Lab Ex 27 Survey of the Kingdom Fungi Flashcards
Hypha
basic structure of a fungus; a slender filament of cytoplasm and nuclei enclosed by a cell wall
Mycelium
mass of hyphae that make up an individual organism; collectively called this
Extracellular digestion
hyphae of a fungus secrete enzymes to do this to an organic substrate
Absorptive heterotrophs
fungi called this because the mycelium and hyphae absorb the digested nutrients
Saprophytes
most fungi obtain food from dead organic matter
Parasites
fungi that feed on living organisms; have modified hyphae called haustoria
Haustoria
modified hyphae; thin extensions of the hyphae that penetrate living cells and absorb nutrients
Septa
hyphae of some species of fungi have crosswalls called this; separate cytoplasm and nuclei into cells
Coenocytic
multinucleate; hyphae of some species with incomplete or no septa (aseptate)
Chitin
cell walls of fungi made of this (same polysacchardies that comprise the exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans)
Spores
fungi commonly reproduce asexually by mitotic production of haploid vegetative cells called these; microscopic, surrounded by a covering well suited for rigors of distribution into the environment
Sporangia, condiophores
structures in which spores are produced
Phototaxis
orientation of an organism to light
Budding
mitosis with an uneven distribution of cytoplasm; common in yeasts; cell with the lesser amount of cytoplasm eventually detaches and matures into a new organism
Fragmentation
breaking of an organism into 1 or more pieces, each of which can develop into a new individual
Karyogamy
nuclear fusion; happens after plasmogamy; becomes diploid (2n) zygotes; equivalent to fertilization
Plasmogamy
fusing of cytoplasms; become dikaryotic (n + n) with 2 nuclei per cell
Chyrtidiomycota, Zygomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota
4 major phyla of fungi
Zygosporangia
resting sexual structures from which zygomycetes derive their name; most saprophytic; vegetative hyphae lack septa
Rhizoids
holdfasts in bread mold (Rhizopus)
Stolons
connecting hypae in Rhizopus
Sporangiphores
asexual reproductive structures
Gametangia
reproductive structures called this; + and - strains that grew toward each other and became this when they came into contact
Ascus
sac-shaped reproductive structure
Conidia
ascomycetes reproduce asexually be forming spores called this
Conidiospores
modified hyphae that partition nuclei in longitudinal chains of beadlike conidia
Dikaryotic
cell with one nucleus from each parent
Monokaryotic
hyphae with one nucleus
Ascocarp
cup-shaped fungus formed from tightly bundled dikaryotic hyphae mingling with monkaryotic hyphae
Ascospores
meisosis produces 4 haploid ____ in ascomycota
Cap/pileus
top of a mushroom
Gills
found on the undersurface of the cap of a mushroom; lined with basidia
Basidia
microscopic, club-shaped cells where sexual reproduction occurs in Basidiomycota (club fungi)
Monokaryotic primary mycelia
1 nucleus in each cell
Dikaryotic secondary mycelium
2 nuclei in each cell
Basidiospores
haploid cells that migrate into 4 sterigma; germinates into a new mycelium
Symbiosis
living in a close and sometimes dependent association
Crustose
thallus of this type of lichen grows close to the surface of a hard substrate such as rock or bark; flat, 2-D
Foliose
this type of lichen adheres to their substrates, but some of the thallus peels and folds away from the substrate in small sheets
Fruticose
this type of lichens are 3-D and often grow away from the substrate with erect stalks
