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Pre-Pharm > A&P Lab 8: Skeletal System > Flashcards

A&P Lab 8: Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal system

A

consists of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints

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2
Q

Human skeleton

A

206 bones

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3
Q

Osseous tissue

A

bone; tissue composed of living cells that require nutrients and give off waste just as any other cells in the body

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4
Q

Osteocytes

A

bone cells; produce the hard, calcium phosphate matrix that make up the bulk of bone

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5
Q

Matrix

A

calcium phosphate; makes up the bulk of bone

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6
Q

Compact bone

A

1 of 2 arrangements of osteocytes and matrix; organized in a circular fashion in an osteion or Haversian system

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7
Q

Spongy bone

A

1 of 2 arrangements of osteocytes and matrix; arranged in a 3D latticework which forms many small spaces which typically house red bone marrow

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8
Q

Axial skeleton

A

skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum

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9
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

arms/legs

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10
Q

Cranium

A

skull consists of this, which houses the brain

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11
Q

Facial bones

A

support anterior structures of the head

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12
Q

Sutures

A

flat bones of the cranium are joined by these narrow, immoveable articulations

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13
Q

Frontal bone

A

one large, flat anterior bone

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14
Q

Parietal bone

A

2 large, flat bones forming the anterior lateral wall

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15
Q

Temporal bones

A

2 large bones forming the inferior lateral wall

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16
Q

Occipital bones

A

1 large, flat posterior bone

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17
Q

Sphenoid bone

A

1 butterfly-shaped, mostly interior bone

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18
Q

Ethmoid bone

A

1 small, interior bone anterior to the sphenoid bone

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19
Q

Coronal suture

A

between the frontal and parietal bones

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20
Q

Sagittal suture

A

between the 2 parietal bones

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21
Q

Lambdoidal suture

A

between the parietal bones and the occipital bones

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22
Q

Squamosal suture

A

between the temporal and parietal bones

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23
Q

Maxillary bones

A

2 bones that form the upper jaw and hard palate

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24
Q

Zygomatic bones

A

2 that form the cheek bones

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25
Q

Lacrimal bones

A

2 that form the medial orbit of the eye

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26
Q

Nasal bones

A

2 that form the proximal bridge of the nose

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27
Q

Inferior nasal conchae

A

2 forming the lateral wall of nasal cavity

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28
Q

Palatine bones

A

2 forming the posterior hard palate

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29
Q

Mandible

A

1 forming the lower jaw

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30
Q

Vomer

A

one that forms the floor of the nasal cavity

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31
Q

Supraorbital foramina

A

openings located above each eye socket, or orbit, which transmits the supraorbital nerve and artery

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32
Q

Supraorbital ridges

A

thickenings of the frontal bone superior to each orbit

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33
Q

Mastoid process

A

a rounded projection at the inferior surface that serves as attachment for muscles of mastication (chewing)

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34
Q

Styloid process

A

a narrow, pointed projection anterior to the mastoid process that is an attachment for muscles of the neck and tongue

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35
Q

External auditory meatus

A

the cave-like tube through the temporal bone that supports the ear canal

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36
Q

Mandibular fossa

A

a depression of the inferior surface that receives the condylar process of the mandible

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37
Q

Zygomatic process

A

a slender projection forming part of the cheekbone, which articulates with the zygomatic bone

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38
Q

Carotid canal (foramen)

A

a round opening at the inferior surface that transmits the carotid artery

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39
Q

Jugular foramen

A

a large opening at the inferior surface that transmits the jugular vein

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40
Q

Foramen lacerum

A

a narrow opening with jagged edges at the inferior surface; it is filled with cartilage in a living skull

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41
Q

Stylomastoid foramen

A

a small opening at the inferior surface for cranial nerve VII (facial nerve) and an artery

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42
Q

Internal auditory meatus

A

a small opening at the inferior surface for cranial nerve VII (vestibulocochlear nerve)

