Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pre-Pharm > A&P 24: Nutrition, Metabolism, & Body Temperature Regulation > Flashcards

A&P 24: Nutrition, Metabolism, & Body Temperature Regulation Flashcards

1
Q

ATP

A

the chemical energy form used by cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Kilocalories (kcal) or C

A

the energy value of foods is measured in this unit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Nutrient

A

substance in food the body uses to promote normal growth, maintenance, and repair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Major nutrients

A

carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins; bulk of what we eat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Healthy Eating Pyramid

A

food pyramid put out in 1992 by Walter Willett; 6 major food groups, subdivides some further

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

MyPlate

A

food guide (2011) by USDA using a round dinner plate as a symbol; shows food categories in healthy proportions as sections on the plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Essential nutrients

A

at least 45 & possibly 50 molecules cannot be made fast enough to meet the body’s needs, so our diet must provide them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Glucose

A

monosaccharide; THE carbohydrate molecule ultimately used as fuel by body cells to produce ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Complete proteins

A

proteins in eggs, milk, fish, and most meats; meet all the body’s amino acid requirements for tissue maintenance and growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Nitrogen balance

A

homeostatic state in healthy adults in which the rate of protein synthesis equals the rate of protein breakdown and loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Vitamins

A

potent organic compounds needed in minute amounts for growth and good health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Coenzymes

A

most vitamins function as ___, which act with an enzyme to accomplish a particular chemical task

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Water-soluble vitamins

A

B-complex vitamins (except B12) and vitamin C; absorbed along with water from the GI tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Fat-soluble vitamins

A

vitamins A, D, E, & K; bind to ingested lipids and are absorbed along with their digestion products; anything that interferes with fat absorption also interferes with the uptake of fat-soluble vitamins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Minerals

A

the body requires moderate amounts of 7 of these (calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, magnesium) and trace amounts of about a dozen others; make up about 4% of the body by weight, with calcium and phosphorus (as bone salts) accounting for 3/4 of this amount

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Metabolism

A

collective term for a variety of biochemical reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Anabolism

A

general term for all reactions that build larger molecules or structures from smaller ones, such as bonding amino acids to build proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Catabolism

A

all processes that break down complex structures to simpler ones, like the hydrolysis of foods in the digestive tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cellular respiration

A

group of catabolic reactions in which food fuels, particularly glucose, are broken down in cells and some of the energy released is captured to form ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Phosphorylated

A

when an enzyme shifts its high-energy phosphate groups to other molecules; primes a molecule to change in a way that increases its activity, produces motion, or does work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Oxidation reactions

A

many of the reactions that take place within cells; gain of oxygen or the loss of a hydrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions

A

whenever one substance loses electrons (is oxidized), another substance gains them (is reduced)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Dehydrogenases

A

enzymes that catalyze redox reactions in which hydrogen atoms are removed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Oxidases

A

enzymes catalyzing the transfer of oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)

A

important coenzyme of the oxidative pathways, based on niacin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

A

important coenzyme of the oxidative pathways, based on riboflavin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Substrate-level phosphorylation

A

occurs when high-energy phosphate groups are transferred directly from phosphorylated substrates (metabolic intermediates such as glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate) to ADP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

complicated process; releases most of the energy that is eventually captured in ATP bonds during cellular respiration; carried out by electron transport proteins forming part of the inner mitochondrial membranes; chemiosmotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Chemiosmotic processes

A

processes that couple the movement of substances across membranes to chemical reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Glycolysis

A

“sugar splitting”; occurs in the cytosol of cells; series of 10 chemical steps; converts glucose to 2 pyruvic acid molecules; all steps are reversible except the 1st

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Pyruvic acid

A

final products of glycolysis = 2 molecules of this and 2 molecules of reduced NAD+ (NADH & H+)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Lactic acid

A

addition of 2 hydrogen atoms to pyruvic acid yields this

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Aerobic pathways

A

when oxygen is again available, lactic acid is oxidized back to pyruvic acid and enters this pathway, and is completely oxidized to water and CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Krebs Cycle

