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Pre-Pharm > A&P 25: The Urinary System > Flashcards

A&P 25: The Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Urinary System

A

system including the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

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2
Q

Renal hilum

A

vertical cleft in the medial surface of the kidney

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3
Q

Renal fascia

A

outer layer of dense fibrous connective tissue that anchors the kidney and the adrenal gland to surrounding structures

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4
Q

Perirenal fat capsule

A

fatty mass that surrounds the kidney and cushions it against blows

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5
Q

Fibrous capsule

A

transparent capsule that prevents infections in surrounding regions from spreading to the kidney

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6
Q

Renal cortex

A

most superficial region of the kidney; light-colored, granular appearance

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7
Q

Renal medulla

A

deep to the cortex of the kidney; dark, reddish-brown; exhibits cone-shaped tissue masses

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8
Q

Medullary/renal pyramids

A

cone-shaped tissue masses in the renal medulla

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9
Q

Renal columns

A

inward extensions of cortical tissue separating the medullary/renal pyramids

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10
Q

Lobes

A

each pyramid and its surrounding cortical tissue constitutes 1 of 8 of these sections of the kidney

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11
Q

Renal pelvis

A

funnel-shaped tube continuous with the ureter leaving the hilum

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12
Q

Major calyces

A

branching extensions of the pelvis form 2 or 3 of these

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13
Q

Minor calyces

A

each major calyces subdivides to form several of these cup-shaped areas that enclose the papillae

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14
Q

Renal arteries

A

large arteries of the kidney; deliver 1/4 of the total cardiac output to the kidneys each minute

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15
Q

Segmental arteries

A

as each renal artery approaches a kidney, it divides into 5 of these arteries

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16
Q

Interlobar arteries

A

within the renal sinus, each segmental artery branches further for form several of these arteries

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17
Q

Arcuate arteries

A

at the cortex-medulla junction, the interlobar arteries branch into these arteriers that arch over the bases of the medullary pyramids

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18
Q

Cortical radiate arteries

A

AKA interlobular arteries; small arteries that radiate outward from the arcuate arteries to supply the cortical tissue

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19
Q

Cortical radiate, arcuate, interlobar, renal veins

A

veins that trace the pathway of the arterial supply in reverse (except there are no segmental veins)

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20
Q

Renal plexus

A

variable network of autonomic nerve fibers and ganglia; provides the nerve supply of the kidney and its ureter; offshoot of the celiac plexus

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21
Q

Nephrons

A

structural and functional units of the kidneys; each kidney contains over 1 million of these tiny blood-processing units, which carry out the processes the form urine

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22
Q

Renal corpuscle

A

each of these structures consist of a tuft of capillaries (glomerulus)

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23
Q

Glomerulus

A

tuft of capillaries; “ball of yarn”

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24
Q

Glomerular capsule

A

cup-shaped hollow structure that makes up the renal corpuscle along with the glomerulus; AKA Bowman’s capsule

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25
Q

Filtrate

A

plasma-derived fluid; raw material that the renal tubules process to form urine

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26
Q

Podocytes

A

“foot cells”; highly modified, branching epithelial cells that make up the visceral layer of glomerular capsule

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27
Q

Foot processes

A

octopus-like podocytes terminate in these, which interdigitate as they cling to the basement membrane of the glomerulus

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28
Q

Filtration slits

A

the clefts/openings between the foot processes

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29
Q

Capsular space

A

filtrate enters this space through the filtration slits inside the glomerular capsule

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30
Q

Renal tubule

A

3cm (1.2 in) long; 3 major parts; leaves the glomerular capsule at the proximal convoluted tubule, drops into the nephron loop, then winds/twists again as the distal convoluted tubule before emptying into a collecting duct

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31
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule

A

walls of this tube are formed by cuboidal epithelial cells with large mitochondria; apical (luminal) surfaces bear dense microvilli

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32
Q

Nephron loop

A

U-shaped loom (formerly called the loop of Henle)

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33
Q

Descending nephron limb

A

descending loop of Henle

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34
Q

Ascending nephron limb

A

ascending loop of Henle

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35
Q

Distal convoluted tubule

A

walls of this tubule are cuboidal; thinner; almost entirely lack microvilli

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36
Q

Collecting duct

A

2 cell types in this duct - principal cells (with sparse, short microvilli; responsible for maintaining they body’s water and Na+ balance) & intercalated cells (cuboidal cells with abundant microvilli; 2 types, A & B; maintain acid-base balance of the blood)

