Bio Ch 32 Flashcards
Circulatory system
moves fluid between various parts of the body
Blood
1 type of circulatory fluid, which is always contained within blood vessels
Hemolymph
type of circulatory fluid, a mixture of blood and tissue fluid, which fills the body cavity and surround the inner organs
Open circulatory system
hemolymph is seen in animals with this, which consists of blood vessels plus open spaces
Closed circulatory system
blood is seen in animals with this, in which blood does not leave the vessels
Cardiovascular system
all vertebrate animals have a closed one of these consisting of a strong, muscular heart in which the atria (sing., atrium) receive blood and the muscular ventricles pump blood through the blood vessels
Arteries
carry blood away from the heart
Capillaries
exchange materials with tissue fluid
Veins
return blood to the heart
Arterioles
small arteries whose diameter can be regulated by the nervous and endocrine systems; constriction and dilation of these affect blood pressure; greater the number of these dilated
Venules
along with veins, collect blood from the capillary beds and take it to the heart; drain blood from capillaries
Systemic circuit
heart pumps blood to the tissues through this
Pulmonary circuit
heart pumps blood to the lungs through this
Heart
cone-shaped, muscular organ about the size of a fist; located between the lungs directly behind the sternum (breastbone) and is tilted so the apex (pointed end) is oriented to the left
Septum
this wall separates the heart into a right side and a left side
Atrium (pl., atria)
two, upper, thin-walled chambers with wrinkled, protruding appendages called auricles
Ventricles
two lower thick-walled chambers, which pump blood away from the heart
Atrioventricular valves
two valves that lie between the atria and the ventricles that are supported by strong fibrous strings called chordae tendineae
Semilunar valves
valves between the ventricles and their attached vessels whose flaps resemble half-moons; pulmonary and aortic types
Systole
refers to the contraction of the heart chambers
Diastole
refers to relaxation of these chambers
Cardiac cycle
one complete cycle of systole and diastole for all heart chambers
Cardiac output
the volume of blood that the left ventricle pumps per minute into the systemic circuit is called this
Pulse
wave effect that passes down the walls of the arterial blood vessels when the aorta expands and then recoils following ventricular systole
Pacemaker
Sinoatrial (SA) node is called this because it usually keeps the heartbeat regular
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
recording of the electrical changes that occur in the myocardium during a cardiac cycle
Aorta
major systemic artery that takes blood from the heart to the tissues
Venae cavae (sing. vena cava)
large systemic vein that returns blood to the right atrium of the heart in tetrapods; either the superior or inferior
Portal system
structure in which blood from capillaries travels through veins to reach another set of capillaries, without first traveling through the heart
Blood pressure
can be measured with a sphygmomanometer, which has a pressure cuff that determines the amount of pressure required to stop the flow of blood through an artery
Hypertension
high blood pressure; often caused by narrowing of arteries due to atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis
accumulation of soft masses of fatty materials, particularly cholesterol, beneath the inner linings of arteries (plaque)
Stroke
disruption of blood supply to the brain; often results when a small cranial arteriole bursts or is blocked by an embolus
Angina pectoris
if a coronary artery becomes partially blocked, the individual may suffer from this condition, characterized as a squeezing sensation or a flash of burning
Heart attack
myocardial infarction; if a coronary artery is completely blocked, perhaps by a thromboembolism, a portion of the heart muscle dies due to a lack of oxygen
Plasma
contains many types of molecules, including nutrients, wastes, salts, and hundreds of different types of proteins
Antibodies
significant group of plasma proteins produced by the immune system in response to specific pathogens and other foreign materials
Formed elements
red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes)
Red blood cells
small, biconcave disks that at maturity lack a nucleus and contain the respiratory pigment hemoglobin; average adult human has 5-6 million of these per cubic mm; each one of these has 250 million hemoglobin molecules
Hemoglobin
contains 4 globin protein chains, each associated with heme, an iron-containing group
Antigen
molecule (usually a protein or carbohydrate) that can trigger a specific immune response
Agglutination
clumping of red blood cells; can cause blood to stop circulating in small blood vessels, leading to organ damage
White blood cells (leukocytes)
large, lack a nucleus, lack hemoglobin, appear translucent; 5000 - 11,000 of these per cubic mm in humans
Granular leukoctyes
cytoplasm of neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils contain spherical vesicles (granules) filled with enzymes and proteins that these cells used to help defend the body against invading microbes and other parasites
Neutrophils
have a multilobed nucleus; AKA polymorphonuclear cells; most abundant of WBCs; able to squeeze through capillary walls and enter the tissues, where they phagocytize and digest bacteria; pus = dead ones
Basophil
granules that stain a deep blue; contain inflammatory chemicals such as histamine
Eosinophils
stain deed red; involved in fighting parasitic worms among other actions
Agraunular leukocytes
AKA mononuclear cells; lack obvious granules, include the monocytes and the lymphocytes
Monocytes
largest of the WBCs; tend to migrate into tissues in response to chronic, ongoing infections, where they differentiate into large phagocytic macrophages
Macrophages
long-lived cells that fight infections directly and release growth factors that increase the production of different types of WBCs by the bone marrow
Lymphocytes
second most common type of WBC in the blood; T cells and B cells - each play a distinct role in adaptive immune response to specific antigens
Platelets (thrombocytes)
result from fragmentation of large cells, called megakaryocytes, in the red bone marrow; produced at a rate of 200 billion/day; blood contains 150,000 - 300,000 per cubic mm; involved in blood clotting
Clotting
Coagulation
Tissue fluid
substances that leave a capillary contribute to this fluid between the body’s cells; tends to contain all components of plasma but has much lower amounts of protein
Lymph
tissue fluid contained within lymphatic vessels; is returned to the systemic venous blood when the major lymphatic vessels enter the subclavian veins in the shoulder region
