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Pre-Pharm > A&PII Lab 11: The Digestive System - Anatomy > Flashcards

A&PII Lab 11: The Digestive System - Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Digestive System

A

system that converts food into a form that the body can use for energy, growth, and repair

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2
Q

Gastrointestinal (GI) tract

A

sequence of organs forming a single, continuous tube extending from the mouth to the anus; AKA alimentary canal

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3
Q

Accessory organs

A

organs that support digestion by the secretion of enzymes and other substances into the GI tract

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4
Q

Mucosa

A

deepest layer of the GI tract; composed of a lining epithelium kept moist by the secretion of mucus, a connective layer (lamina propia), and a thin layer of smooth muscle (muscularis mucosae)

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5
Q

Submucosa

A

external to the mucosa; composed of loose connective tissue

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6
Q

Muscularis

A

layer external to the submucosa; composed of 2 layers in all GI tract organs except the stomach; inner layer = circular arrangement of smooth muscle; outer layer = longitudinal arrangement of smooth muscle; stomach has 3rd layer (innermost layer of smooth muscle fibers extending in an oblique direction)

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7
Q

Serosa (visceral peritoneum)

A

external to the muscularis is this serous membrane; contains a layer of epithelium and a layer of connective tissue

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8
Q

Peritoneum

A

most extensive serous membrane of the body; combination of simple squamous epithelium with underlying connective tissue; associated with most digestive organs that reside within the abdominopelvic cavity, including the stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and liver

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9
Q

Parietal peritoneum

A

outer layer; lines the inner wall of the abdominopelvic cavity

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10
Q

Visceral peritoneum

A

inner layer; attached to the outer wall of most organs within the abdominopelvic cavity to form the serosa

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11
Q

Peritoneal cavity

A

space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum

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12
Q

Mesentery

A

fold that attaches the coils of the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall

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13
Q

Mesocolon

A

fold that attaches the large intestine

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14
Q

Falciform ligament

A

fold that attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall; can be observed between the right and left lobes of the liver

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15
Q

Ligamentum teres

A

vestigial structure which served as the umbilical vein that brought maternal blood from the placenta to the liver of the fetus

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16
Q

Greater omentum

A

largest peritoneal fold; begins from the greater curvature of the stomach and folds back to attach to the large intestine; in most people, it hangs like an apron over most of the anterior abdomen, and is filled with fat and lymph nodes

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17
Q

Lesser omentum

A

extends between the lesser curvature of the stomach and the liver

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18
Q

Mouth

A

point of entry of food into the GI tract

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19
Q

Oral cavity

A

AKA buccal cavity

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20
Q

Lips

A

opening of the mouth is marked by these fleshy structures

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21
Q

Fauces

A

opening into the oropharynx; throat

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22
Q

Cheeks

A

lateral borders of the mouth

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23
Q

Tongue

A

at the floor of the mouth

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24
Q

Hard palate

A

bony structure forming the anterior part of the roof of the mouth

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25
Q

Soft palate

A

posterior part of the roof of the mouth

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26
Q

Gingivae

A

gums; anchor the teeth

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27
Q

Vestibule

A

narrow space between the teeth and gingivae

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28
Q

Labial frenulum

A

bridge of mucous membrane connecting the superior lip and gingivae across the vestibule

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29
Q

Palatoglossal arch, palatopharnygeal arch

A

bordering the fauces are these 2 arches

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30
Q

Palatine tonsil

A

between the arches on each side is a slight depression housing this tonsil

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31
Q

Uvula

A

visible at the back of the mouth; extends from the soft palate to hang downward

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32
Q

Pharynx

A

when you swallow, movements of the soft palate and tongue push food into this next organ of the GI ; muscular chamber lined with mucous membrane, divided into 3 segments

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33
Q

Nasopharynx

A

superior segment of the pharynx that receives air from the internal nares, & includes the single pharyngeal tonsil and openings into the auditory tubes

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34
Q

Oropharynx

A

middle segment of the pharynx; posterior to the fauces of the mouth; common chamber for food, water, and air (due to its location)

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35
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

inferior to the oropharynx; extends to the glottis of the larynx

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36
Q

Esophagus

A

when it’s not transporting food, this “gullet” is a flattened tube with muscular walls and a slippery mucosa that stretches open to accommodate swallowed food

