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Pre-Pharm > A&P 1: Human Body Orientation > Flashcards

A&P 1: Human Body Orientation Flashcards

0
Q

Physiology

A

concerns the function of the body; how the body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities

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1
Q

Anatomy

A

studies the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another

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2
Q

Gross (macroscopic) anatomy

A

study of large body structures visible to the naked eye (e.g heart, lungs, kidneys)

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3
Q

Regional anatomy

A

all the structures (muscles, bones, blood vessels, nerves, etc) in a particular region of the body are examined at the same time

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4
Q

Systemic anatomy

A

body structure is studied system by system

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5
Q

Surface anatomy

A

study of internal structures as they related to the overlying skin surface

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6
Q

Microscopic anatomy

A

deals with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye

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7
Q

Cytology

A

considers the cells of the body

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8
Q

Histology

A

study of tissues

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9
Q

Developmental anatomy

A

traces structural change that occur in the body throughout the life span

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10
Q

Embryology

A

subdivision of developmental anatomy; concerns developmental changes that occur before birth

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11
Q

Renal physiology

A

concerns kidney function and urine production

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12
Q

Neurophysiology

A

explains the workings of the nervous system

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13
Q

Cardiovascular physiology

A

examines the operation of the heart and blood vessels

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14
Q

Principle of Complementarity of Structure & Function

A

what a structure can do depends on its specific form

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15
Q

Chemical level

A

simplest level of the structural hierarchy of the human body (atoms, molecules etc)

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16
Q

Cellular level

A

level of structural hierarchy of human body after chemical level, made up of the smallest units of living things

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17
Q

Tissue level

A

level of human structural hierarchy that groups similar cells into a common function

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18
Q

Organ level

A

extremely complex functions are possible; made up of discrete structure compose of at least 2 tissue types (4 is more common) that performs a specific function for the body

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19
Q

Organ system level

A

organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose; includes CV, integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive

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20
Q

Organismal level

A

represents the sum total of all structural levels working together to keep us alive

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21
Q

Maintaining boundaries

A

every living organism must do this so that its internal environment remains distinct from the external environment; i.e. skin

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22
Q

Movement

A

includes the activities promoted by the muscular system, such as propelling ourselves from one place to another by running or swimming, and manipulating the external environment with our nimble fingers

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23
Q

Contractility

A

on the cellular level, the muscle cell’s ability to move by shortening

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24
Q

Responsiveness (excitability)

A

ability to sense changes (which serve as stimuli) in the environment and then respond to them

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25
Q

Digestion

A

breaking down of ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood

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26
Q

Metabolism

A

broad term that includes all chemical reactions that occur within the body cells; includes breaking down substances into their simpler building blocks (catabolism), synthesizing more complex cellular structure from simpler substances (anabolism), and using nutrients and oxygen to produce ATP (via cellular respiration)

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27
Q

Excretion

A

process of removing wastes from the body

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28
Q

Reproduction

A

occurs at the cellular and organismal level; at cellular level - body growth and repair; at organismal level - major task; directly responsible for producing offspring; function regulated by endocrine system

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29
Q

Growth

A

increase in size of a body part or the organism as a whole; usually accomplished by increasing the number of cells

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30
Q

Nutrients

A

taken in via the diet, contain the chemical substances used for energy and cell building

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31
Q

Oxygen

A

all the nutrients in the world are useless unless this element is available; makes up 20% of the air; cooperative effects of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems make this available to the blood and body cells

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32
Q

Water

A

60-80% of our body weight; single most abundant chemical substance in the body

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33
Q

Normal body temperature

A

if chemical reactions are to continue at life-sustaining rates, this must be maintained; metabolic reactions slow down under this, speed up above this, proteins denature; at either extreme, death occurs

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34
Q

Atmospheric pressure

A

force that air exerts on the surface of the body

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35
Q

Homeostasis

A

termed by Walter Cannon, an American physiologist of the early 20th century; speaks to the wisdom of the body; describes the body’s ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously

36
Q

Receptor

A

some type of sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes (stimuli) by sending information (input) to the control center; flows from this to the control center along the afferent pathway

37
Q

Variable

A

all homeostatic control mechanisms are processes involving at least 3 components that work together (receptor, control center, effector)

38
Q

Control center

A

determines the set point (level or range at which a variable is to be maintained); also analyzes the input it receives and determines the appropriate response

39
Q

Effector

A

provides the means for the control center’s response (output) to the stimulus

40
Q

Negative feedback mechanisms

A

most homeostatic control mechanisms; output shuts off the original effect of the stimulus or reduces its intensity; returns to ideal value

41
Q

Positive feedback mechanisms

A

result or response enhances the original stimulus so that the response is accelerated; variable deviates further and further from its original value/range

42
Q

Homeostatic imbalance

A

most disease can be regarded as a disturbance in homeostasis

43
Q

Anatomical position

A

anatomical reference point is a standard body position; body is erect with feet slightly apart, palms forward, thumbs point away from body

44
Q

Directional terms

A

allow us to explain where one body structure is in relation to another

45
Q

Axial part

A

makes up the main axis of our body, includes the head, neck, and trunk

46
Q

Appendicular part

A

consists of the appendages (limbs) which are attached to the body’s axis

47
Q

Regional terms

A

used to designate specific areas within these major body divisions

48
Q

Sagittal plane

A

vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts

49
Q

Median plane

A

a sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline; AKA midsagittal plane