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43
Q

Foramen magnum

A

the large opening that allows the spinal cord to connect to the lower brain

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44
Q

Occipital condyles

A

2 rounded processes on opposing sides of the foramen magnum that articulate with the atlas

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45
Q

Hypoglossal foramina

A

2 openings that transmit cranial nerve XII (hypoglossal nerve)

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46
Q

Crista galli

A

a narrow ridge on the superior surface that serves as an attachment for brain membranes

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47
Q

Cribiform plates

A

located on opposing sides of the crista galli, they are sieve-like surfaces that form the roof of the nasal cavity; the perforations (olfactory foramina), permit the olfactory sensory nerves forming cranial I to pass to the brain

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48
Q

Olfactory foramina

A

perforations of the cribiform plates that permit the olfactory sensory nerves forming cranial I to pass to the brain

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49
Q

Perpendicular plate

A

a flat interior surface forming the superior part of the nasal septum

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50
Q

Superior nasal conchae

A

scroll-like projections on each lateral wall of the nasal cavity

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51
Q

Middle nasal conchae

A

scroll-like projections on each lateral wall of the nasal cavity, inferior to the superior nasal conchae

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52
Q

Optic foramina

A

round openings for cranial nerve II (optic nerve)

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53
Q

Foramina rotunda

A

2 openings for the maxillary branch of cranial nerve V (trigeminal nerve)

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54
Q

Foramina ovale

A

2 oval openings for the mandibular branch of cranial nerve V (trigeminal nerve)

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55
Q

Greater and lesser wings

A

flat surfaces that form the anterior and lateral floor of the cranium

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56
Q

Sella turcica

A

a saddle-like bony feature that supports the pituitary gland

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57
Q

Superior orbital fissures

A

narrow openings at each orbit that transmits blood vessels and nerves

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58
Q

Inferior orbital fissures

A

narrow openings below each superior orbital fissure for blood vessels and nerves

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59
Q

Alveolar processes (maxillae)

A

ridges surrounding tooth sockets (alveoli)

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60
Q

Palatine process

A

flat surfaces forming the anterior part of the hard palate, which fuse in the center

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61
Q

Alveolar processes (mandible)

A

ridges surrounding tooth sockets (alveoli)

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62
Q

Body

A

the curved, anterior portion

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63
Q

Ramus

A

the posterior arms that angle upward

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64
Q

Angle

A

the corner where the ramus begins its upward angle

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65
Q

Mental foramina

A

2 openings on the external surface of the body, one on each side

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66
Q

Mandibular foramina

A

2 openings on the inside surface of the ramus, one on each side

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67
Q

Mandibular condyles

A

2 rounded projections on the superior part of the ramus on both sides

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68
Q

Coronoid processes

A

anterior of the 2 superior projections of the ramus, one on each side

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69
Q

Mandibular notches (arches)

A

a large, u-shaped curve of the superior edge of the ramus on each side

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70
Q

Paranasal sinuses

A

cavities within certain bones of the skull that are lined with mucous membranes & communicate with the nasal cavities by way of small openings

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71
Q

4 Paranasal sinuses

A

frontal, sphenoidal, ethmoidal, and maxillary

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72
Q

Fontanels

A

soft spots on fetal skulls

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73
Q

Anterior (frontal) fontanel

A

located between the frontal bones and parietal bones

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74
Q

Anterolateral (spheoidal) fontanel

A

located between the parietal, temporal, and sphenoidal bones

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75
Q

Posterior (occipital) fontanel

A

found between the parietal and occipital bones

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76
Q

Posterolateral (mastoid) fontanel

A

located between the parietal, occipital, and temporal bones

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77
Q

Vertebrae

A

series of irregular bones that makes up the vertebral column, protects the spinal cord, and provides attachment sites for muscles of the back

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78
Q

Vertebral column regions

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal

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79
Q

Spinal canal

A

supports the spinal cord

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80
Q

Intervertebral foramina

A

transmits spinal nerves

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81
Q

Intervertebral disc

A

each superior vertebra articulates with an inferior vertebra at a thickened joint called this