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37
Q

Peristalsis

A

the esophagus propels food by this action, in which the circular and longitudinal muscles in its walls contract sequentially to form a wavelike pattern

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38
Q

Esophageal hiatus

A

at its distal end, the esophagus passes from the thoracic cavity into the abdominal cavity through this opening in the diaphragm

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39
Q

Lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

A

near its union with the stomach, the esophageal muscles thicken to form this structure, which opens to allow food into the stomach

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40
Q

Stomach

A

J-shaped organ immediately inferior to the diaphragm on the left side of the abdominal cavity

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41
Q

Cardia

A

part that receives the esophagus (in the superior part of the stomach)

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42
Q

Fundus

A

dome-shaped holding area for food that forms the superior part of the stomach

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43
Q

Body

A

large, central portion of the stomach

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44
Q

Pylorus

A

small area to the left of the body of the stomach; the “gatekeeper”

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45
Q

Pyloric valve (pyloric sphincter)

A

the pylorus unites with the small intestine at this thickening of the stomach wall; opens to allow stomach contents into the small intestine

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46
Q

Pyloric antrum

A

part of the pylorus adjacent to the body of the stomach

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47
Q

Pyloric canal

A

part of the pylorus near the pyloric valve

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48
Q

Lesser curvature

A

medial border of the stomach forms this concave curve

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49
Q

Greater curvature

A

lateral border of the stomach forms this convex curve

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50
Q

Rugae

A

ridges of the mucosa on the internal surface of the stomach; provide an additional surface area that permits stretching of the stomach wall to accommodate a large volume of food

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51
Q

Gastric juice

A

within the stomach, food is mixed and churned with these secretions of the stomach wall

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52
Q

Pepsin

A

enzyme within gastric juice; performs the chemical digestion of protein molecules

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53
Q

Small intestine

A

long tube-shaped organ that extends from its union with the stomach to the large intestine, dominating the abdominopelvic cavity; 10 feet long, 1 inch in diameter in an average healthy adult; composed of 3 segments

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54
Q

Duodenum

A

proximal segment of the small intestine; name derived from its length of “12 finger-widths” (~10 inches); wall of this segment contains glands that secrete mucus, which protect its lining from the acidic material arriving from the stomach; receives enzymes from the pancreas, bile from the liver & gallbladder, and produces its own digestive enzymes

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55
Q

Jejunum

A

middle segment of the small intestine; measures about 3 feet long; derives its name from early human dissections, during which it was usually found “empty” of any contents

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56
Q

Ileum

A

distal segment of the small intestine; longest portion at about 6 feet in length; named after peristaltic waves were observed to “roll” through it

57
Q

Ileocecal valve

A

the ileum terminates at this valve, where it unites with the large intestine

58
Q

Plicae circulares

A

absorption is aided by the presence of these internal circular folds, along with villi and microvilli

59
Q

Villi

A

fingerlike projections of the mucosa; aids absorption along with plicae circulares and microvilli

60
Q

Microvilli

A

cellular processes that aids absorption along with plicae circulares and villi

61
Q

Large intestine

A

5 feet, 3 inches wide; consists of 3 main segments (cecum, colon, rectum)

62
Q

Cecum

A

blind pouch arising from the ileocecal valve and extending 2-3 inches before it ends

63
Q

Appendix

A

slender appendage that extends from the medial wall of the cecum about 2 inches

64
Q

Colon

A

at the level of the ileocecal valve, this portion of the large intestine begins its ascent toward the liver on the right side of the abdominopelvic cavity

65
Q

Ascending colon

A

begins its ascent toward the liver on the right side of the abdominopelvic cavity to form this

66
Q

Right Colic Flexure

A

colon takes this 90 degree turn just beneath the liver

67
Q

Transverse colon

A

part of the colon that extends transversely to the left side of the abdominopelvic cavity

68
Q

Left Colic Flexure

A

near the spleen, the colon turns 90 degrees inferiorly

69
Q

Descending Colon

A

part of the colon continuing downward along the left side until it turns to form an S-shaped segment (sigmoid colon)

