Bio Ch 22

Question 1

Fungi

Answer 1

80,000+ species of mostly multicellular eukaryotes that share a common mode of nutrition

Question 2

Saprotrophs

Answer 2

organisms that absorb their food

Question 3

Mycelium

Answer 3

network of fungal filaments (hyphae)

Question 4

Hyphae

Answer 4

fungal filaments that make up the mycelium

Question 5

Septa

Answer 5

walls of tissue that form behind the growing tips of hyphae, partitioning the hyphae into individual cells

Question 6

Septate

Answer 6

fungi that have septa in their hyphae

Question 7

Nonseptate fungi

Answer 7

not divided into cells; many nuclei are present in the cytoplasm of a single hypha

Question 8

Chitin

Answer 8

makes up fungal cell walls; polymer of glucose organized into microfibrils but each glucose molecule of this has a nitrogen-containing amino group attached to it

Question 9

Dikaryotic

Answer 9

a hypha that contains paired haploid nuclei (n + n)

Question 10

Spore

Answer 10

reproductive cell that develops into a new organism without the need to fuse with another reproductive cell

Question 11

Budding

Answer 11

unicellular yeasts reproduce asexually by doing this; a small cell forms and gets pinched off as it grows to full size

Question 12

Chytridiomycota (chytrids)

Answer 12

790 species of the simplest fungi, which may resemble the 1st fungi to have evolved; have flagellated gametes and spores (consistent with aquatic lifestyle)

Question 13

Zoospores

Answer 13

spore that is motile by means of 1+ flagella

Question 14

Zygomycota (zygospore fungi)

Answer 14

1050 species of fungi; live off plant and animal remains in the soil or in bakery goods in the pantry; some are parasites of soil protists, worms, and insects like the house fly

Question 15

Stolons

Answer 15

horizontal hyphae that exist on the surface of bread

Question 16

Rhizoids

Answer 16

hyphae that grow into bread, anchor the mycelium, and carry out digestion

Question 17

Sporangiophores

Answer 17

aerial hyphae that bear sporangia

Question 18

Sporangium (plural sporangia)

Answer 18

capsule that produces haploid spores called sporangiospores during the asexual phase of reproduction

Question 19

Gametangium (plural gametangia)

Answer 19

isolated capsule that forms behind the swollen end of each hypha after cross-walls develop between them

Question 20

Zygospore

Answer 20

thick-walled resting cell formed during sexual reproduction of ______ fungi

Question 21

Glomeromycota (AM Fungi)

Answer 21

relatively small group (160 species) of fungi; AKA arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Question 22

Arbuscules

Answer 22

branching invaginations that the fungus makes when it invades plant roots

Question 23

Mycorrhizae

Answer 23

mutualistic association of plant roots and soil fungi; AM fungi = most common fungi to form symbiotic relationships with plants;

Question 24

Ascomycota (sac fungi)

Answer 24

50,000 species of fungi with 2 main groups - sexual sac fungi and asexual sac fungi

Question 25

Yeast

Answer 25

type of sexual sac fungi; important function in baking and brewing industries and also in various molecular biological studies; can be beneficial or harmful to humans

Question 26

Molds

Answer 26

various fungi whose body consists of a mass of hyphae (filaments) that grow on and receive nourishment from organic matter such as human food and clothing; type of asexual sac fungi (examples = yeast Candida, Aspergillus & Penicillum); can be helpful or harmful to humans

Question 27

Conidiospores

Answer 27

usually develop at the tips of specialized aerial hyphae called conidiophores; structure helps mycologists identify a particular sac fungus

Question 28

Ascus (plural asci)

Answer 28

fingerlike sac that develops during sexual reproduction in sac fungi

Question 29

Ascocarp

Answer 29

sterile hyphae within a fruiting body that surrounds and protects asci

Question 30

Fruiting Body

Answer 30

reproductive structure where spores are produced and released

Question 31

Basidiomycota (club fungi)

Answer 31

30,000+ species; examples = mushrooms, toadstools, puffballs, shelf fungi, jelly fungi, bird’s nest fungi, and stinkhorns

Question 32

Basidium

Answer 32

club-shaped structure in which spores called basidiospores develop; located within a fruiting body called a basidiocarp (mushroom)

Question 33

Smuts & rusts

Answer 33

club fungi that parasitize cereal crops such as corn, wheat, oats, and rye; of great economic importance because of the crop losses they cause each year; don’t form basidiocarps; spores are small and numerous, resembling soot

Question 34

Lichens

Answer 34

association between a fungus, usually a sac fungus, and a cyanobacterium or a green alga; crustos, fruticose, or foliose