A

stage of glucose oxidation after glycolysis; occurs in the mitochondrial matrix; fueled largely by pyruvic acid produced during glycolysis and by fatty acids resulting from fat breakdown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Transitional phase

A

converts pyruvic acid to acetyl coA; 3-step process: decarboxylation, oxidation, and formation of acetyl coA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Decarboxylation

A

one of pyruvic acid’s carbons is removed and released as carbon dioxide gas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Acetyl Coenzyme A (acetyl coA)

A

acetic acid is combined with coenzyme A to produce this reactive final product

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Oxaloacetic acid

A

coenzyme A shuttles the 2-carbon acetic acid to an enzyme that condenses with this 4-carbon acid to produce the 6-carbon acid, citric acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Citric acid

A

6-carbon acid produced from oxaloacetic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Citric Acid Cycle

A

because citric acid is the 1st substrate of the cycle, biochemists prefer to call the Krebs cycle this

41
Q

Keto acids

A

As the Krebs cycle moves through its 8 successive steps, the atoms of citric acid are rearranged to produce different intermediate molecules, most called __ ___

42
Q

Electron transport chain

A

aerobic process carrying out the final catabolic reactions that occur on the mitochondrial cristae

43
Q

Flavins

A

proteins containing flavin mononucleotide (FMN) derived from the vitamin riboflavin

44
Q

Cytochromes

A

brightly-colored iron-containing pigments

45
Q

Respiratory enzyme complexes

A

neighboring carriers are clustered together to form 4 of these that are alternately reduced and oxidized as they pick up electrons and pass them on to the next complex in the sequence

46
Q

Electrochemical proton (H+) gradient

A

a gradient that has potential energy and the capacity to do work

47
Q

ATP synthases

A

large enzyme-protein complexes (complex V); populate the inner mitochondrial membrane

48
Q

Glycogenesis

A

process of high ATP levels “turning off” glycolysis and glucose molecules combining in long chains to form glycogen

49
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

when blood glucose levels drop, glycogen lysis/splitting occurs

50
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

process of forming new glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules; occurs in the liver; takes place when dietary sources and glucose reserves have been used up and blood glucose levels are beginning to drop

51
Q

Beta oxidation

A

initial phase of fatty acid oxidation; occurs in the mitochondria

52
Q

Lipogenesis

A

triglyceride synthesis; occurs when cellular ATP and glucose levels are high

53
Q

Lipolysis

A

breakdown of stored fats into glycerol and fatty acids; lipogenesis in reverse

54
Q

Ketogenesis

A

process in which the liver converts acetyl coA molecules to ketone bodies (ketones)

55
Q

Ketone bodies (ketones)

A

acetoacetic acid, B-hydroxybutyric acid, and acetone

56
Q

Ammonia

A

NH3; in the liver, the amine group of glutamic acid is removed as this compound

57
Q

Urea

A

main nitrogen-containing waste excreted in urine

58
Q

Urea cycle

A

cycle that rids the body of NH3 produced during oxidative deamination and bloodborne NH3 produced by intestinal bacteria

59
Q

Nutrient pools

A

stores of amino acids, carbs, and fats; body draws on these to meet its varying needs; interconvertible because the pathways are linked by key intermediates

60
Q

Amino acid pool

A

body’s total supply of free amino acids

61
Q

Carbohydrate & fat pools

A

fats & carbs are oxidized directly to produce cellular energy; excess fats & carbs can be stored as such

62
Q

Hypoglycemic hormone

A

insulin is this type of hormone; lowers blood glucose levels

63
Q

Glucose sparing

A

the increased use of noncarb fuel molecules (especially triglycerides) to conserve glucose

64
Q

Glucagon

A

insulin antagonist

65
Q

Hyperglycemic hormone

A

glucagon is this type of hormone; raises blood glucose levels

66
Q

Cholesterol

A

structural basis of bile salts, steroid hormones, and vitamin D; major component of plasma membranes

