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Pre-Pharm > Bio Ch 4 > Flashcards

Bio Ch 4 Flashcards

0
Q

Cell Theory

A

(1) All organisms are composed of cells (2) cells are the basic units of structure and function in organisms, & (3) cells come only from preexisting cells because cells are self-reproducing

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1
Q

Cell

A

smallest unit of living matter

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2
Q

Surface-area-to-volume ratio

A

ratio of a cell’s outside area to its internal volume; the relationship limits the maximum size of a cell

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3
Q

Compound light microscope

A

uses a set of glass lenses to focus light rays passing through a specimen to produce an image that is viewed by the human eye

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4
Q

Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)

A

uses a set of electromagnetic lenses to focus electrons passing through a specimen to produce an image that is projected onto a fluorescent screen or photographic film

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5
Q

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

A

uses a narrow beam of electrons to scan over the surface of a specimen that is coated with a thin metal layer; secondary electrons given off by the metal are detected and used to produce a 3D image on a tv screen

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6
Q

Magnification

A

ratio between the size of an image and its actual size

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7
Q

Resolution

A

minimum distance between 2 objects that allows them to be seen as separate objects

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8
Q

Contrast

A

difference in the shading of an object compared to its background

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9
Q

Confocal microscopy

A

uses a laser beam scanned across the specimen to focus on a single shallow plane within the cell

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10
Q

Video-enhanced contrast microscopy

A

computer makes the darkest areas of the original image much darker and the lightest areas of the original much lighter

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11
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

cells which lack a membrane-enclosed nucleus

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12
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

cell with a nucleus

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13
Q

Archaeans

A

cells possessing qualities of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

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14
Q

Bacillus

A

a rod-shaped bacterium

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15
Q

Coccus

A

a spherical-shaped bacterium

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16
Q

Spirillum (plural, spirilla)

A

long, rod-shaped bacterium that is twisted into a rigid spiral

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17
Q

Spirochete

A

Long, rod-shaped bacterium that is twisted into a flexible spiral

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18
Q

Cell envelope

A

in bacteria, includes the plasma membrane, the cell wall, and the glycocalyx

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19
Q

Plasma membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins; regulates the entrance and exit of substances into and out of the cytoplasm

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20
Q

Mesosomes

A

internal pouches of the plasma membrane in prokaryotes

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21
Q

Cell wall

A

when present, maintains the shape of the cell, even if the cytoplasm should happen to take up an abundance of water

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22
Q

Glycocalyx

A

layer of polysaccharides that lies outside the cell wall in some bacteria; aids against drying out and helps bacteria resist a host’s immune system; also helps bacteria attach to almost any surface

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23
Q

Capsule

A

well-organized layer of polysaccharides that lies outside the cell wall in some bacteria

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24
Q

Cytoplasm

A

semifluid solution composed of water and inorganic and organic molecules encased by a plasma membrane

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25
Q

Nucleoid

A

region of prokaryotic cells where DNA is located; it is not bounded by a nuclear envelope

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26
Q

Plasmids

A

many bacteria have these extrachromosomal pieces of circular DNA; routinely used in biotechnology labs as a molecular vehicle to transport DNA from different organisms, including humans, into a bacterium

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27
Q

Vector

A

in genetic engineering, a means to transfer foreign genetic material into a cell (a plasmid)

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28
Q

Ribosomes

A

tiny structures that = site of protein synthesis in a cell; composed of proteins and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

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29
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

bacteria that are capable of photosynthesis in the same manner as plants

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30
Q

Flagella

A

appendages on motile bacteria the propel themselves in water

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31
Q

Thylakoids (Cyanobacteria)

A

extensive internal membranes of cyanobacteria where chlorophyll and other pigments absorb solar energy for the production of carbohydrates

32
Q

Fimbriae

A

small, bristle-like fibers that sprout from the cell surface

33
Q

Conjugation pili

A

rigid tubular structures use by bacteria to pass DNA from cell to cell

34
Q

Endosymbiotic Theory

A

explanation of the evolution of eukaryotic organelles by phagocytosis of prokaryotes

35
Q

Organelles

A

compartments of eukaryotic cells; carry out specialized functions that together allow the cell to be more efficient and successful

36
Q

Vesicles

A

membranous sacs that enclose molecules made by enzymes in the organelles’ membranes and keep them separate from the cytoplasm

37
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

vesicles move around by means of this extensive network or lattice of protein fibers; maintains cell shape and assists with cell movement

38
Q

Chromatin

A

network of DNA strands and associated proteins observed within the nucleus of a cell

39
Q

Nucleoplasm

A

semifluid medium of the nucleus containing chromatin

40
Q

Chromosomes

A

structure that transmits the genetic material from one generation to the next; composed of condensed chromatin; each species has a particular number of these that are passed on to the next generation

41
Q

Genes

A

composed of DNA; = units of heredity located on the chromosomes

42
Q

3 types of RNA produced in the nucleus

A

ribosomal RNA (rRNA), messenger RNA (mRNA), & transfer RNA (tRNA); rRNA produced in nucleolus; ribosomes = small bodies in cytoplasm that facilitate protein synthesis; mRNA (mobile molecule) acts as an intermediary for DNA (a sedentary molecule which specifies the sequence of amino acids in a protein); tRNA participates in the assembly of amino acids into a polypeptide by recognizing both mRNA and amino acids during protein synthesis