70
Q

Sigmoid Colon

A

S-shaped segment of the colon at the level of the iliac crest

71
Q

Taenia coli

A

all 4 portions of the colon contain these 3 longitudinal bands of smooth muscle

72
Q

Haustra

A

contractions of taenia coli gather the colon into these pouches, which can be observed externally

73
Q

Epiploic appendages

A

numerous fat-filled pouches of visceral peritoneum; hang from the taenia coli

74
Q

Rectum

A

final segment of the large intestine; about 6 inches long; lacks the taenia coli, haustra, and epiploic appendages of the colon

75
Q

Anal canal

A

terminal 2 inches of the rectum

76
Q

Anal columns

A

anal canal contains these folds along the inner wall

77
Q

Anus

A

rectum opens to the exterior at this structure

78
Q

Internal & external sphincters

A

anus is bordered by these smooth muscles and skeletal muscles

79
Q

Teeth

A

provide mechanical digestion by breaking up food particles in the mouth

80
Q

Crown

A

visible area of teeth above the gum line

81
Q

Root

A

submerged area of teeth below the gum line; embedded into an alveolar socket of the mandible or maxilla

82
Q

Periodontal ligament

A

root of teeth anchored in place by this ligament which lines the socket

83
Q

Dentin

A

most of a tooth is composed of this calcified connective tissue

84
Q

Enamel

A

harder than dentin; = compact bone; forms a covering over the crown of a tooth

85
Q

Cementum

A

in the root of a tooth, this adhesive connective tissue adheres the dentin to the periodontal ligament

86
Q

Pulp cavity

A

the center of the crown of the tooth is this small chamber; filled with pulp, which contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics

87
Q

Root canal

A

the pulp cavity and pulp continues into the root as this slender channel

88
Q

Incisors

A

teeth with narrow edges for cutting during a bite

89
Q

Canines (cuspids)

A

teeth with a pointed edge for tearing food

90
Q

Premolars

A

teeth with 2 flat surfaces (cusps) for grinding

91
Q

Molars

A

teeth with broad/rounded cusps for additional food grinding

92
Q

Deciduous teeth

A

in a child, teeth begin forming several months after birth to eventually form these teeth; AKA primary or milk teeth; temporary with very small roots, lost between the ages of 6-12 years; 20 teeth = 2 incisors, 1 canine, 0 premolars, 2 molars on upper and lower (x 2)

93
Q

Permanent teeth

A

32 teeth = 2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, 3 molars on upper and lower (x 2)

94
Q

Salivary glands

A

exocrine glands that secrete saliva

95
Q

Saliva

A

watery substance secreted by exocrine glands that lubricates food in the mouth to assist in swallowing; its enzymes begin the process of carbohydrate digestion in the mouth

96
Q

Parotid glands

A

largest of the salivary glands are these paired glands; located anterior and inferior to the ear, between the masseter muscles of the jaw and the skin

97
Q

Parotid ducts

A

parotid glands secrete saliva into these chambers, which carry it into the mouth near the 2nd molar of the upper jaw

98
Q

Submandibular glands

A

paired glands that may be found in the posterior floor of the mouth medial to the mandible

99
Q

Submandibular ducts

A

submandibular glands secrete saliva into these ducts, which open into the mouth near the lingual frenulum beneath the tongue

100
Q

Sublingual glands

A

paired salivary glands located beneath the tongue in a location medial and superior to the submandibular glands

101
Q

Lesser sublingual ducts

A

sublingual glands secrete saliva into these ducts, which open into the floor of the mouth beneath the tongue

102
Q

Tongue

A

when relaxed, it lies flat on the floor of the mouth

103
Q

Lingual frenulum

A

ventral surface of the tongue contains an extension of mucous membrane called this, which anchors the tongue to the actual floor of the mouth

104
Q

Papillae

A

the tongue is covered with a thick mucous membrane and these that are distributed along its dorsal and lateral surfaces

105
Q

Extrinsic muscles

A

muscles that attach the tongue to the hyoid bone

106
Q

Intrinsic muscles

A

tongue muscles not attached to bone; skeletal muscle fibers that move the tongue during chewing, speech, and swallowing