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37
Q

Cortical nephrons

A

85% of the nephrons in the kidneys

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38
Q

Juxtamedullary nephrons

A

originate close to the cortex-medulla junction; play an important role in the kidneys’ ability to produce concentrated urine

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39
Q

Afferent/efferent arteriole

A

arterioles that feed/drain the glomerulus

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40
Q

Peritubular capillaries

A

capillaries that cling closely to adjacent renal tubules and empty into nearby venules; arise from the high-resistance efferent arterioles so only experience low pressure; readily absorb solutes and water from the tubule cells as these substances are reclaimed from the filtrate

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41
Q

Vasa recta

A

bundles of long straight vessels formed from efferent arterioles serving the juxtamedullary nephrons

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42
Q

Juxtaglomerular complex (JGC)

A

each nephronhas this region where the most distal portion of the ascending limb of the nephron loop lies against the afferent arteriole feeding the glomerulus

43
Q

Macula densa

A

group of tall, closely packed cells in the ascending limb of the nephron loop that lies adjacent to the granular cells

44
Q

Granular cells

A

AKA juxtaclomerular (JG) cells; in the arteriolar walls; = enlarged smooth muscle cells with prominent secretory granules containing the enzyme renin; act as mechanoreceptors that sense the BP in the afferent arteriole

45
Q

Urine

A

fluid containing unneeded substances such as excess salts and metabolic wastes

46
Q

Glomerular filatration

A

passive process in which hydrostatic pressure forces fluids and solutes through a membrane

47
Q

Filtration membrane

A

porous membrane lying between the blood and the interior of the glomerular capsule; allows free passage of water and solutes smaller than plasma proteins

48
Q

Hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries (HPgc)

A

glomerular blood pressure; chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood and across the filtration membrane

49
Q

Hydrostatic pressure in the capsule space (HPcs)

A

pressure exerted by filtrate in the glomerular capsule; much higher than hydrostatic pressure surrounding most capillaries because filtrate is confined in a small space with a narrow outlet

50
Q

Colloid Osmotic pressure in glomerular capillaries (OPgc)

A

pressure exerted by proteins in the blood

51
Q

Net filtration pressure (NFP)

A

HPgc, HPcs, and OPgc determine this pressure; largely determines glomerular filtration rate

52
Q

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

A

volume of filtrate formed each minute by the combined activity of all 2 million glomeruli of the kidneys

53
Q

Renal autoregulation

A

the kidneys adjusting its own resistance to blood flow; how the kidneys can maintain a nearly constant GFR despite fluctuations in systemic arterial BP

54
Q

Myogenic mechanism

A

reflects a property of vascular smooth muscle (contracts when stretched and relaxes when not stretched)

55
Q

Tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism

A

autoregulation by this flow-dependent mechanism is directed by the macula densa cells of the juxtaglomerular complex

56
Q

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism

A

body’s main mechanism for increasing BP

57
Q

Renin

A

low BP causes the granular cells of the juxtaglomerular complex to release this enzyme by one+ pathways

58
Q

Tubular reabsorption

A

reclaims most of the tubule contents and returns them to the blood; selective transepithelial process that begins as soon as the filtrate enters the proximal tubules

59
Q

Active tubular reabsorption

A

process requiring ATP either directly (primary active transport) or indirectly (secondary active transport)

60
Q

Passive tubular reasborption

A

diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis (substances moving down electrochemical gradients)

61
Q

Aquaporins

A

transmembrane proteins that aid the passive tubular reabsorption of water by acting as water channels across cell membranes

62
Q

Obligatory water reabsorption

A

water flow that obliges the body to absorb water in the proximal nephron regardless of its state of over- or underhydration

63
Q

Facultatiive water reabsorption

A

water reabsorption that depends on ADH

64
Q

Transport maximum (Tm)

A

max for substances that are reabsorbed using a transport protein in the membrane; reflects the number of transport proteins in the renal tubules available to ferry a particular substance (in mg/min)

65
Q

Tubular secretion

A

reabsorption in reverse; way to clear plasma of unwanted substances is not to reabsorb them from the filtrate; moves selected substances (H+, K+, NH4+, creatinine, and certain organic acids/bases) from the peritubular capillaries through the tubule cells into the filtrate

66
Q

Countercurrent multiplier

A

interaction between the flow of filtrate through the ascending and descending limbs of the long nephron loops of juxtamedullary nephrons

