A&PII: Lab 4: The Cardiovascular System - Heart Anatomy Flashcards
Cardiovascular system
composed of the blood, heart, and blood vessels
Apex
pointed bottom of the heart; on the left side of the median line; contacts the diaphragm near the 5th intercostal space
Base
broader upper portion of the heart; located beneath the 2nd rib
Parietal pericardium
pericardial sac; loose-fitting membrane that encloses the heart
Pericardial cavity
small space inside the parietal pericardium containing serous fluid produced by serous membrane cells, which provides lubrication
Viscearl pericardium
AKA epicardium; 2nd serous membrane that forms the outer wall of the heart (firmly attached)
Atria
2 superior compartments of the heart
Ventricles
2 inferior compartments of the heart
Auricle
each atrium contains this sac that increases its internal volume
Coronary sulcus (atrioventricular groove)
groove circumventing the heart, revealing the division between the atria and ventricles
Coronary sinus
within the coronary sulcus; drains the heart wall
Anterior interventricular sulcus
on the anterior side of the heart; 1 of 2 grooves that reveals the division between the right and left ventricles
Posterior interventricular sulcus
on the posterior side of the heart; 1 of 2 grooves that reveals the division between the right and left ventricles
Aorta
1 of the great vessels that unite with the heart; arises from the left ventricle
Pulmonary trunk
1 of the great vessels that unite with the heart; arises from the right ventricle
Inferior & superior vena cava
2 of the great vessels that unite with the heart; merge with the right atrium
Ascending aorta
segment of the aorta that arises from the base of the heart
Aortic arch
segment of the aorta that forms a U-turn
Descending aorta
segment of the aorta that descends posteriorly
Right and left pulmonary veins
2 veins on each side of the heart; can be observed from the posterior side of the heart to unite with the left atrium
Ligamentum arteriosum
small band of connective tissue, extends between the pulmonary trunk and the aorta; vestigial structure
Ductus arteriosus
blood vessel that once served to shunt blood during fetal life; becomes the vestigial structure ligamentum arteriosum
Epicardium
outermost layer of the heart wall; AKA visceral pericardium
Myocardium
deep to the epicardium; thick, cardiac muscle tissue; forms most of the volume of the heart wall; = layer of tissue that provides the propulsive force of contraction
Endocardium
deep to the myocardium; thin sheet of endothelium that lines the inner chambers of the heart and the heart valves
Interatrial septum
the right and left atria are separated by this
Interventricular septum
the right and left ventricles are separated by this
Right atrioventricular (AV) valve
AKA tricuspid valve; doorway-like valve in the border between the right atrium and right ventricle; channels blood from the atrium to the ventricle; named due to the presence of 3 flaps/cusps
Left atrioventricular (AV) valve
AKA bicuspid valve; valve between the left atrium and left ventricle; directs blood flow from the atrium to the ventricle; has 2 flaps/cusps; AKA mitral valve due to its resemblance to the tall hat of a bishop (“miter = tall, 2-cusped hat)
Right semilunar (SL) valve
AKA pulmonary valve; located near the origin of the pulmonary trunk
Left semilunar (SL) valve
AKA aortic valve; located near the origin of the ascending aorta; directs blood from the left ventricle to the aorta
Pectinate muscles
the anterior side of the right atrium as a ridged appearance due to the parallel arrangement of cardiac muscle bundles; “comb”
Fossa ovalis
present on the interior wall of the right atrium of an adult heart is this slight oval depression; in a fetal heart, it is an opening that allows blood to shunt between the atria in order to bypass circulation to the developing lungs
Foramen ovale
opening which normally contracts with the newborn’s first gasps of air, then gradually fills with connective tissue
Trabeculae carneae
“little beam” & “flesh”; the inner walls of the ventricles contain ridges of cardiac muscle, but are more prominent than those of the right atrium
Papillary muscles
more prominent of the trabeculae carneae; have string-like cords of connective tissue extending from them (chordae tendineae)
Chordae tendineae
string-like cords of connective tissue extending from the papillary muscles; the opposite ends of these cords are firmly attached to the AV valves & prevents them from folding into the atria
Systemic circulation
1 of 2 major pathways; begins as blood leaves the left ventricle; flows to aorta - brings oxygenated blood to all tissues throughout the body (except lungs)
Coronary circulation
at the base of the aorta, blood flows into the coronary arteries to supply the heart via this pathway
Pulmonary circulation
1 of 2 major pathways; once within the right atrium, contractions of the heart push deoxygenated blood through the right AV valve (tricuspid) into the right ventricle, through the right SL valve (pulmonary) into the pulmonary trunk to begin this pathway
Right and left coronary arteries
coronary circulation begins with these arteries, which arise from the base of the aorta
Posterior interventricular & marginal artery
major branches of the right coronary artery
Anterior interventricular artery & circumflex artery
major branches of the left coronary artery
Great, middle, & small cardiac veins
the myocardium is drained by these veins
Coronary sinus
the great, middle, and small cardiac veins drain into this compartment, which empties blood into the right atrium
Cardiac muscle tissue
this type of tissue dominates the myocardium (thickest portion of the heart wall)
Intercalated disks
distinguishing feature of cardiac cells is the presence of these thickenings between adjacent cells; = gap junctions, which enable action potentials to spread quickly from cell to cell
