Bio Ch 32

Question 1

Circulatory system

Answer 1

moves fluid between various parts of the body

Question 2

Blood

Answer 2

1 type of circulatory fluid, which is always contained within blood vessels

Question 3

Hemolymph

Answer 3

type of circulatory fluid, a mixture of blood and tissue fluid, which fills the body cavity and surround the inner organs

Question 4

Open circulatory system

Answer 4

hemolymph is seen in animals with this, which consists of blood vessels plus open spaces

Question 5

Closed circulatory system

Answer 5

blood is seen in animals with this, in which blood does not leave the vessels

Question 6

Cardiovascular system

Answer 6

all vertebrate animals have a closed one of these consisting of a strong, muscular heart in which the atria (sing., atrium) receive blood and the muscular ventricles pump blood through the blood vessels

Question 7

Arteries

Answer 7

carry blood away from the heart

Question 8

Capillaries

Answer 8

exchange materials with tissue fluid

Question 9

Veins

Answer 9

return blood to the heart

Question 10

Arterioles

Answer 10

small arteries whose diameter can be regulated by the nervous and endocrine systems; constriction and dilation of these affect blood pressure; greater the number of these dilated

Question 11

Venules

Answer 11

along with veins, collect blood from the capillary beds and take it to the heart; drain blood from capillaries

Question 12

Systemic circuit

Answer 12

heart pumps blood to the tissues through this

Question 13

Pulmonary circuit

Answer 13

heart pumps blood to the lungs through this

Question 14

Heart

Answer 14

cone-shaped, muscular organ about the size of a fist; located between the lungs directly behind the sternum (breastbone) and is tilted so the apex (pointed end) is oriented to the left

Question 15

Septum

Answer 15

this wall separates the heart into a right side and a left side

Question 16

Atrium (pl., atria)

Answer 16

two, upper, thin-walled chambers with wrinkled, protruding appendages called auricles

Question 17

Ventricles

Answer 17

two lower thick-walled chambers, which pump blood away from the heart

Question 18

Atrioventricular valves

Answer 18

two valves that lie between the atria and the ventricles that are supported by strong fibrous strings called chordae tendineae

Question 19

Semilunar valves

Answer 19

valves between the ventricles and their attached vessels whose flaps resemble half-moons; pulmonary and aortic types

Question 20

Systole

Answer 20

refers to the contraction of the heart chambers

Question 21

Diastole

Answer 21

refers to relaxation of these chambers

Question 22

Cardiac cycle

Answer 22

one complete cycle of systole and diastole for all heart chambers

Question 23

Cardiac output

Answer 23

the volume of blood that the left ventricle pumps per minute into the systemic circuit is called this

Question 24

Pulse

Answer 24

wave effect that passes down the walls of the arterial blood vessels when the aorta expands and then recoils following ventricular systole

Question 25

Pacemaker

Answer 25

Sinoatrial (SA) node is called this because it usually keeps the heartbeat regular

Question 26

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Answer 26

recording of the electrical changes that occur in the myocardium during a cardiac cycle

Question 27

Aorta

Answer 27

major systemic artery that takes blood from the heart to the tissues

Question 28

Venae cavae (sing. vena cava)

Answer 28

large systemic vein that returns blood to the right atrium of the heart in tetrapods; either the superior or inferior

Question 29

Portal system

Answer 29

structure in which blood from capillaries travels through veins to reach another set of capillaries, without first traveling through the heart

Question 30

Blood pressure

Answer 30

can be measured with a sphygmomanometer, which has a pressure cuff that determines the amount of pressure required to stop the flow of blood through an artery

Question 31

Hypertension

Answer 31

high blood pressure; often caused by narrowing of arteries due to atherosclerosis

Question 32

Atherosclerosis

Answer 32

accumulation of soft masses of fatty materials, particularly cholesterol, beneath the inner linings of arteries (plaque)

Question 33

Stroke

Answer 33

disruption of blood supply to the brain; often results when a small cranial arteriole bursts or is blocked by an embolus

Question 34

Angina pectoris

Answer 34

if a coronary artery becomes partially blocked, the individual may suffer from this condition, characterized as a squeezing sensation or a flash of burning

Question 35

Heart attack

Answer 35

myocardial infarction; if a coronary artery is completely blocked, perhaps by a thromboembolism, a portion of the heart muscle dies due to a lack of oxygen

Question 36

Plasma

Answer 36

contains many types of molecules, including nutrients, wastes, salts, and hundreds of different types of proteins

Question 37

Antibodies

Answer 37

significant group of plasma proteins produced by the immune system in response to specific pathogens and other foreign materials

Question 38

Formed elements

Answer 38

red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes)

Question 39

Red blood cells

Answer 39

small, biconcave disks that at maturity lack a nucleus and contain the respiratory pigment hemoglobin; average adult human has 5-6 million of these per cubic mm; each one of these has 250 million hemoglobin molecules

Question 40

Hemoglobin

Answer 40

contains 4 globin protein chains, each associated with heme, an iron-containing group

Question 41

Antigen

Answer 41

molecule (usually a protein or carbohydrate) that can trigger a specific immune response

Question 42

Agglutination

Answer 42

clumping of red blood cells; can cause blood to stop circulating in small blood vessels, leading to organ damage

Question 43

White blood cells (leukocytes)

Answer 43

large, lack a nucleus, lack hemoglobin, appear translucent; 5000 - 11,000 of these per cubic mm in humans

Question 44

Granular leukoctyes

Answer 44

cytoplasm of neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils contain spherical vesicles (granules) filled with enzymes and proteins that these cells used to help defend the body against invading microbes and other parasites

Question 45

Neutrophils

Answer 45

have a multilobed nucleus; AKA polymorphonuclear cells; most abundant of WBCs; able to squeeze through capillary walls and enter the tissues, where they phagocytize and digest bacteria; pus = dead ones

Question 46

Basophil

Answer 46

granules that stain a deep blue; contain inflammatory chemicals such as histamine

Question 47

Eosinophils

Answer 47

stain deed red; involved in fighting parasitic worms among other actions

Question 48

Agraunular leukocytes

Answer 48

AKA mononuclear cells; lack obvious granules, include the monocytes and the lymphocytes

Question 49

Monocytes

Answer 49

largest of the WBCs; tend to migrate into tissues in response to chronic, ongoing infections, where they differentiate into large phagocytic macrophages

Question 50

Macrophages

Answer 50

long-lived cells that fight infections directly and release growth factors that increase the production of different types of WBCs by the bone marrow

Question 51

Lymphocytes

Answer 51

second most common type of WBC in the blood; T cells and B cells - each play a distinct role in adaptive immune response to specific antigens

Question 52

Platelets (thrombocytes)

Answer 52

result from fragmentation of large cells, called megakaryocytes, in the red bone marrow; produced at a rate of 200 billion/day; blood contains 150,000 - 300,000 per cubic mm; involved in blood clotting

Question 53

Clotting

Answer 53

Coagulation

Question 54

Tissue fluid

Answer 54

substances that leave a capillary contribute to this fluid between the body's cells; tends to contain all components of plasma but has much lower amounts of protein

Question 55

Lymph

Answer 55

tissue fluid contained within lymphatic vessels; is returned to the systemic venous blood when the major lymphatic vessels enter the subclavian veins in the shoulder region