67
Q

Lipoproteins

A

small lipid-protein complexes; transports triglycerides and cholesterol to and from tissue cells (bound to them)

68
Q

Very Low Density Lipoproteins (VLDLs)

A

lowest density of lipids

69
Q

Low Density Lipoproteins (LDLs)

A

mid-density of lipids

70
Q

High-Density Lipoproteins (HDLs)

A

greatest proportion of proteins

71
Q

Trans fats

A

“healthy” oils that have been hardened by hydrogenation to make them more solid (margarines); have a worse effect on blood cholesterol levels than saturated fats do; spark a greater increase in LDLs and a greater reduction in HDLs, producing the unhealthiest ratio of total cholesterol to HDL

72
Q

Energy intake

A

energy liberated during food oxidation

73
Q

Energy output

A

energy immediately lost as heat (60%), used to do work (driven by ATP), and stored as fat or glycogen

74
Q

Body mass index (BMI)

A

index of a person’s weight relative to height

75
Q

Leptin

A

hormone that is a key component of the long-term controls of feeding behavior

76
Q

Metabolic rate

A

body’s rate of energy output; total heat produced by all the chemical reactions and mechanical work of the body

77
Q

Calorimeter

A

chamber with water circulating around it that absorbs heat liberated by the body; rise in water temp is directly related to the heat produced by the person’s body

78
Q

Respirometer

A

indirect method; measures oxygen consumption, which is directly proportional to heat production; for each L of oxygen used, the body produces about 4.8 kcal of heat

79
Q

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

A

energy the body needs to perform only its most essential activities

80
Q

Thyroxine

A

hormone produced by the thyroid gland; probably the most important hormonal factor in determining BMR; the “metabolic” hormone

81
Q

Total Metabolic Rate (TMR)

A

rate of kilocalorie consumption needed to fuel all ongoing activities - involuntary and voluntary

82
Q

Food-induced thermogenesis

A

food ingestion induces a rapid increase in TMR; greatest when proteins and alcohol are ingested

83
Q

Core

A

organs within the skull and the thoracic and abdominal cavities; highest temp here

84
Q

Shell

A

skin; lowest temp here

85
Q

Radiation

A

loss of heat in the form of infrared waves (thermal energy)

86
Q

Conduction

A

transfers heat from a warmer object to a cooler one when the 2 are in direct contact with each other

87
Q

Convection

A

process that occurs because warm air expands and rises, and cool air, being denser, falls

88
Q

Evaporation

A

mechanism by which the body loses heat; water evaporating because its molecules are absorbing heat from the environment and become energetic enough to escape as a gas

89
Q

Heat of vaporization

A

heat absorbed by water during evaporation

90
Q

Insensible water loss

A

unnoticeable water loss occurring from lungs, oral mucosa, and skin

91
Q

Insensible heat loss

A

heat loss from lungs, oral mucosa, and skin; unnoticeable

92
Q

Thermoregulatory centers

A

heat-loss center (anterior) and heat-promoting center of the brain

93
Q

Peripheral thermoreceptors

A

the hypothalamus receives afferent input from these receptors in the shell (skin)

94
Q

Central thermoreceptors

A

the hypothalamus receives afferent input from these receptors sensitive to blood temp located in the body core, including the anterior portion of the hypothalamus

95
Q

Chemical (nonshivering) thermogenesis

A

cold stimulates the adrenal medulla to release epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to sympathetic nerve stimuli, elevating the metabolic rate and enhancing heat production; occurs in infants

96
Q

Hyperthermia

A

elevated body temperature

97
Q

Heat stroke

A

at a core temp of 105F, heat-control mechanisms are suspended, creating a vicious positive feedback cycle; skin becomes hot and dry and multiple organ damage becomes a distinct possibility, including brain damage

98
Q

Hypothermia

A

low body temp resulting from prolonged exposure to cold

Pre-Pharm (182 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions