Bio Ch 25

Question 1

Mineral

Answer 1

inorganic substance usually containing 2 or more elements

Question 2

Essential nutrients

Answer 2

nutrients that (1) have an identifiable role, (2) no other nutrient can substitute and fulfill the same role, and (3) a deficiency of this nutrient causes a plant to die without completing its life cycle

Question 3

Macronutrients

Answer 3

essential element needed in large amounts for plant growth, such as nitrogen, calcium, or sulfur

Question 4

Micronutrients

Answer 4

essential element needed in small amounts for plant growth, such as boron, copper, and zinc

Question 5

Beneficial nutrients

Answer 5

either required for growth or enhance the growth of a particular plant

Question 6

Hydroponics

Answer 6

“Water culture”; allows plants to grow well if they are supplied with all the nutrients they need

Question 7

Humus

Answer 7

decaying organic matter; supplies nutrients to plants; its acidity also leaches minerals from the rocks

Question 8

Soil

Answer 8

mixture of mineral particles, decaying organic material, living organisms, air, and water, which together support the growth of plants

Question 9

Soil profile

Answer 9

vertical section from the ground surface to the unaltered rock below; usually has parallel layers known as soil horizons

Question 10

Soil horizons

Answer 10

parallel layers of a soil profile

Question 11

Soil erosion

Answer 11

occurs when water or wind carries soil away to a new location

Question 12

Phytoremediation

Answer 12

uses plants like mulberry, poplar, and canola to clean up environmental pollutants

Question 13

Root nodules

Answer 13

structure on a plant root that contains nitrogen-fixing bacteria

Question 14

Mycorrhizae

Answer 14

mutualistic relationship involving fungi and almost all plant roots

Question 15

Water potential

Answer 15

water always flows passively from the area of higher water potential to the area of lower water potential; the mechanical energy of water

Question 16

Pressure potential

Answer 16

the effect that pressure has on water potential

Question 17

Osmotic potential

Answer 17

takes into account the effects of solutes on the movement of water (presences of solutes restricts the movement of water because water tends to engage in molecular interactions with solutes)

Question 18

Turgor pressure

Answer 18

pressure potential that increases due to osmosis; plants depend on to maintain the turgidity of their bodies

Question 19

Root pressure

Answer 19

water entering cells creates a positive pressure called this; primarily occurs at night; tends to push xylem sap upward; may be responsible for guttation

Question 20

Guttation

Answer 20

occurs when drops of water are forced out of vein endings along the edges of leaves

Question 21

Cohesion-Tension Model

Answer 21

mechanism of xylem transport that requires no expenditure of energy by the plant and is dependent on the properties of water

Question 22

Water column

Answer 22

because of hydrogen bonding, water molecules interact with one another and form a continuous one of these in xylem, from the leaves to the roots, that is not easily broken

Question 23

Transpiration

Answer 23

evaporation of water through leaf stomata

Question 24

Guard cells

Answer 24

cells that border the stoma (small pores in leaf epidermis)

Question 25

Girdling

Answer 25

removing a strip of bark from around a tree

Question 26

Pressure-flow model

Answer 26

current explanation for the movement of organic materials in phloem

Question 27

Source

Answer 27

the site of photosynthesis that ultimately results in the production of sugar

Question 28

Sink

Answer 28

refers to the site of sugar accumulation within the plant