43
Q

Nucleolus

A

dark region of chromatin where rRNA joins with proteins to form the subunits of ribosomes

44
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

physically separates the cytoplasm from the nucleus by a double membrane

45
Q

Nuclear pores

A

of sufficient size (100 nm) to permit the passage of ribosomal subunits and mRNA out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm, and the passage of proteins from the cytoplasm into the nucleus

46
Q

Polyribosomes

A

string of ribosomes simultaneously translating regions of the same mRNA strand during protein synthesis

47
Q

Signal peptide

A

sequence of amino acids that binds with a signal recognition particle (SRP) causing a ribosome to bind to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

48
Q

Central dogma of molecular biology

A

DNA-mRNA-protein sequence of events

49
Q

Endomembrane system

A

nuclear envelope, the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, and several types of vesicles

50
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

complicated system of membranous channels and saccules (flattened vesicles); physically continuous with the nuclear envelope; consists of rough ER and smooth ER

51
Q

Rough ER

A

studded with ribosomes on the side of the membrane that faces the cytoplasm, giving it the capacity to produce proteins

52
Q

Smooth ER

A

continuous with the nuclear envelope and the rough ER; does not have attached ribosomes

53
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

stack of 3-20 slightly curved, flattened saccules whose appearance can be compared to a stack of pancakes; contains enzymes that modify the carbohydrate chains first attached to proteins in the rough ER; it can change or modify one sugar into another sugar on glucoproteins

54
Q

Secretion

A

release of a substance from a cell by exocytosis

55
Q

Lysosomes

A

membrane-bound vesicles produced by the Golgi apparatus

56
Q

Peroxisomes

A

membrane-bound vesicles that enclose enzymes which are synthesized by free ribosomes and transported into one of these from the cytoplasm

57
Q

Vacuoles

A

membranous sacs; larger than vesicles; usually store substances

58
Q

Central vacuole

A

takes up to 90% of volume of plant cells; filled with a watery fluid called cell sap that gives added support to the cell; maintains hydrostatic pressure or turgor pressure in plant cells, which provides structural support

59
Q

Chloroplasts

A

use solar energy to synthesize carbohydrates, which serve as organic nutrient molecules for plants and all living things on Earth

60
Q

Mitochondria

A

break down carbohydrate-derived products to produce ATP

61
Q

Photosynthesis equation

A

solar energy + carbon dioxide + water –> carbohydrate + oxygen

62
Q

Cellular respiration equation

A

carbohydrate + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water + energy

63
Q

Stroma

A

region within a chloroplast that surrounds the grana; contains enzymes involved in the synthesis of carbohydrates during the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis

64
Q

Granum

A

stack of thylakoids

65
Q

Thylakoids (Plants)

A

flattened sac within a granum of a chloroplast; membrane contains chlorophyll; location where the light reactions of photosynthesis occur

66
Q

Plastids

A

plant organelles that are surrounded by a double membrane and have varied functions

67
Q

Chromoplasts

A

contain pigments that result in a yellow, orange, or red color

68
Q

Leucoplasts

A

generally colorless plastids that synthesize and store starches and oils

69
Q

Cristae

A

increase the surface area of the inner membrane of mitochondria

70
Q

Matrix

A

inner membrane encloses this semifluid structure in mitochondria; contains mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes

71
Q

Actin filaments (formerly microfilaments)

A

long, extremely thin, flexible fibers that occur in bundles or meshlike networks; 7 nm diameter; each filament contains 2 chains of globular actin monomers twisted about 1 another in a helical manner; provide structural support, facilitate cellular movement; in plant cells, form the tracks along which chloroplasts circulate; associated with myosin

72
Q

Motor molecules

A

proteins that can attach, detach, and reattach farther along an actin filament; uses ATP to pull actin filaments along

73
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

in between the size of actin filaments and microtubules (8-11 nm in diameter); ropelike assembly of fibrous polypeptides, but filament type varies according to the tissue; some support the nuclear envelope, others support the plasma membrane and take part in the formation of cell-to-cell junctions

74
Q

Microtubules

A

small, hollow cylinders (25 nm diameter) made of globular protein called tubulin (alpha & beta); 13 rows of tubulin dimers; assembly under regulatory control of a ____ organizing center; motor molecules kinesin and dynein are associated with these

75
Q

Centrosome

A

in most eukaryotic cells, the main MTOC (microtubule organizing center); lies near the nucleus; microtubules radiate from this, helping to maintain the shape of the cell and acting as tracks along which organelles can be moved

76
Q

Centrioles

A

short cylinders with a 9+0 pattern of microtubule triplets (9 sets of triplets in an outer ring, the center does not contain a microtubule)

77
Q

Basal body

A

organelle that lies at the base of cilia and flagella and may direct the organization of microtubules within these structures; centrioles believed to give rise to these in cells with cilia and flagella

78
Q

Cilia & flagella

A

hairlike projections that can move either in an undulating fashion, like a whip, or stiffly like an oar

Pre-Pharm (182 decks)

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