodes and the spleen

41
Q

Dense connective tissue

A

characterized by a high concentration of collagen fibers, allowing relatively little ground substance and few cells; AKA fibrous connective tissue; cells = fibroblasts, which produce the collagen fibers and ground substance

42
Q

3 Types of Dense Connective Tissue

A

dense regular, dense irregular, elastic

43
Q

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

A

roughly parallel arrangement of collagen fibers; forms tendons & ligaments

44
Q

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

A

random arrangement of fibers; found in the deep layer of the skin (dermis), the sclera of the eyes, in the fascia in and around the muscles, in capsules surrounding many organs, and in the valves and pericardium of the heart

45
Q

Elastic Connective Tissue

A

has a dense arrangement of collagen fibers, but it is dominated by a large number of branching elastic fibers; found in the walls of large arteries, where it provides a firm but flexible structure

46
Q

Chondroblasts

A

ground substance & fibers of cartilage are produced by these active cells, which become isolated in lacunae

47
Q

Lacunae (cartilage)

A

spaces in cartilage; “little lakes”

48
Q

Chrondrocytes

A

mature cartilage cells

49
Q

Perichondrium

A

cartilage surrounded by a region of these protein fibers and blood vessels, which serve as the source of nourishing interstitial fluid for the embedded chondrocytes

50
Q

3 Types of Cartilage

A

hyaline, fibro-, and elastic

51
Q

Lamellae

A

matrix of bone tissue organized in onion-like layers

52
Q

Osteoblasts

A

bone tissue is produced by these mobile bone cells; “bone-developing”

53
Q

Lacunae (bones)

A

as new bone is produced, the osteoblasts cement themselves into these spaces

54
Q

Osteocytes

A

immobile, mature bone cells; receive nourishing interstitial fluid by way of diffusion through tiny canals that penetrate the lamellae (canaliculi)

55
Q

Canaliculi

A

tiny canals that penetrate the lamellae, allowing the entombed cells to communicate to one another

56
Q

Osteonic (central) canal

A

central canal in bones that transmits blood vessels

57
Q

Compact bone

A

very dense tissue that is composed of repeating cylindrical units

58
Q

Osteon

A

each unit of compact bone is called this

59
Q

Spongy bone

A

consists of thin plates of bone; spaces between the plates are filled with red marrow (site of blood formation)

60
Q

Plasma

A

ground substance of blood; slightly thicker than water; proteins present in very small quantities

61
Q

Formed elements

A

cells of blood; include red blood cells, white blood cells, and fragments of cells (platelets)

62
Q

2 Membrane Categories

A

Epithelial, synovial

63
Q

Epithelial membranes

A

cutaneous, mucous, serous; composed of 1 or more layers of epithelial cells bound to an underlying layer of connective tissue

64
Q

Cutaneous membrane

A

skin (integument); only epithelial membrane that does not secrete a lubricating fluid, since the epithelium is the keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium of the epidermis

65
Q

Mucous membranes

A

line the openings into the body, the digestive tract, and the respiratory tract; composed of epithelium that secrete mucous

66
Q

Mucosae

A

AKA mucous membranes

67
Q

Serous membranes

A

line body cavities and cover the surfaces of many internal organs; usually a single layer of squamous cells (simple squamous epithelium) which is associated with a small amount of areolar tissue; the epithelial cells produce a watery lubricating fluid (serous fluid)

68
Q

Serosae

A

AKA serous membranes

69
Q

Synovial membranes

A

composed entirely of connective tissue; line the cavities surrounding the joints, forming a smooth surface and a lubricating fluid (synovial fluid)

Pre-Pharm (182 decks)

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