50
Q

Parasagittal planes

A

all other sagittal planes, offset from the midline

51
Q

Frontal planes

A

lie vertically; divide the body into anterior and posterior parts; AKA coronal plane

52
Q

Transverse plane

A

horizontal plane running from right to left, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts; section also called a cross section

53
Q

Oblique sections

A

cuts made diagonally between the horizontal and vertical planes; seldom used because confusing and difficult to interpret

54
Q

Dorsal body cavity

A

protects the fragile nervous system organs; 2 subdivisions - cranial cavity & vertebral (spinal) cavity

55
Q

Cranial cavity

A

in the skull, encases the brain

56
Q

Vertebral (spinal) cavity

A

runs through the bony vertebral column, encloses the delicate spinal cord

57
Q

Ventral body cavity

A

more anterior and larger of the closed body cavities; 2 subdivisions - thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

58
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

superior subdivision of the ventral body cavity; surrounded by the ribs and muscles of the chest; further subdivided into lateral pleural cavities and the medial mediastinum

59
Q

Viscera

A

ventral body cavity houses internal organs collectively called this

60
Q

Pleural cavities

A

subdivision of the thoracic cavity; each one envelops a lung

61
Q

Mediastinum

A

subdivision of the thoracic cavity; contains the pericardial cavity

62
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

encloses the heart, surrounds the remaining thoracic organs (esophagus, trachea, and others)

63
Q

Abdominopelvic cavity

A

thoracic cavity is separated from this more inferior cavity by the diaphragm

64
Q

Abdominal cavity

A

superior portion of the abdominopelvic cavity; contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs

65
Q

X ray (radiograph)

A

nonsurgical means to extract info from within a living body; directs electromagnetic waves of very short wavelength at the body; produces a shadowy negative image of internal structures

66
Q

Pelvic cavity

A

inferior part of the abdominopelvic cavity; lies in the bony pelvis, contains the urinary bladder, some reproductive organs, and the rectum

67
Q

Computed tomography (CT; formerly CAT, computerized axial tomography)

A

uses a refined version of X-ray equipment; provides detailed,cross-sectional picture of each body region scanned

68
Q

Xenon CT

A

CT brain scan enhanced with radioactive xenon as to quickly trace blood flow

69
Q

Dynamic spatial reconstruction (DSR)

A

uses ultrafast CT scanners to provide 3D images of body organs from any angle, and scrutinize their movements and changes in their internal volumes at normal speed, in slow motion, and at a specific moment; greatest value has been to visualize the heart beating and blood flowing through blood vessels; allows clinicians to evaluate heart defects, constricted or blocked vessels, and the status of coronary bypass grafts

70
Q

Digital subtraction angiography (DSA)

A

computer-assisted X-ray technique which provides an unobstructed view of small arteries; often used to identify blockages

71
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET)

A

excels in observing metabolic processes

72
Q

Sonography (ultrasound imaging)

A

distinct advantages over other approaches - inexpensive equipment, safer forms of radiation; body probed with sound waves, cause echoes when reflected and scattered by body tissues; of little value when looking for air-filled structures (lungs) or those surrounded by bone (brain, spinal cord)

73
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

produces high-contrast images of our soft tissues (area in which X-rays and CT scans are weak); maps the body’s content of hydrogen, most of which is in water; dense structures do not show at all

74
Q

Bloodless MRIs

A

currently being tested in animals; measure water flow instead of blood flow

75
Q

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)

A

maps the distribution of elements other than hydrogen to reveal more about how disease changes body chemistry

76
Q

Functional MRI

A

tracks blood flow into the brain in real time; does not require injection of tracers, can pinpoint much smaller areas than PET

77
Q

M2A Swallowable Imaging Capsule

A

tiny camera that a patient swallows like a pill, then excretes normally 8-72 hours later; detects (small) intestinal problems by beaming color images to a data recorder worn on a belt

78
Q

Serosa

A

thin, double-layered membrane that covers the walls of the ventral body cavity and the outer surfaces of the organs it contains

79
Q

Parietal serosa

A

part of the membrane lining the cavity walls; folds in on itself to form the visceral serosa

80
Q

Visceral serosa

A

covers the organs in the ventral body cavity

82
Q

Serous fluid

A

serous membranes are separated by this thin layer of lubricating fluid, which is secreted by both membranes

83
Q

Abdominopelvic quadrants

A

right upper quadrant (RUQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ), & left lower quadrant (LLQ)

84
Q

Umbilical region

A

centermost region deep to and surrounding the umbilicus (navel)

85
Q

Epigastric region

A

located superior to the umbilical region (“upon [the] belly”)

86
Q

Hypogastric (pubic) region

A

located inferior to the umbilical region

87
Q

Right/left iliac (inguinal) regions

A

located lateral to the hypogastric region (references the superior part of the hip bone)

88
Q

Right/left lumbar regions

A

lateral to the umbilical region (“loin”)

89
Q

Right/left hypochondriac regions

A

lateral to the epigastric region and deep to the ribs (“cartilage”)

Pre-Pharm (182 decks)

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