107
Q

Pancreas

A

organ located within the abdominal cavity posterior to the body and pylorus of the stomach and the proximal end of the duodenum; soft glandular organ in 3 parts

108
Q

Head

A

expanded portion of the pancreas located posterior to the duodenum

109
Q

Body

A

central part of the pancreas behind the pylorus of the stomach

110
Q

Tail

A

narrow part of the pancreas located behind the body of the stomach

111
Q

Pancreatic acinar cells

A

internally, the pancreas consists of these enzyme-secreteing cells, which dominate its landscape; produce pancreatic juice

112
Q

Pancreatic juice

A

produced by pancreatic acinar cells; empties into the duodenum

113
Q

Pancreatic islets

A

portion of the pancreas secreting hormones

114
Q

Pancreatic duct

A

most acinar cells deliver their secretions into this central duct; extends from the tail to the head of the pancreas

115
Q

Hepatopancreatic ampulla

A

within the head, the pancreatic duct joins the bile duct to form this structure, which opens at the duodenum

116
Q

Accessory pancreatic duct

A

some acinar cells empty their secretions into this duct, which is a division of the pancreatic duct; also opens into the duodenum

117
Q

Liver

A

large, soft organ in the right side of the abdominal cavity that presses against the diaphragm; suspended from the diaphragm and the anterior abdominal wall by the falciform ligament; consists of 4 lobes

118
Q

Right lobe

A

largest lobe of the liver

119
Q

Left lobe

A

separated from the right lobe by the falciform ligament

120
Q

Caudate lobe

A

visible from the posterior view only; superior lobe of the liver; posterior to the right lobe

121
Q

Quadrate lobe

A

visible from the posterior view only; inferior lobe of the liver; posterior to the right lobe

122
Q

Right and left hepatic ducts

A

bile produced by liver cells is transported by small ducts that eventually unite to form these ducts

123
Q

Common Hepatic Duct

A

soon after emerging from the liver tissue, the right and left hepatic ducts converge to form this duct; bile may flow through this to the duodenum where it can be used for lipid digestion or it may flow through the cystic duct to be temporarily stored in the gallbladder

124
Q

Cystic duct

A

bile may flow through the common hepatic duct to the duodenum where it can be used for lipid digestion, or it may flow through this duct to be temporarily stored in the gallbladder

125
Q

Gallbladder

A

hollow organ with smooth muscle walls; visible as a green-colored sac on the posterior side of the liver, located between the right lobe and the quadrate lobe; receives bile from the liver by way of the cystic duct, and stores it until a meal is consumed

126
Q

Gastric glands and gastric pits

A

part of the mucosa of the stomach

127
Q

Chief (zymogenic) cells

A

blue-stained cells lining the gastric pit; secrete pepsinogen (acidic environment is necessary to activate pepsinogen into its protein-cleaving form, pepsin)

128
Q

Parietal cells

A

red-stained cells within the gastric pit; secrete HCl

129
Q

Brush border

A

faint pink line along the surface of the simple columnar cells of the small intestine; indicates presence of microvilli

130
Q

Goblet cells

A

cells in the lining epithelium of the small intestine; secrete mucus

131
Q

Intestinal glands

A

crypts of Lieberkuhn; produce hormones that participate in digestion

132
Q

Duodenal glands

A

Brunner’s glands; embedded in the submucosa of the small intestine; produce mucus to protect the intestinal lining from acid arriving from the stomach

133
Q

Peyer’s Patches

A

round clusters of dark-staining cells (lymphocytes and macrophages)

134
Q

Lobules

A

microscopic sections of the liver

135
Q

Hepatocytes

A

each lobule of the liver is a cylindrical arrangement of these cells that radiate from a central vein

136
Q

Portal triad

A

the sectioned lobule contains 6 corners, each of which includes this that is formed by a branch of the hepatic artery, a branch of the hepatic portal vein, and a bile duct

137
Q

Sinusoids

A

between the rows of hepatocytes are these blood-filled channels which carry blood through the liver as hepatocytes

138
Q

Kupffer cells

A

remove unwanted substances

139
Q

Bile canaliculi

A

running parallel to the sinusoids are these, which carry newly formed bile toward the bile duct

Pre-Pharm (182 decks)

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