Bio Ch 16

Question 0

Microevolution

Answer 0

pertains to evolutionary change within populations

Question 1

Population

Answer 1

a group of organisms of a single species living together in the same geographic area

Question 3

Population genetics

Answer 3

field of biology that studies the diversity of populations at the level of the gene

Question 4

Gene Pool

Answer 4

the alleles of all genes in all individuals in a population

Question 5

Allele Frequency

Answer 5

proportion of each allele in a population’s gene pool

Question 6

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

Answer 6

genetic equilibrium; a stable, non-evolving state

Question 7

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

Answer 7

proposal that the genotype frequencies of a non-evolving population can be described by the expression p^2 + 2pq + q^2 (with p & q representing the frequency of dominant and recessive alleles)

Question 8

Mutation

Answer 8

change to the DNA sequence

Question 9

Gene Flow

Answer 9

movement of alleles between populations

Question 10

Reproductively isolated

Answer 10

incapable of interbreeding

Question 11

Genetic Drift

Answer 11

changes in the allele frequencies of a gene pool due to chance events

Question 12

Bottleneck Effect

Answer 12

special type of genetic drift where the loss of genetic diversity is from natural disasters or because of disease, overhunting, overharvesting, or habitat loss

Question 13

Founder Effect

Answer 13

Type of genetic drift, similar to a bottleneck effect except that genetic variation is lost when a few individuals break away from a large population to found a new population

Question 14

Inbreeding

Answer 14

mating between relatives; unlike genetic drift, this does not alone affect the frequency of alleles and thus does not cause a population to evolve

Question 15

Nonrandom mating

Answer 15

gametes and thus alleles assort according to mating behavior

Question 16

Assortative mating

Answer 16

A type of nonrandom mating that occurs when individuals choose a mate with a preferred trait; brings together alleles for a certain trait more often than would happen by chance

Question 17

Polygenic

Answer 17

traits controlled by many genes

Question 18

Stabilizing selection

Answer 18

occurs when an intermediate phenotype can improve the adaptation of the population to those aspects of the environment that remains constant

Question 19

Directional selection

Answer 19

occurs when an extreme phenotype is favored, and the distribution curve shifts in that direction

Question 20

Disruptive selection

Answer 20

when 2 or more extreme phenotypes are favored over any intermediate phenotype

Question 21

Sexual selection

Answer 21

refers to adaptive changes in males and females that lead to an increased ability to secure a mate

Question 22

Fitness

Answer 22

ability to produce surviving offspring

Question 23

Sexual dimorphism

Answer 23

males and females differ in size and other traits

Question 24

Cost-benefit analyses

Answer 24

determines whether the benefit of access to mating is worth the cost of competition among males

Question 25

Dominance hierarchies

Answer 25

males and females have these, in which a higher-ranking animal has greater access to resources than a lower-ranking animal

Question 26

Territory

Answer 26

area that is defended against competitors

Question 27

Territoriality

Answer 27

type of defensive behavior needed to defend a territory

Question 28

Heterozygote Advantage

Answer 28

occurs when the heterozygote is favored over the two homozygotes