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82
Q

4 Spinal Curvatures

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral curvatures

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83
Q

Body (vertebra)

A

central, rounded part located anteriorly

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84
Q

Pedicle (vertebra)

A

the footpiece, attaching to both sides of the body

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85
Q

Transverse process (vertebra)

A

2 lateral projections, one from each pedicle

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86
Q

Spinous process (vertebra)

A

a single projection in a posterior direction

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87
Q

Lamina (vertebra)

A

a plate that connects transverse processes to the spinous process

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88
Q

Vertebral arch

A

an arch formed by the fusion of the pedicles and lamina

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89
Q

Vertebral foramen

A

a large opening between the body and vertebral arch that transmits the spinal cord

90
Q

Articular processes (vertebra)

A

2 superior and 2 inferior processes that articulate with adjacent vertebrae; the superior __ ____ face toward the spinous process; the inferior __ ____ face in the opposite direction

91
Q

Atlas

A

1st vertebra in the cervical region (C1); named for the mythical Greek god who supported the world on his shoulders

92
Q

Superior articular facets

A

atlas includes these 2, which articulate with the occipital condyles of the skull to permit the up and down movement of the head

93
Q

Axis

A

2nd cervical vertebra (C2); includes a large vertical process (dens or odontoid process), which serves as a pivot for rotation of the atlas and skull in a lateral direction

94
Q

Dens (odontoid process)

A

part of the axis; serves as a pivot for rotation of the atlas and skull in a lateral direction

95
Q

Facets

A

smooth surfaces of the thoracic vertebrae on the transverse processes; articulates with the ribs

96
Q

Demifacets

A

half-sized facets; an articulating surface (with the ribs)

97
Q

Sacrum

A

triangular bone in the adult resulting from the fusion of 5 sacral vertebrae

98
Q

Superior articular processes

A

sacrum articulates superiorly with L5 at these (inferiorly with the coccyx)

99
Q

Sacral foramina

A

openings for sacral nerves

100
Q

Median sacral crest

A

on the posterior side of the sacrum; a remnant of the spinous processes of the fused vertebrae

101
Q

Sacral canal

A

superior opening into the sacrum that extends through it, terminating near the coccyx at an enlarged opening (sacral hiatus)

102
Q

Sacral hiatus

A

enlarged opening of the sacral canal near the coccyx

103
Q

Sacral promontory

A

at the anterior border of the body of S1; important landmark in females for obstetricians

104
Q

Coccyx

A

tailbone; formed by the fusion of 2 or more coccygeal vertebrae; attached to the sacrum by ligaments

105
Q

Thoracic cage (thorax)

A

part of the axial skeleton that forms the thoracic cavity; composed of thoracic vertebrae, the ribs, the sternum, and the costal cartilages extending between the ribs and sternum; protects the heart, lungs, and other organs within the thoracic cavity

106
Q

Ribs

A

include 12 pairs in both males and females; each one is a long, curved, flat bone

107
Q

True ribs (vertebrosternal ribs)

A

the 1st seven pairs of ribs; their costal cartilages attach directly to the sternum

108
Q

False ribs

A

the last 5 rib pairs (8-12); do not attach directly to the sternum

109
Q

Vertebrochondral ribs

A

rib pairs 8-10; their costal cartilages attach to the sternum indirectly, by way of attachment to the costal cartilage of rib pairs 7

110
Q

Floating ribs (vertebral ribs)

A

False rib pairs 11 & 12; lack any attachment at their distal ends

111
Q

Intercostal space

A

Space between adjacent ribs

112
Q

Head (rib)

A

thickened proximal end of a rib that articulates with the demifacets of the thoracic vertebra bodies

113
Q

Neck (rib)

A

narrow part of the rib distal to the head

114
Q

Tubercle

A

small thickening near the neck of a rib that articulates with the facet of a transverse process of a thoracic vertebra

115
Q

Body (rib)

A

forms the main part of the rib

116
Q

Sternum

A

relatively wide, flat bone of the anterior thorax; commonly known as the breastplate; composed of 3 bones that fused during development

