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Pre-Pharm > Bio Ch 24 > Flashcards

Bio Ch 24 Flashcards

1
Q

Root system

A

consists of the roots of the plant

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2
Q

Shoot system

A

consists of stems and leaves

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3
Q

Vegetative Organs

A

structures that contain different tissues and perform one or more specific functions that allow them to live and grow; roots, stems, leaves; concerned with growth and nutrition, not reproduction

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4
Q

Perennial

A

plants that have vegetative structures that live year after year

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5
Q

Stem

A

main axis of a plant; has a terminal bud that allows it to elongate and produce new leaves

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6
Q

Node

A

occurs where leaves are attached to the stem

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7
Q

Internode

A

region between the nodes

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8
Q

Axillary bud

A

located at a node in the upper angle between the leaf and the stem; can produce new branches of the stem (or flowers)

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9
Q

Leaves

A

part of a plant that generally carries on the majority of photosynthesis

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10
Q

Evergreens

A

plants that bear leaves the entire year

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11
Q

Deciduous

A

plants that lose all of their leaves at the end of their growing season

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12
Q

Blade

A

wide portion of a foliage leaf

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13
Q

Petiole

A

stalk that attaches the blade to the stem

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14
Q

Monocots (monocotyledons)

A

plants with a seed containing only 1 cotyledon, which acts as transport tissue

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15
Q

Eudicots (eudiotyledons)

A

plants with seeds that contain 2 cotyledons, which supply nutrients to seedlings

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16
Q

Apical meristems

A

located at or near the tips of stems and roots, where they increase the length of these structures (primary growth)

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17
Q

Meristem

A

undifferentiated embryonic tissue in the active growth regions of plants; intercalary type allows plants to regrow lost parts

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18
Q

Epidermal tissue

A

forms the outer protective covering of a plant

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19
Q

Ground tissue

A

fills the interior of a plant

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20
Q

Vascular tissue

A

transports water and nutrients within the plant as well as providing support

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21
Q

Epidermis

A

closely packed epidermal cells which covers the entire body of both nonwoody (herbaceous) and young woody plants

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22
Q

Cuticle

A

wall of epidermal cells exposed to air; waxy to minimize water loss; also protects against bacteria and other organisms that might cause disease

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23
Q

Root hairs

A

certain epidermal cells have these long, slender projections; increase the surface area of the root for absorption of water and minerals as well as anchoring the plant to various substrates

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24
Q

Trichomes

A

on stems, leaves, and reproductive organs, epidermal cells produce hairs called these that have 2 important functions - to protect the plant from too much sun and to conserve moisture

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25
Q

Stomata (sing., stoma)

A

guard cells (epidermal cells with chloroplasts) surround the microscopic pores called this; when these are open, gas exchange and water loss occurs

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26
Q

Periderm

A

in older woody plants, the epidermis of the stem is replaced by this

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27
Q

Cork

A

majority component of periderm are these boxlike cells

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28
Q

Cork cambium

A

new cork cells are made by a meristem called this

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29
Q

Parenchyma

A

most abundant, typical plant cell; least specialized; found in all the organs of a plant; may contain chloroplasts and carry on photosynthesis or may contain colorless plastids that store the products of photosynthesis

30
Q

Collenchyma

A

cells like parenchyma except with thicker primary walls; thickness is uneven, usually involves the corners of the cell; give flexible support to immature regions of a plant body

31
Q

Sclerenchyma

A

cells with thick secondary cell walls impregnated with lignin

32
Q

Lignin

A

highly resistant organic substance that makes the walls tough and hard; most are nonliving; primary function is to support mature regions of the plant; two types - fibers and sclereids

33
Q

Xylem

A

type of vascular (transport) tissue that transports water and minerals from the roots to the leaves

34
Q

Phloem

A

type of vascular tissue that transports sucrose and other organic compounds, usually from the leaves to the roots

35
Q

Complex tissues

A

xylem and phloem are considered these because they are composed of two or more kinds of cells

36
Q

Vessel elements

A

large. may have perforation plates in their end walls, arranged to form a continuous vessel for water and mineral transport