67
Q

Countercurrent exchanger

A

flow of blood through the ascending and descending portions of the vasa recta

68
Q

Medullary osmotic gradient

A

osmotic gradient that allows the kidneys to vary urine concentration dramatically

69
Q

Diuretics

A

chemicals that enhance urinary output

70
Q

Renal clearance

A

volume of plasma from which the kidneys clear (completely remove) a particular substance in a given time, usually 1 minute; C=UV/P where U is the concentration of the substance in the urine (mg/mL), V = flow rate of urine formation (mL/min) and P = concentration of the substance in the plasma (mg/mL)

71
Q

Chronic renal disease

A

GFR less than 60mL/min for at least 3 months

72
Q

Renal failure

A

GFR less than 15mL/min; filtrate formation decreases or stops completely

73
Q

Uremia

A

clinical syndrome associated with renal failure; “urine in the blood”; includes fatigue, anorexia, nausea, mental changes, and muscle cramps

74
Q

Hemodialysis

A

procedure using an artificial kidney apparatus, passing the patient’s blood through a membrane tubing that is permeable only to selected substances; the tubing is immersed in a solution that differs slightly from normal cleansed plasma; retains/adds needed substances, removes wastes, excess ions

75
Q

Urochrome

A

yellow color of urine is due to this pigment that results when they body destroys hemoglobin

76
Q

Specific gravity

A

ratio of the mass of a substance to the mass of an equal volume of distilled water

77
Q

Urea

A

largest component of urine by weight, apart from water; derived from the normal breakdown of amino acids

78
Q

Nitrogenous wastes

A

metabolic wastes

79
Q

Uric acid

A

end product of nucleic acid metabolism

80
Q

Creatinine

A

metabolite of creatine phosphate, which is found in large amounts in skeletal muscle tissue where it stores energy to regenerate ATP

81
Q

Ureters

A

slender tubes that convey urine from the kidneys to the bladder

82
Q

Renal calculi

A

kidney stones

83
Q

Urinary bladder

A

smooth, collapsible, muscular sac that stores urine temporarily

84
Q

Trigone

A

smooth, triangular region of the bladder base outlined by the openings of the ureters and the urethra; infections tend to persist in this region

85
Q

Detrusor

A

muscular layer of the bladder; consists of intermingled smooth muscle fibers in inner and outer longitudinal layers and a middle circular layer

86
Q

Urethra

A

thin-walled muscular tube that drains urine away from the bladder and conveys it out of the body

87
Q

Internal urethral sphincter

A

at the bladder-urethra junction, the detrusor smooth muscle thickens to form this involuntary sphincter

88
Q

External urethral sphincter

A

voluntary sphincter surrounding the urethra as it passes through the urogenital diaphragm

89
Q

External urethral orifice

A

external opening of the urethra

90
Q

Prostatic urethra

A

in males, the portion of the urethra running within the prostate

91
Q

Intermediate part of the urethra

A

AKA membranous urethra; runs through the urogenital diaphragm; extends about 2cm from the prostate to the beginning of the penis

92
Q

Spongy urethra

A

15cm long; passes through the penis and opens at its tip via the external urethral orifice

93
Q

Micturition

A

urination; voiding; act of emptying the bladder

94
Q

Incontinence

A

after the toddler years, this is usually a result of weakened pelvic muscles following childbirth or surgery, physical pressure during pregnancy, or nervous system problems

95
Q

Urinary retention

A

condition in which the bladder is unable to expel its contained urine; common after general anesthesia

96
Q

Catheter

A

slender drainage tube inserted into the urethra to drain urine and prevent bladder trauma from excessive stretching

97
Q

Pronephros

A

1st tubule system that forms during the 4th week of development

98
Q

Pronephric duct

A

connects the pronephros (gone by the 6th week) to the cloaca; persists and is used by the later-developing kidneys

99
Q

Mesonephros

A

2nd renal system; claims the pronephric duct; comes to be called the mesonephric duct

100
Q

Metanephros

A

when the mesonephric kidneys degenerate, this 3rd set makes its appearance

101
Q

Ureteric buds

A

hollow structures that push superiorly from the mesonephric duct into the urogenital ridge

102
Q

Ureteric ducts

A

the distal ends of the ureteric buds form the renal pelves, calyces, and collecting ducts & their unexpanded proximal parts, now called this, become the ureters

103
Q

Urogenital sinus

A

as the metanephros is developing, the cloaca subdivides to form the future rectum and anal canal & this, into which the urinary and genital ducts empty

Pre-Pharm (182 decks)

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