117
Q

Manubrium

A

superior part of the sternum, articulates with the 2 clavicles

118
Q

Jugular notch (suprasternal notch)

A

concave surface at the superior border of the manubrium, articulates with rib pair 1

119
Q

Body (sternum)

A

forms the main part of the bone; includes articulations with rib pairs 2-7

120
Q

Sternal angle

A

between the manubrium and body is this transverse ridge; important clinical landmark for counting ribs to locate the 2nd intercostal space when evaluating the heart

121
Q

Xiphoid process

A

forms the inferior part of the sternum, located at the 5th intercostal space; resembles a downward pointing sword, from which it was named

122
Q

Clavicle

A

slender, double curved bone that attaches the upper limbs to the axial skeleton

123
Q

Sternal end

A

blund, medial extremity of the clavicle, which articulates with the manubrium of the sternum

124
Q

Acromial end

A

slightlly flattened lateral extremity of the clavicle, which articulates with the acromion of the scapula

125
Q

Scapula

A

triangular bone with projections for muscle attachment

126
Q

Spine (scapula)

A

narrow ridge on the posterior side

127
Q

Acromion

A

flattened, prominent process at the lateral end of the spine (of the scapula)

128
Q

Coracoid process

A

beak-like process superior and medial to the glenoid cavity

129
Q

Glenoid cavity

A

socketed depression inferior to the acromion, which articulates with the head of the humerus

130
Q

Supraspinous fossa

A

a depression superior to the spine (of the scapula)

131
Q

Infraspinous fossa

A

a depression inferior to the spine (of the scapula)

132
Q

Subscapular fossa

A

the large, slightly depressed surface on the anterior side

133
Q

Lateral (axillary) border

A

the lateral edge, which is near the axilla

134
Q

Medial (vertebral) border

A

the medial edge, which is near the vertebral column

135
Q

Humerus

A

the single bone of the arm

136
Q

Head (humerus)

A

the rounded, proximal end of the humerus

137
Q

Anatomical neck

A

the distal border of the head of the humerus

138
Q

Surgical neck

A

the constricted area immediately distal to the anatomical neck of the humerus, which is a common site of fracture

139
Q

Greater tubercle

A

a prominent, lateral projection distal to the anatomical neck of the humerus

140
Q

Lesser tubercle

A

a smaller, medial projection of the humerus

141
Q

Intertubercular (bicipital) groove

A

a narrow channel between the 2 tubercles of the humerus

142
Q

Deltoid tuberosity

A

a roughened area near the midpoint of the shaft of the humerus, which provides attachment to the large deltoid muscle of the shoulder

143
Q

Trochlea

A

a spool-shaped condyle on the medial side of the distal end, which articulates with the radius of the forearm

144
Q

Capitulum

A

a rounded condyle on the lateral side of the distal end, which articulates with the radius of the forearm

145
Q

Medical epicondyle

A

a knob-like projection on the medial side, superior to the trochlea

146
Q

Lateral epicondyle

A

a small knob-like projection of the lateral side, superior to the capitulum

147
Q

Coronoid fossa

A

a shallow depression on the anterior surface of the distal end of the humerus

148
Q

Olecranon fossa

A

a shallow depression on the posterior surface of the distal end of the humerus

149
Q

Radius

A

the lateral bone of the forearm, in line with the thumb; articulates with the humerus at its proximal end and with the ulna at its distal end

150
Q

Head (radius)

A

the disc-shaped proximal extremity, which articulates with the capitulum of the ulna

151
Q

Radial tuberosity

A

a roughened surface just below the head on the medial side of the shaft, which attaches to the tendon of the biceps brachii muscle

152
Q

Ulnar notch

A

a small surface area at the distal end that articulates with the ulna

153
Q

Styloid notch

A

a pointed lateral projection at the distal extremity of the radius

154
Q

Ulna

A

medial bone of the forearm; includes a proximal prominence that forms part of the elbow

155
Q

Olecranon process

A

a prominent, curved projection on the posterior side of the proximal end of the ulna, which is the bony elbow