37
Q

Tracheids

A

has tapered ends, form a less obvious means of transport; water can move across the end walls and side walls because of pits

38
Q

Pits

A

depressions where a secondary wall does not form

39
Q

Sieve-tube members

A

specialized parenchyma cells which serve as the conducting cells of phloem; arranged to form a sieve tube; contain cytoplasm but no nuclei

40
Q

Vascular cylinder

A

in the roots, this is where vascular tissue is located

41
Q

Vascular bundles

A

in the stem, vascular tissue forms these

42
Q

Leaf veins

A

in the leaves, vascular tissue forms these

43
Q

Root apical meristem

A

region protected by the root cap

44
Q

Root cap

A

cells that must be replaced constantly because the get ground off by rough soil particles as the root grows

45
Q

Cortex

A

large, thin-walled parenchyma cells; next to the epidermis; irregularly-shaped, loosely packed, making it possible for water and minerals to move through the cortex without entering the cells; contain starch granules; function = food storage

46
Q

Endodermis

A

single layer of rectangular cells that forms a boundary between the cortex and the inner vascular cylinder

47
Q

Casparian strip

A

impermeable lignin and suberin that borders the endodermal cells on 4 sides; prevents the passage of water and mineral ions between adjacent cell walls; regulates entrance of minerals into the vascular cylinder

48
Q

Pericycle

A

1st layer of cells within the vascular cylinder; capacity to divide and can start the development of branch, or lateral, roots

49
Q

Pith

A

ground tissue of a monocot’s root this is centrally located and surrounded by a vascular ring composed of alternating xylem and phloem bundles

50
Q

Primary root

A

in some plants, notably dicots, the 1st or this root, grows straight down and remains the dominant root of the plant

51
Q

Taproot

A

dominant root of the plant; often fleshy, stores food; carrots, beets, turnips, and radishes have these that we consume as vegetables

52
Q

Fibrous Root System

A

in monocots, there is no single, main root; instead, a large number of slender roots grow from the lower nodes of the stem when the 1st/primary root dies; these slender roots and their lateral branches make up this; most grasses have this

53
Q

Adventitious roots

A

when roots develop from organs of the shoot system instead of the root system; typically found in corn plants (prop roots)

54
Q

Root nodules

A

peas, beans, and other legumes have these where nitrogen-fixing bacteria live

55
Q

Terminal bud

A

part of the stem that contains the shoot tip protected by modified leaves called bud scales

56
Q

Shoot apical meristem

A

protected within the terminal bud, where leaf primordia (immature leaves) envelop it

57
Q

Protoderm

A

outermost primary meristem; gives rise to the epidermis

58
Q

Ground meristem

A

produces 2 tissues composed of parenchyma cells (pith and cortex)

59
Q

Procambium

A

produces the 1st xylem cells, called primary xylem, and the 1st phloem cells, called primary phloem

60
Q

Vascular cambium

A

mature vascular bundles contain fully differentiated xylem, phloem, and a lateral meristem called this

61
Q

Herbaceous stems

A

mature nonwoody stems; exhibit only primary growth

62
Q

Bark

A

part of a tree that contains periderm (cork and cork cambium) and phloem

63
Q

Wood

A

secondary xylem that builds up year after year, thereby increasing the girth of trees

64
Q

Annual ring

A

when the trunk of a tree has spring wood followed by summer wood, the 2 together make up one year’s growth, called this; you can tell the age of a tree by counting these

65
Q

Stolons

A

aboveground horizontal stems; AKA runners; produce new plants where nodes touch the ground

66
Q

Rhizomes

A

underground horizontal stems; may be long and thin (as in sod-forming grasses) or thick and fleshy (as in irises); survive the winter and contribute to asexual reproduction because each node bears a bud

67
Q

Corms

A

bulbous underground stems that lie dormant during the winter; produce new plants the next growing season

68
Q

Mesophyll

A

body of a leaf is composed of this type of tissue

69
Q

Palisade mesophyll

A

1 of 2 distinct regions of a dicot leaf containing elongated cells

70
Q

Spongy mesophyll

A

2nd of 2 distinct regions of a dicot leaf containing irregular cells bounded by air spaces

Pre-Pharm (182 decks)

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