Bio Ch 22 Flashcards
Fungi
80,000+ species of mostly multicellular eukaryotes that share a common mode of nutrition
Saprotrophs
organisms that absorb their food
Mycelium
network of fungal filaments (hyphae)
Hyphae
fungal filaments that make up the mycelium
Septa
walls of tissue that form behind the growing tips of hyphae, partitioning the hyphae into individual cells
Septate
fungi that have septa in their hyphae
Nonseptate fungi
not divided into cells; many nuclei are present in the cytoplasm of a single hypha
Chitin
makes up fungal cell walls; polymer of glucose organized into microfibrils but each glucose molecule of this has a nitrogen-containing amino group attached to it
Dikaryotic
a hypha that contains paired haploid nuclei (n + n)
Spore
reproductive cell that develops into a new organism without the need to fuse with another reproductive cell
Budding
unicellular yeasts reproduce asexually by doing this; a small cell forms and gets pinched off as it grows to full size
Chytridiomycota (chytrids)
790 species of the simplest fungi, which may resemble the 1st fungi to have evolved; have flagellated gametes and spores (consistent with aquatic lifestyle)
Zoospores
spore that is motile by means of 1+ flagella
Zygomycota (zygospore fungi)
1050 species of fungi; live off plant and animal remains in the soil or in bakery goods in the pantry; some are parasites of soil protists, worms, and insects like the house fly
Stolons
horizontal hyphae that exist on the surface of bread
Rhizoids
hyphae that grow into bread, anchor the mycelium, and carry out digestion
Sporangiophores
aerial hyphae that bear sporangia
Sporangium (plural sporangia)
capsule that produces haploid spores called sporangiospores during the asexual phase of reproduction
Gametangium (plural gametangia)
isolated capsule that forms behind the swollen end of each hypha after cross-walls develop between them
Zygospore
thick-walled resting cell formed during sexual reproduction of ______ fungi
Glomeromycota (AM Fungi)
relatively small group (160 species) of fungi; AKA arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
Arbuscules
branching invaginations that the fungus makes when it invades plant roots
Mycorrhizae
mutualistic association of plant roots and soil fungi; AM fungi = most common fungi to form symbiotic relationships with plants;
Ascomycota (sac fungi)
50,000 species of fungi with 2 main groups - sexual sac fungi and asexual sac fungi
Yeast
type of sexual sac fungi; important function in baking and brewing industries and also in various molecular biological studies; can be beneficial or harmful to humans
Molds
various fungi whose body consists of a mass of hyphae (filaments) that grow on and receive nourishment from organic matter such as human food and clothing; type of asexual sac fungi (examples = yeast Candida, Aspergillus & Penicillum); can be helpful or harmful to humans
Conidiospores
usually develop at the tips of specialized aerial hyphae called conidiophores; structure helps mycologists identify a particular sac fungus
Ascus (plural asci)
fingerlike sac that develops during sexual reproduction in sac fungi
Ascocarp
sterile hyphae within a fruiting body that surrounds and protects asci
Fruiting Body
reproductive structure where spores are produced and released
Basidiomycota (club fungi)
30,000+ species; examples = mushrooms, toadstools, puffballs, shelf fungi, jelly fungi, bird’s nest fungi, and stinkhorns
Basidium
club-shaped structure in which spores called basidiospores develop; located within a fruiting body called a basidiocarp (mushroom)
Smuts & rusts
club fungi that parasitize cereal crops such as corn, wheat, oats, and rye; of great economic importance because of the crop losses they cause each year; don’t form basidiocarps; spores are small and numerous, resembling soot
Lichens
association between a fungus, usually a sac fungus, and a cyanobacterium or a green alga; crustos, fruticose, or foliose