156
Q

Coronoid process

A

a smaller, curved projection on the anterior side of the proximal end of the ulna, and distal to the olecranon process

157
Q

Trochlear notch

A

a prominent depression separating the olecranon process and the coronoid process, which receives the trochlea of the humerus

158
Q

Styloid process

A

a pointed medial projection at the distal extermity of the ulna

159
Q

Hand

A

composed of the bones of the wrist, the bones of the body of the hand, and the bones of the fingers

160
Q

Carpals

A

8 short bones that form the wrist (carpus); proximal row of 4 bones, medial to lateral, include the scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, and pisiform bones; the distal row of 4 bones, medial to lateral, include the trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate bones

161
Q

Metacarpals

A

the small long bones supporting the palm of the hand, or metacarpus; there are 5 of these bones, numbered 1-5 from lateral (thumb side) to medial; articulate with the carpals of the wrist, and the rounded heads of each bone articulates with the digits distally; in a clenched fist, the heads of these form the knuckles

162
Q

Phalanges (fingers)

A

the 14 bones of the digits or fingers, numbered 1-5 from lateral (thumb side) to medial; each one contains 3 ____, proximal, middle, and distal, except the thumb (pollex), which has only 2 ____, proximal and distal

163
Q

Pelvic girdle

A

supports the upright weight of the body superior to it; provides attachment sites for muscles of the hip and thigh; consists of 2 hip (coxal) bones

164
Q

Os coxae

A

hip/coxal bones (right and left), each formed by the ilium, ischium, and pubis; connect the lower limb to the axial skeleton

165
Q

Acetabulum

A

os coxae contribute to the formation of the large socket that receives the head of the femur at this hip joint

166
Q

Obturator foramen

A

large opening that permits nerves and blood vessels

167
Q

Pelvis

A

2 os coxae articulate anteriorly at a slightly flexible joint (pubic symphysis); posteriorly they articulate with the sacrum at the sacroiliac joints; the result is the ______

168
Q

Ilium

A

the largest and most superior of the 3 bones of the os coxae

169
Q

Iliac crest

A

superior border of the ilium

170
Q

Anterior superior iliac spine

A

a small projection at the anterior end of the iliac crest

171
Q

Posterior superior iliac spine

A

a small projection at the posterior end of the iliac crest

172
Q

Auricular surface

A

a surface area on the posterior side that articulates with the sacrum at the sacroiliac joint

173
Q

Greater sciatic notch

A

a large indentation on the posterior side of the ilium

174
Q

Iliac fossa

A

a shallow depression on the anterior surface of the ilium

175
Q

Ischium

A

the inferior and posterior part of the coxal bone

176
Q

Ischial tuberosity

A

a roughened projection on the posterior and inferior margin of the ischium; it receives the weight of the body when sitting

177
Q

Ischial spine

A

a posterior projection superior to the ischial tuberosity

178
Q

Lesser sciatic notch

A

a small indentation between the ischial tuberosity and the ischial spine

179
Q

Ischial ramus

A

a flat portion of the ischium

180
Q

Pubis

A

the most anterior part of the coxal bone

181
Q

Pubic symphysis

A

a slightly flexible joint where the 2 pubis bones meet

182
Q

Pelvis

A

formed by 2 coxal bones and the sacrum, AKA the pelvic girdle

183
Q

Pelvic brim (pelvic inlet)

A

superior margin of the pelvis extending from the sacral promontory laterally and anteriorly to the pubic symphysis

184
Q

False pelvis

A

the wide area of the pelvis from the iliac crest of 1 coxal bone to the iliac crest of the other coxal bone

185
Q

True pelvis

A

the portion of the pelvis surrounding the pelvic cavity and inferior to the pelvic brim; its superior margin is the pelvic brim/inlet

186
Q

Pelvic outlet

A

the inferior margin of the true pelvis

187
Q

Sacroiliac joint

A

the joint between the sacrum and the ilium

188
Q

Femur

A

the thigh bone; the thickest and strongest bone of the human skeleton; its inferior end articulates with the acetabulum of the pelvis to form the hip joint; it superior end articulates with the tibia and patella

189
Q

Head (femur)

A

large, round prominence at the proximal end of the femur; contains a small hole (fovea capitis), from which a ligament attaches at the acetabulum

190
Q

Fovea capitis

A

small hole in the femur from which a ligament attaches at the acetabulum

191
Q

Neck (femur)

A

the constriction distal to the head of the femur; it is the weakest part and a common site of fracture

192
Q

Greater trochanter

A

a large superior projection lateral to the neck of the femur, which is a site of muscle attachment

193
Q

Lesser trochanter

A

a smaller, posterior projection distal to the greater trochanter

194
Q

Intertrochanteric crest

A

a posterior ridge connecting the 2 trochanters

195
Q

Intertrochanteric line

A

an anterior ridge connecting the 2 trochanters

196
Q

Gluteal tuberosity

A

a small roughened projection inferior to the lesser trochanter on the posterior side of the femur

197
Q

Linea aspera

A

a small vertical ridge on the posterior side of the shaft of the femur

198
Q

Medial condyle (femur)

A

a rounded, medial projection on the posterior side of the distal end of the femur

199
Q

Lateral condyle (femur)

A

a rounded, lateral projection on the posterior side of the distal end of the femur

200
Q

Intercondylar fossa

A

a deep depression between the 2 condyles on the posterior side of the distal end of the femur

201
Q

Patellar surface

A

a smooth surface on the anterior side of the distal end, which articulates with the patella

202
Q

Medial epicondyle

A

a small medial process at the distal end of the femur

203
Q

Lateral epicondyle

A

a small lateral process at the distal end of the femur

204
Q

Patella

A

kneecap; small, triangular sesamoid bone that articulates with the patellar surface and condyles of the femur and is enclosed within the quadriceps tendon; its posterior surface has smooth, articular facets

205
Q

Tibia

A

the heavier and medial of the 2 bones of the legs; it bears the bodies weight; articulates with the other bone of the leg (fibula) on its lateral edge

206
Q

Medial condyle (tibia)

A

flat, medial prominence at the proximal end of the tibia

207
Q

Lateral condyle (tibia)

A

flat, lateral prominence at the proximal end of the tibia

208
Q

Tibial tuberosity

A

a large, roughened surface area on the anterior side just below the condyles, which attaches to the patellar ligament

209
Q

Anterior crest

A

a narrow ridge on the anterior surface of the tibia, which can be palpated

210
Q

Medial malleolus

A

forming the medial bulge of the ankle, it is a medial process on the distal end of the tibia

211
Q

Intercondylar eminence

A

a process at the proximal extremity between the articular surfaces of the tibia

212
Q

Fibula

A

slender, lateral leg bone; important for muscle attachment but plays no role in weight support

213
Q

Head (fibula)

A

expanded proximal end of the fibula

214
Q

Lateral malleolus

A

distal, pointed end of the fibula that forms the lateral bulge of the ankle

215
Q

Foot

A

composed of the bones of the ankle, the bones of the body of the foot, and the bones of the toes

216
Q

Tarsals

A

7 short bones that form the ankle (tarsus); besides the calcaneus and talus, the remaining ankle bones are the cuboid, navicular, medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, and lateral cuneiform

217
Q

Calcaneus

A

largest bone of the ankle; AKA heel bone

218
Q

Talus

A

prominent ankle bone; articulates with the tibia

219
Q

Metatarsals

A

small long bones supporting the sole of the foot (metatarsus); 5 bones, numbered 1-5 from lateral (thumb side) to medial; articulate with the tarsals of the ankle, and the rounded heads of each bone articulates with the phalanges distally

220
Q

Phalanges (toes)

A

14 bones of the toes, numbered 1-5 from lateral (large toe side) to medial; each contains 3 ____, proximal, middle, and distal, except the large toe, which only has 2 ______, proximal and distal

Pre-Pharm (182 decks)

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